Angiogenesis in goitrogenesis:

Complete inhibition of goiter in mice requires combined gene therapy modification of angiopoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor signaling

In goiter, increased expression of growth factors and their receptors occurs. We have inhibited the action of some of these growth factors, alone and in combination, to determine which are important in goitrogenesis. Recombinant adenovirus vectors (RAds) expressing truncated, secreted forms of human Tie2 (RAd-sTie2) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (RAd-sVEGFR1) or a truncated, dominant-negative fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (RAdDN-FGFR1) were used. Goiters in mice were induced by feeding an iodide-deficient diet, containing methimazole and sodium perchlorate. RAds were administered to mice simultaneously with the goitrogenic regimen, which was continued for 14 d. RAd treatment did not significantly affect increases in TSH or reductions in thyroid hormone or thyroid hyperactivity seen in goitrogen-treated controls mice, suggesting no effect on pituitary or thyroid responses to hypothyroidism. In control goiters, a 4-fold increase in vascular volume accompanied a 2-fold increase in thyroid mass. Complete inhibition of these increases was found when animals were treated with the three RAds in combination. In thyroids from three RAd-treated animals, there was marked, significant inhibition of Tie2, FGFR1, VEGFR1, FGF-2, and VEGF expression, compared with control goiters. When used individually, RAdDN-FGFR1 partially prevented goiter and RAd-sVEGFR1 partially reduced vascular volume. Their effects were not additive. RAd-sTie2 did not reduce goiter mass or vascular volume when used alone but was essential for complete goiter inhibition. VEGF and VEGFR1 expression was reduced in these thyroids. Limitation of physiologic organ growth is complex, requiring inhibition of multiple, interdependent growth factor axes.