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Serena TE, Cullen BM, Bayliff SW, Gibson MC, Carter MJ, Chen L, Yaakov RA, Samies J, Sabo M, DeMarco D, Le N, Galbraith J. Defining a new diagnostic assessment parameter for wound care: Elevated protease activity, an indicator of nonhealing, for targeted protease-modulating treatment. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:589-95. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Samies
- Regional Medical Center; Orangeburg South Carolina
| | - Matthew Sabo
- Snyder Institute for Vascular Health and Research; Kittanning Pennsylvania
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Microbiota of de-novo pediatric IBD: increased Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and reduced bacterial diversity in Crohn's but not in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107:1913-22. [PMID: 23044767 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2012.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The gastrointestinal microbiota is considered important in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. Discoveries from established disease cohorts report reduced bacterial diversity, changes in bacterial composition, and a protective role for Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Crohn's disease (CD). The majority of studies to date are however potentially confounded by the effect of treatment and a reliance on established rather than de-novo disease. METHODS Microbial changes at diagnosis were examined by biopsying the colonic mucosa of 37 children: 25 with newly presenting, untreated IBD with active colitis (13 CD and 12 ulcerative colitis (UC)), and 12 pediatric controls with a macroscopically and microscopically normal colon. We utilized a dual-methodology approach with pyrosequencing (threshold >10,000 reads) and confirmatory real-time PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS Threshold pyrosequencing output was obtained on 34 subjects (11 CD, 11 UC, 12 controls). No significant changes were noted at phylum level among the Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, or Proteobacteria. A significant reduction in bacterial α-diversity was noted in CD vs. controls by three methods (Shannon, Simpson, and phylogenetic diversity) but not in UC vs. controls. An increase in Faecalibacterium was observed in CD compared with controls by pyrosequencing (mean 16.7% vs. 9.1% of reads, P=0.02) and replicated by specific F. prausnitzii RT-PCR (36.0% vs. 19.0% of total bacteria, P=0.02). No disease-specific clustering was evident on principal components analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results offer a comprehensive examination of the IBD mucosal microbiota at diagnosis, unaffected by therapeutic confounders or changes over time. Our results challenge the current model of a protective role for F. prausnitzii in CD, suggesting a more dynamic role for this organism than previously described.
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Lack of MMP10 exacerbates experimental colitis and promotes development of inflammation-associated colonic dysplasia. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1749-59. [PMID: 23044923 PMCID: PMC3510327 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis (UC) represent serious health burdens because of both the tissue-damaging disease itself and an elevated risk of colon cancer. The increased expression of many members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of enzymes that occurs in colitis has long been associated with the destructive nature of the disease. Recent findings in cancer and other MMP-associated diseases, however, led us to question whether MMPs are indeed detrimental in the setting of colitis. Here, we focus on a single MMP family member, MMP10, and assess its role in a murine model of colonic tissue damage induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment. Using mice genetically deficient for MMP10, we find that absence of this enzyme leads to significantly worse disease scores and failure to resolve inflammation even after extended recovery periods. We show that MMP10 is produced predominantly by infiltrating myeloid cells in both murine and human colitis. Through bone marrow transplant experiments, we confirm that bone marrow-derived MMP10 contributes to colitis severity. Mice lacking MMP10 have a significantly higher propensity for development of dysplastic lesions in the colon after two rounds of DSS exposure. Thus, we conclude that MMP10 is required for resolution of DSS-induced colonic damage, and in its absence, chronic inflammation and ultimately dysplasia occurs.
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Heimesaat MM, Dunay IR, Fuchs D, Trautmann D, Fischer A, Kühl AA, Loddenkemper C, Siegmund B, Batra A, Bereswill S, Liesenfeld O. The distinct roles of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in acute DSS colitis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2011; 1:302-10. [PMID: 24516737 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.1.2011.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of gelatinases A and B, also referred to matrixmetalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9, respectively, is increased in inflamed tissues of experimental intestinal inflammation and humans with inflammatory bowel disease (IBDs). Given that we recently reported that treatment with the selective gelatinase inhibitor RO28-2653 ameliorates acute dextrane sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis, we asked whether gelatinase A or B expression is pivotal in mediating large intestinal inflammation. Results from our study reveal that symptoms of acute DSS colitis as well as histopathological colonic changes were ameliorated in MMP-2-, but not MMP-9-deficient mice, and were paralleled by a diminished influx of immune cells. In MMP-2-deficient mice, we observed lower expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6 in colonic biopsies and less overgrowth of the colonic lumen by potentially pro-inflammatory enterobacteria from the commensal gut microbiota. We conclude that rather MMP-2 than MMP-9 is causative for the establishment of DSS colitis in mice. The discrepancy of these data to prior reports might be due to substantial differences in the intestinal microbiota composition of the mice bred at different animal facilities impacting susceptibility to inflammatory stimuli. Consequently, a detailed survey of the gut microbiota should be implemented in immunological/inflammatory studies in the future in order to allow comparison of data from different facilities.
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Medina C, Santos-Martinez MJ, Santana A, Paz-Cabrera MC, Johnston MJ, Mourelle M, Salas A, Guarner F. Transforming growth factor-beta type 1 receptor (ALK5) and Smad proteins mediate TIMP-1 and collagen synthesis in experimental intestinal fibrosis. J Pathol 2011; 224:461-72. [PMID: 21465486 DOI: 10.1002/path.2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is known to play a key role in intestinal fibrosis; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. TGF-β signal transduction is through TGF-β receptors, including the TGF-β type 1 receptor. Most cell types contain a TGF-β type 1 receptor form known as activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5), which propagates the signal to the nucleus through the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 proteins. Therefore, we assessed the effect of the disruption of TGF-β/ALK5/Smad signalling by an ALK5 inhibitor (SD-208) in two experimental animal models of intestinal fibrosis: anaerobic bacteria- and trinitrobenzensulphonic acid-induced colitis. In addition, isolated myofibroblasts were pretreated with SD-208 and exposed to recombinant TGF-β1. Finally, myofibroblasts were transfected with ALK5, Smad2, and Smad3-specific siRNA. Up-regulation of ALK5 and TIMP-1, phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 proteins, and increased intestinal wall collagen deposition were found in both experimental animal models. These effects were decreased by SD-208. TGF-β1 treatment also induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 and up-regulation of ALK5 protein, TIMP-1, and α2 type 1 collagen gene expression in isolated myofibroblasts. Again these effects were inhibited by SD-208. Also, ALK5, Smad2, and Smad3 siRNA abolished the induction of TIMP-1 and α2 type 1 collagen. Our findings provide evidence that the TGF-β/ALK5/Smad pathway participates in the pathogenesis of experimental intestinal fibrosis. These data show promise for the development of an effective therapeutic intervention in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Medina
- Department of Pharmacology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Claramunt RM, Bouissane L, Cabildo MP, Cornago MP, Elguero J, Radziwon A, Medina C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of curcuminoid pyrazoles as new therapeutic agents in inflammatory bowel disease: effect on matrix metalloproteinases. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1290-6. [PMID: 19128977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Seven N-unsubstituted curcuminoid pyrazoles have been synthesized from the corresponding beta-diketones (including curcumin). We evaluated the possibility of curcuminoid pyrazoles regulating the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Zymographic analysis revealed that three compounds significantly down-regulated MMP-9 activity on inflammation-induced intestinal epithelial cells, making them original candidates for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Claramunt
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Collado MC, Donat E, Ribes-Koninckx C, Calabuig M, Sanz Y. Imbalances in faecal and duodenal Bifidobacterium species composition in active and non-active coeliac disease. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:232. [PMID: 19102766 PMCID: PMC2635381 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut bifidobacteria are believed to influence immune-related diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the possible relationships between the gut bifidobacteria composition and coeliac disease (CD) in children. A total of 48 faecal samples (30 and 18 samples from active and no active CD patients, respectively) and 33 duodenal biopsy specimens of CD patients (25 and 8 samples from active and non-active CD patients, respectively) were analysed. Samples (30 faecal samples and 8 biopsies) from a control age-matched group of children were also included for comparative purposes. Gut Bifidobacterium genus and species were analyzed by real-time PCR. Results Active and non-active CD patients showed lower numbers of total Bifidobacterium and B. longum species in faeces and duodenal biopsies than controls, and these differences were particularly remarkable between active CD patients and controls. B. catenulatum prevalence was higher in biopsies of controls than in those of active and non-active CD patients, whereas B. dentium prevalence was higher in faeces of non-active CD patients than in controls. Correlations between levels of Bifidobacterium and B. longum species in faecal and biopsy samples were detected in both CD patients and controls. Conclusion Reductions in total Bifidobacterium and B. longum populations were associated with both active and non-active CD when compared to controls. These bacterial groups could constitute novel targets for adjuvant dietary therapies although the confirmation of this hypothesis would require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Collado
- Microbial Ecophysiology and Nutrition Group Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Medina M, De Palma G, Ribes-Koninckx C, Calabuig M, Sanz Y. Bifidobacterium strains suppress in vitro the pro-inflammatory milieu triggered by the large intestinal microbiota of coeliac patients. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2008; 5:19. [PMID: 18980693 PMCID: PMC2640389 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Coeliac disease (CD) is an enteropathy characterized by an aberrant immune response to cereal-gluten proteins. Although gluten peptides and microorganisms activate similar pro-inflammatory pathways, the role the intestinal microbiota may play in this disorder is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the faecal microbiota of coeliac patients could contribute to the pro-inflammatory milieu characteristic of CD and the possible benefits of bifidobacteria. Methods The effect of faeces of 26 CD patients with active disease (mean age 5.5 years, range 2.1–12.0 years), 18 symptom-free coeliac disease (SFCD) patients (mean age 5.5 years, range 1.0–12.3 years) on a gluten-free diet for 1–2 years; and 20 healthy children (mean age 5.3 years, range 1.8–10.8 years) on induction of cytokine production and surface antigen expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were determined. The possible regulatory roles of Bifidobacterium longum ES1 and B. bifidum ES2 co-incubated with faecal samples were also assessed in vitro. Results Faeces of both active CD and SFCD patients, representing an imbalanced microbiota, significantly increased TNF-α production and CD86 expression in PBMCs, while decreased IL-10 cytokine production and CD4 expression compared with control samples. Active CD-patient samples also induced significantly higher IFN-γ production compared with controls. However, Bifidobacterium strains suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokine pattern induced by the large intestinal content of CD patients and increased IL-10 production. Cytokine effects induced by faecal microbiota seemed to be mediated by the NFκB pathway. Conclusion The intestinal microbiota of CD patients could contribute to the Th1 pro-inflammatory milieu characteristic of the disease, while B. longum ES1 and B. bifidum ES2 could reverse these deleterious effects. These findings hold future perspectives of interest in CD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Medina
- Microbial Ecophysiology and Nutrition, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Apartado 73, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Nadal I, Donant E, Ribes-Koninckx C, Calabuig M, Sanz Y. Imbalance in the composition of the duodenal microbiota of children with coeliac disease. J Med Microbiol 2008; 56:1669-1674. [PMID: 18033837 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is the most common immune-mediated enteropathy characterized by chronic inflammation of the small intestinal mucosa. The ingestion of gluten is responsible for the symptoms of CD, but other environmental factors are also thought to play a role in this disorder. In this study, the composition of the duodenal microbiota of coeliac children with active disease, symptom-free CD patients on a gluten-free diet and control children was determined. Bacteriological analyses of duodenal biopsy specimens were carried out by fluorescent in situ hybridization coupled with flow cytometry. The proportions of total bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria were significantly higher in CD patients with active disease than in symptom-free CD patients and controls. Bacteroides and Escherichia coli groups were significantly more abundant in CD patients with active disease than in controls, whilst these bacterial deviations were normalized in symptom-free CD patients. The ratio of Lactobacillus--Bifidobacterium to Bacteroides--E. coli was significantly reduced in coeliac patients with either active or inactive disease compared with controls. The differences in Atopobium, Eubacterium rectale--Clostridium coccoides, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium lituseburense, sulphate-reducing bacteria and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii populations among the three groups of children were less relevant. Overall, the higher incidence of Gram-negative and potentially pro-inflammatory bacteria in the duodenal microbiota of coeliac children was linked to the symptomatic presentation of the disease and could favour the pathological process of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Nadal
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Apartado 73, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Donant
- Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avenida Campanar 21, 40009 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Calabuig
- Hospital General Universitario, Avenida Tres Cruces s/n, 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Apartado 73, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Santana A, Medina C, Paz-Cabrera MC, Díaz-Gonzalez F, Farré E, Salas A, Radomski MW, Quintero E. Attenuation of dextran sodium sulphate induced colitis in matrix metalloproteinase-9 deficient mice. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:6464-72. [PMID: 17072979 PMCID: PMC4100636 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i40.6464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study whether matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a key factor in epithelial damage in the dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) model of colitis in mice.
METHODS: MMP-9-deficient and wild-type (wt) mice were given 5% DSS in drinking water for 5 d followed by recovery up to 7 d. On d 5 and 12 after induction of colitis, gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, were measured in homogenates of colonic tissue by zymography and Western blot, whereas tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were measured by reverse zymography. The gelatinolytic activity was also determined in supernatants of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) isolated from mice blood. Moreover, intestinal epithelial cells were stimulated with TNF-α to study whether these cells were able to produce MMPs. Finally, colonic mucosal lesions were measured by microscopic examination.
RESULTS: On d 5 of colitis, the activity of MMP-9 was increased in homogenates of colonic tissues (0.24 ± 0.1 vs 21.3 ± 6.4, P < 0.05) and PMN from peripheral blood in wt (0.5 ± 0.1 vs 10.4 ± 0.7, P < 0.05), but not in MMP-9-deficient animals. The MMP-9 activity was also up-regulated by TNF-α in epithelial intestinal cells (2.5 ± 0.5 vs 14.7 ± 3.0, P < 0.05). Although colitis also led to increase of TIMP-1 activity, the MMP-9/TIMP-1 balance remained elevated. Finally, in the MMP-9-deficient colitic mice both the extent and severity of intestinal epithelial injury were significantly attenuated when compared with wt mice.
CONCLUSION: We conclude that DSS induced colitis is markedly attenuated in animals lacking MMP-9. This suggests that intestinal injury induced by DSS is modulated by MMP-9 and that inhibition of this gelatinase may reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Santana
- Gastroenterology Department and Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
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Medina C, Radomski MW. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in intestinal inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318:933-8. [PMID: 16644899 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.103465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), are produced in the gastrointestinal tract by several structural cells. The balance between MMPs and TIMPs is essential for many physiological processes in the gut. However, imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs plays an important role in the pathophysiology of diverse intestinal inflammatory conditions. We reviewed the role of the MMP/TIMP system in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammatory diseases and pharmacologic perspectives for the use of compounds that restore the MMP/TIMP balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Medina
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Medina C, Santana A, Paz MC, Díaz-Gonzalez F, Farre E, Salas A, Radomski MW, Quintero E. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 modulates intestinal injury in rats with transmural colitis. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 79:954-62. [PMID: 16478919 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1005544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis and degradation of extracellular matrix by metalloproteinases (MMPs) may contribute to intestinal injury in inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study, we investigated the pathogenic role of gelatinases (MMP-9 and MMP-2) on transmural colonic injury in a rat model of chronic colitis, which was induced by intracolonic instillation of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). The activity and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured in colonic tissue and peripheral neutrophils by fluorescence, zymography, Western blot, or immunohistochemistry at different time-points. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase content in colonic homogenates was analyzed to evaluate inflammation. Finally, morphological changes were assessed following early or delayed administration of CGS-27023-A, a synthetic inhibitor of MMPs. We found that the induction of colitis led to a significant up-regulation in tissue gelatinase concentration, whereas no changes in collagenase activity were observed. In addition, up-regulation of pro-MMP-9, but not of pro-MMP-2, was found on Days 7 and 10 following the induction of colitis. Furthermore, transmural MMP-9 was detected by immunofluorescent staining in the inflamed tissue. Consistent with tissue samples, neutrophils from colitic rats showed a significantly increased activity of pro-MMP-9. Finally, early but not delayed treatment with CGS-27023-A attenuated colonic mucosal injury in rats with TNBS-induced colitis. In conclusion, up-regulation of MMP-9 in peripheral and colonic neutrophils modulates transmural colonic injury in rats with TNBS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Medina
- Servicios de Gastroenterología y, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Kobayashi K, Arimura Y, Goto A, Okahara S, Endo T, Shinomura Y, Imai K. Therapeutic implications of the specific inhibition of causative matrix metalloproteinases in experimental colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium. J Pathol 2006; 209:376-83. [PMID: 16552705 DOI: 10.1002/path.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix dynamics, crucial for tissue remodelling, are highly regulated by a cascade of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) during inflammation and wound healing processes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Contrary to expectations, there are limited reports to date that MMP inhibitors have some beneficial therapeutic effects in experimental colitis models. Furthermore, clinical trials of MMP inhibitors against certain tumours have failed to show any therapeutic benefit. One major reason for this lack of success may be the apparent uncertainty about the precise spectrum of inhibitory activity required. Since tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), a key mediator in colonic inflammation, promotes MMP production in a dose-dependent manner, the therapeutic success of anti-TNFalpha agents against IBD motivated us to re-evaluate the therapeutic potential of MMP inhibition. First, using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting, and zymography, we determined which MMPs were relevant to experimental colitis induced in mice by dextran sulphate sodium. Next, we examined a distinct role for MAPK and NFkappaB signalling pathways in the regulation of the expression of these MMP genes. Finally, we examined whether transcriptional regulation of these MMPs, either indirectly using inhibitors of MAPK and/or NFkappaB signalling pathways or directly using siRNA directed against these MMPs, contributes to the prevention of colitis. Changes in the expression level of colonic MMP-3 and MMP-10 preceded the clinical course of colitis. Colitis improved in mice that received these signal inhibitors, together with suppression of MMP expression. Moreover, siRNA that targeted MMP-3 and MMP-10 effectively reduced both the transcription of these MMPs and the severity of colitis. We conclude that MMP-3 and MMP-10 play a causal role in excess tissue destruction in colitis. Specific inhibition of these MMPs should provide novel therapeutics against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kobayashi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
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Naito Y, Yoshikawa T. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Aspects Med 2005; 26:379-90. [PMID: 16112187 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence demonstrates that the increased expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may contribute to intestinal tissue injury and inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease, and that MMP inhibition might be a new therapeutic approach to controlling inflammatory response. In addition, MMPs may play a crucial role in physiological and pathophysiological reactions such as leukocyte accumulation into inflamed tissue, cytokine production from inflammatory and epithelial cells, T lymphocyte homing to the intestine, wound healing and proliferation of epithelial cells, and intestinal innate immunity. This review focuses on recent progress in elucidating the biological and pathological roles of MMPs in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- Department of Medical Proteomics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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