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Fei CF, Guo SM, Yin Y, He X, Zhou LQ. Exposure of mouse oocytes to N,N-dimethylformamide impairs mitochondrial functions and reduces oocyte quality. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1563-1574. [PMID: 35238128 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a widely-used solvent for the synthesis of synthetic fibers such as polyacrylonitrile fiber, and can also be used to make medicine. Although this organic solvent has multipurpose applications, its biological toxicity cannot be ignored and its impact on mammalian reproduction remains largely unexplored. Our study found that DMF exposure inhibited oocyte maturation and fertilization ability. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that DMF exposure changed the expression of genes and transposable elements in oocytes. Subcellular structure examination found that DMF exposure caused mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal aggregation of mitochondria and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in mouse oocytes. Its exposure also caused abnormal distribution of Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum which formed large number of clusters. In addition, oxidative stress occurs in oocytes exposed to DMF, which was manifested by an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species. We found that DMF exposure induced disordered spindle and chromosomes abnormality. Meanwhile, we examined various histone modification levels in oocytes exposed to DMF and found that DMF exposure reduced H3K9me3, H3K9ac, H3K27ac, and H4K16ac levels in mouse oocytes. Moreover, DMF-treated oocytes failed to form pronuclei after fusion with normal sperm. Collectively, DMF exposure caused mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, spindle assembly and chromosome arrangement disorder, leading to oocyte maturation arrest and fertilization failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Feng Fei
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shi-Meng Guo
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Yin
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ximiao He
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li-Quan Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Koutros S, Lubin JH, Graubard BI, Blair A, Stewart PA, Beane Freeman LE, Silverman DT. Extended Mortality Follow-up of a Cohort of 25,460 Workers Exposed to Acrylonitrile. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:1484-1492. [PMID: 30927363 PMCID: PMC6671105 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We extended the mortality follow-up of a cohort of 25,460 workers employed at 8 acrylonitrile (AN)-producing facilities in the United States by 21 years. Using 8,124 deaths and 1,023,922 person-years of follow-up, we evaluated the relationship between occupational AN exposure and death. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) based on deaths through December 31, 2011, were calculated. Work histories and monitoring data were used to develop quantitative estimates of AN exposure. Hazard ratios were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression. All-cause mortality and death from total cancer were less than expected compared with the US population. We observed an excess of death due to mesothelioma (SMR = 2.24, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.39, 3.42); no other SMRs were elevated overall. Cox regression analyses revealed an elevated risk of lung and bronchial cancer (n = 808 deaths; for >12.1 ppm-year vs. unexposed, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.81; P for trend = 0.05), lagged 10 years, that was robust in sensitivity analyses adjusted for smoking and co-exposures including asbestos. Death resulting from bladder cancer (for >2.56 ppm vs. unexposed, lagged 10-year HR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.38, 6.34; P for trend = 0.02) and pneumonitis (for >3.12 ppm-year vs. unexposed, HR = 4.73, 95% CI: 1.42, 15.76; P for trend = 0.007) was also associated with AN exposure. We provide additional evidence of an association between AN exposure and lung cancer, as well as possible increased risk for death due to bladder cancer and pneumonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Koutros
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute
| | - Jay H Lubin
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barry I Graubard
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aaron Blair
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute
| | | | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute
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Cole P, Mandel JS, Collins JJ. Acrylonitrile and cancer: a review of the epidemiology. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 52:342-51. [PMID: 18926871 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several retrospective cohort epidemiology studies evaluated a number of health outcomes in workers exposed to acrylonitrile (AN). The epidemiology studies included in this review have been published since 1970 and were identified through Ovid and MEDLINE retrieval services using search words "acrylonitrile and cancer". We identified 26 studies which examined mortality and/or incidence rates among persons with AN exposure. Where cohorts have been updated the most recent data were relied upon but descriptions of the earlier publications are provided for background and rationale. Results are provided for all causes of death and all cancers. Detailed results and discussions are provided for the cancers which have received the most attention and for which some positive results have been reported. These include lung, bladder, prostate, and central nervous system cancers. In this review the four most informative cohort studies are evaluated and it is apparent that the results do not support a causal relationship between AN and all cancers or any specific type of cancer. IARC actually downgraded acrylonitrile from "probably carcinogenic" to "possibly carcinogenic to humans" finding that "the earlier indications of an increased risk among workers exposed to acrylonitrile were not confirmed by the recent, more informative studies". This was one of few downgrades of classification by IARC. Our review of the epidemiology data is consistent with the conclusions of the earlier IARC review which found no consistent findings of increased cancer risk across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Cole
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Sponsiello-Wang Z, Sanders E, Weitkunat R. Occupational acrylonitrile exposure and lung cancer: a meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2006; 24:257-84. [PMID: 17114112 DOI: 10.1080/10590500601006715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present work summarizes the currently available published studies on lung cancer and occupational acrylonitrile exposure. Meta-analytic methods were used to estimate the overall risk. To adjust for the healthy worker effect, rate ratio estimates based on regression analyses and ratios of standard mortality ratios were aggregated. Overall effect estimates were 0.95 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.06) and 1.25 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.43) before and after adjustment for the healthy worker effect, respectively. Therefore, a 25% increase in lung cancer risk attributable to occupational acrylonitrile exposure is suggested. Possible contribution of smoking confounding the increased risk cannot be fully excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Sponsiello-Wang
- Philip Morris Products SA, Research and Development, Product Risk Management, Quai Jeanrenaud 56, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Zhang H, Kamendulis LM, Jiang J, Xu Y, Klaunig JE. Acrylonitrile-induced morphological transformation in Syrian hamster embryo cells. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21:727-33. [PMID: 10753209 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.4.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylonitrile (ACN) is a monomer used in the synthesis of rubber, fibers and plastics. Previous studies demonstrated that ACN induces brain neoplasms (predominately astrocytomas) in rats following chronic treatment. While the mechanisms of ACN-induced glial cell carcinogenicity have not been completely elucidated, investigations by our group and others have suggested a role for the induction of oxidative stress and the resultant oxidative damage in this process. In vitro cell transformation models are useful for detecting and studying the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Cell transformation by chemical carcinogens in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells exhibits a multistage process similar to that observed in vivo, for both non-genotoxic and genotoxic carcinogens. In the present study, the ability of ACN to induce morphological transformation and oxidative damage was examined in SHE cells. ACN induced an increase in morphological transformation at doses of 50, 62.5 and 75 microg/ml (maximum sub-toxic dose tested) following 7 days of continuous treatment. SHE cells exposed to ACN for 24 h failed to increase morphological transformation. Morphological transformation by ACN was inhibited by co-treatment with the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and (-)-epigallocathechin-3 gallate (EGCG) for 7 days. Treatment of SHE cells with 75 microg/ml ACN produced a significant increase in 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine that was also inhibited by co-treatment with alpha-tocopherol or EGCG. These results support the proposal that oxidative stress and the resulting oxidative damage is involved in ACN-induced carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between exposure to acrylonitrile (AN) and cancer mortality by performing an independent and extended historical cohort study of workers from a chemical plant in Lima, Ohio included in a recent NCI-NIOSH study. METHODS Subjects were 992 white males who were employed for three or more months between 1960 and 1996. We identified 110 deaths and cause of death for 108. Worker exposures were estimated quantitatively for AN and qualitatively for nitrogen products. Statistical analyses included U.S. and local county-based SMRs and internal relative risk regression of internal cohort rates. RESULTS No statistically significant excess mortality risks were observed among the total cohort for the cancer sites implicated in previous studies: stomach, lung, breast, prostate, brain, and hematopoietic system. We observed a statistically significant bladder cancer excess based on four deaths (SMR=7.01, 95% CI=1.91-17.96) among workers not exposed to AN. Among 518 AN-exposed workers, we observed a not statistically significant excess of lung cancer based on external (SMR=1.32, 95% CI=.60-2.51) and internal (RR=1.98, 95% CI=.60-6.90) comparisons. Although the trends were not statistically significant, exposure-response analyses of internal cohort rates showed monotonically increasing lung cancer rate ratios with increasing AN exposure, with RRs exceeding 2.0 in the highest exposure categories. CONCLUSIONS With the possible exception of lung cancer, this study provides little evidence that exposure to AN at levels experienced by Lima plant workers is associated with an increased risk of death from any cause including the implicated cancer sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Marsh
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15621, USA. gmarsh+@pitt.edu
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Léonard A, Gerber GB, Stecca C, Rueff J, Borba H, Farmer PB, Sram RJ, Czeizel AE, Kalina I. Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity of acrylonitrile. Mutat Res 1999; 436:263-83. [PMID: 10354525 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5742(99)00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acrylonitrile (AN) is an important intermediary for the synthesis of a variety of organic products, such as artificial fibres, household articles and resins. Although acute effects are the primary concern for an exposure to AN, potential genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic risks of AN have to be taken seriously in view of the large number of workers employed in such industries and the world-wide population using products containing and possibly liberating AN. An understanding of the effect of acrylonitrile must be based on a characterization of its metabolism as well as of the resulting products and their genotoxic properties. Tests for mutagenicity in bacteria have in general been positive, those in plants and on unscheduled DNA synthesis doubtful, and those on chromosome aberrations in vivo negative. Wherever positive results had been obtained, metabolic activation of AN appeared to be a prerequisite. The extent to which such mutagenic effects are significant in man depends, however, also on the conditions of exposure. It appears from the limited data that the ultimate mutagenic factor(s), such as 2-cyanoethylene oxide, may have little opportunity to act under conditions where people are exposed because it is formed only in small amounts and is rapidly degraded. The carcinogenic action of AN has been evaluated by various agencies and ranged from 'reasonably be anticipated to be a human carcinogen' to 'cannot be excluded', the most recent evaluation being 'possibly carcinogenic to humans'. Animal data that confirm the carcinogenic potential of AN have certain limitations with respect to the choice of species, type of tumors and length of follow up. Epidemiological studies which sometimes, but not always, yielded positive results, encounter the usual difficulties of confounding factors in chemical industries. Exposure of workers to AN should continue to be carefully monitored, but AN would not have to be considered a cancer risk to the population provided limitations on releases from consumer products and guidelines on AN in water and air are enforced. AN is teratogenic in laboratory animals (rat, hamster) at high doses when foetal/embryonic (and maternal) toxicity already is manifest. Pregnant workers should not be exposed to AN. In view of the small concentrations generally encountered outside plants, women not professionally exposed would appear not to be at risk of teratogenic effects due to AN. Future research should concentrate on the elucidation of the different degradation pathways in man and on epidemiological studies in workers including pregnant women, assessing also, if possible, individual exposure by bio-monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Léonard
- Teratogenicity and Mutagenicity Unit, Catholic University of Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 72, UCL 7237, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Whysner J, Ross PM, Conaway CC, Verna LK, Williams GM. Evaluation of possible genotoxic mechanisms for acrylonitrile tumorigenicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1998; 27:217-39. [PMID: 9693074 DOI: 10.1006/rtph.1998.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acrylonitrile (ACN) exposure is associated with tumors in rat brain, Zymbal gland, and mammary gland. Adducts affecting base pairing were formed in isolated DNA exposed in vitro to the ACN metabolite cyanoethylene oxide (CNEO). DNA from liver, which is not a cancer target organ in ACN-exposed rats, contained low levels of 7-(2-oxoethyl)guanine, and adduct believed not to interfere with base pairing. No adducts have been detected in brain DNA from ACN-exposed rats, suggesting that brain tumors may have arisen by mechanisms other than ACN-DNA reactivity. Genotoxicity assays of ACN have indicated no particular carcinogenic mechanism. Positive reverse mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium HisG46 base substitution tester strains by ACN is attributable to CNEO. Other in vitro genotoxicity test assays of ACN have yielded mixed results, without consistent effect of metabolic activation. Some positive genotoxicity data for ACN appear to result from artifacts or from non-DNA-reactive mechanisms. In vivo micronucleus, chromosome aberration, and autoradiographic unscheduled DNA synthesis assays were negative for ACN. The comparative genotoxicity of vinyl chloride and ACN indicates that despite other similarities, they cause rodent tumors by different mechanisms. Also, they absence of ACN-DNA adduct formation in the rat brain suggests the operation of epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Whysner
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Program, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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Hundley SG, McCooey KT, Lieder PH, Hurtt ME, Kennedy GL. Dimethylformamide pharmacokinetics following inhalation exposure in monkeys. Drug Chem Toxicol 1993; 16:53-79. [PMID: 8436077 DOI: 10.3109/01480549309038661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Male and female cynomolgus monkeys received whole-body inhalation exposures to dimethylformamide (DMF) at concentrations of 30, 100, and 500 ppm for 6 hours a day, 5 days a week over a 13-week period. Serial blood samples were drawn at the conclusion of the first day of exposure and following 15, 29, 57, and 85 days of testing. Area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) values were determined for DMF and "NMF" [N-methylformamide (NMF) plus N-(hydroxymethyl)-N-methylformamide (DMF-OH)]. Urine samples were also collected and assayed for DMF, NMF and DMF-OH. The systemic exposure to DMF increased disproportionately as the airborne DMF concentrations increased. DMF AUC values increased 19- to 37-fold in male and 35- to 54-fold in female monkeys as the inhalation concentrations increased 5-fold (100 to 500 ppm). These data are consistent with saturation of DMF metabolism as inhaled DMF concentrations increased from 100 to 500 ppm. AUC values, peak plasma concentrations, and plasma half-lives were essentially unaltered over the duration of the study within each exposure concentration tested. Estimated plasma half-lives ranged from 1 to 2 hours and 4 to 15 hours for DMF and "NMF" respectively. DMF was rapidly converted to "NMF" following 30 ppm exposures, with "NMF" plasma concentrations higher than DMF plasma concentrations at the 0.5 hour time-point. In plasma samples simultaneously assayed for DMF-OH and NMF, the concentration of DMF-OH exceeded, was equal to, or was less than NMF concentrations depending upon the plasma sample. DMF-OH was always the main urinary metabolite (56 to 95 percent) regardless of exposure level or time on study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Hundley
- E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc., Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine, Newark, Delaware 19714
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Hundley SG, Lieder PH, Valentine R, Malley LA, Kennedy GL. Dimethylformamide pharmacokinetics following inhalation exposures to rats and mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 1993; 16:21-52 sW. [PMID: 8436076 DOI: 10.3109/01480549309038660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Whole-body inhalation exposures to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were conducted with rats and mice. The exposure concentrations were 10, 250, and 500 ppm DMF. The exposure routines consisted of single 1-, 3-, or 6-hour exposures and ten 6-hour exposures (ten exposure days in 2 weeks). Area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) values were determined following exposure for DMF and "N-methylformamide" ["NMF" represented N-methylformamide plus N-(hydroxymethyl)-N-methylformamide (DMF-OH)]. The DMF AUC values increased 8- and 29-fold for rats and mice, respectively, following single six-hour exposures to 250 and 500 ppm DMF. These data are indicative of saturation of DMF metabolism. Peak "NMF" plasma concentrations for rats and mice, following single 6-hour exposures, did not increase as DMF exposure concentrations increased from 250 to 500 ppm. In addition, the "NMF" plasma levels in rats following a single 6-hour 500 ppm DMF exposure did not decay by 24 hours post exposure. These "NMF" plasma data also indicate saturation of DMF metabolism. Multiple exposures to 500 ppm DMF resulted in a 3- and 4-fold reduction in DMF AUC values for rats and mice, respectively, compared to AUC values following a single six-hour 500 ppm DMF exposure. This indicates enhanced metabolism of DMF resulting from multiple 500 ppm DMF exposures and together with saturation of DMF metabolism suggest using exposure levels below 500 ppm in a chronic bioassay. Selected plasma samples were simultaneously assayed for NMF and DMF-OH. The "NMF" values consisted of between 30 to 60 percent DMF-OH depending upon the exposure group (conversely NMF represented 30 to 60 percent of the "NMF" levels). Urinary analysis of all samples revealed DMF-OH represented over 90 percent of the summed DMF, DMF-OH and NMF quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Hundley
- E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc., Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine, Newark, Delaware 19714
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Hurtt ME, McCooey KT, Placke ME, Kennedy GL. Ten-day repeated-exposure inhalation study of dimethylformamide (DMF) in cynomolgus monkeys. Toxicol Lett 1991; 59:229-37. [PMID: 1755030 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(91)90076-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cynomolgus monkeys showed no measurable adverse effects following inhalation of 500 ppm dimethylformamide (DMF), 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 2 weeks either when exposed whole-body or head-only (one monkey per exposure route). Measurement of DMF concentrations into and out of the head-only exposure unit along with measurement of the tidal volume suggest that DMF absorption by the respiratory tract is approximately 100% at a concentration of 500 ppm. Plasma samples taken 1/2 to 18 h after the first exposure show DMF AUC values which were 3 times higher in the monkey exposed by whole-body, indicating considerable absorption by non-inhalation route(s). The same comparison of plasma samples taken following the final (10th) exposure similarly had a 6-times DMF AUC value for the monkey exposed by whole-body. From this study it is apparent that the practice of avoiding dermal contact with DMF is important in reducing the likelihood of producing DMF-induced injury in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Hurtt
- Du Pont, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine, Newark, DE 19714
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