1
|
The benefit of bilateral inferior alveolar nerve block in managing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after mandibular osteotomy. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2020; 48:399-404. [PMID: 32199717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of our study was to evaluate the benefit of bilateral inferior alveolar nerve block (BIANB) in managing postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting and opioid and antiemetic consumption in mandibular osteotomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS 51 patients operated for bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) were included in this prospective randomized controlled, double-blind, superiority trial. In the first group (n = 25), standard protocol was applied (general anesthesia and postoperative multimodal analgesia). The second group (n = 26) received bilateral inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia at the start of surgery in addition to routine protocol. Postoperative monitoring was conducted every 4 h over the first 24 h and targeted the following criteria: postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, consumption of morphine (cumulative dose) and antiemetic agents, need for removal of guiding elastics. RESULTS PONV was significantly lower in the BIANB group (15.4 % VS 40 %, p = 0.049), as were mean VAS scores for pain (1 VS 1.57, p = 0.045) and medians of morphine bolus (8 [6-16] VS 5.5 [1-8], p = 0.033). We found no significant difference in incidence of guiding elastic removal, and antiemetic consumption. DISCUSSION The use of BIANB in BSSO improved postoperative patient comfort in terms of PONV and pain. Furthermore, it led to a decrease in opioid consumption. In conclusion, it is an additional therapeutic means of improving patients' postoperative comfort.
Collapse
|
2
|
Jinks MR, Fontenot RL, Wills RW, Betbeze CM. The effects of subconjunctival bupivacaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine on corneal sensitivity in healthy horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:498-506. [PMID: 29232029 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and duration of effect of three local anesthetics on corneal sensitivity when administered subconjunctivally in horses. ANIMALS STUDIED Eight healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE A randomized, masked, crossover study design was used, with a two-week washout period between trials. The subconjunctival space of the randomly selected eye was injected with 0.2 mLs of bupivacaine (0.5%), lidocaine (2%), mepivacaine (2%), or saline. All horses received each medication once. The contralateral eye served as a control. The corneal touch threshold (CTT) was measured in both eyes with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer prior to sedation with xylazine, after sedation, and at 10-min intervals after subconjunctival injection until corneal sensitivity returned to baseline. The total time of decreased CTT and the maximum decrease in CTT were compared for each medication using a general linear mixed model (P < 0.05). RESULTS Total time of decreased CTT was 105.0 min for bupivacaine, 103.8 min for lidocaine, 138.8 min for mepivacaine, and 7.5 min for saline. All local anesthetics decreased CTT longer than saline (P < 0.001) and mepivacaine decreased CTT longer than lidocaine (P = 0.04). The mean minimum CTT was 1.67 cm for bupivacaine, 1.42 cm for lidocaine, and 0.73 cm for mepivacaine, which were all significantly less (P < 0.001) than saline (4.73 cm). No evidence of corneal toxicity was noted with any treatment. CONCLUSION Subconjunctival injections of lidocaine, bupivacaine, and mepivacaine effectively and safely reduce corneal sensitivity in eyes of healthy horses for 1.5-2 h, and may be useful for providing perioperative analgesia for equine corneal procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maggie R Jinks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Robin L Fontenot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Robert W Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Caroline M Betbeze
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Incidence of cardiovascular complications in knee arthroplasty patients before and after implementation of a ropivacaine local infiltration analgesia protocol: A retrospective study. Knee 2016; 23:877-82. [PMID: 27345630 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local infiltration analgesia (LIA) during total knee arthroplasty has been shown to give statistically significant reduction in post-operative pain. The effects of using high volumes of ropivacaine combined with adrenaline as LIA on cardiovascular parameters in knee replacement have not been described before. The objective of this study was to investigate the cardiovascular safety of ropivacaine as part of high volume local infiltration analgesia (LIA) in total knee replacement surgery. METHODS This is a retrospective observational comparative cohort study conducted in two independent cohorts, one treated without and one treated with a local infiltration analgesia protocol, containing a total of 744 patients with a mean age of 68years (42 to 89) and 68years (21 to 88) respectively with a follow-up of 12months. RESULTS No statistical difference in bradycardia during surgery, post-operative cardiovascular complications, and mortality was found after use of LIA. A statistically significant lower incidence of hypotension was found in the LIA group (P<0.01). This result has to be interpreted with care, due to the use of adrenaline in the LIA mixture, which could mask possible hypotension. No statistical difference was found in the occurrence of hypertension or tachycardia, despite the addition of adrenaline to the LIA mixture. No difference in mortality was found between the two groups (P=0.11). CONCLUSION These results show safe use of high volume ropivacaine with adrenaline as local infiltration analgesia during total knee replacement surgery.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yamashiro M, Hashimoto S, Yasuda A, Sunada K. Epinephrine Affects Pharmacokinetics of Ropivacaine Infiltrated Into Palate. Anesth Prog 2016; 63:71-9. [PMID: 27269664 DOI: 10.2344/0003-3006-63.2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulpal anesthesia success rates for ropivacaine following maxillary infiltration anesthesia seem to be low. We investigated the hypothesis that the addition of epinephrine would affect the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine by retaining ropivacaine in the mucosa of the injected area through the time-dependent distribution of ropivacaine in the rat maxilla and serum following maxillary infiltration anesthesia using (3)H-labeled ropivacaine. We then examined the vasoactivity of ropivacaine with or without epinephrine on local peripheral blood flow. The addition of epinephrine to ropivacaine increased ropivacaine concentrations in the palatal mucosa and adjacent maxilla by more than 3 times that of plain ropivacaine at 20 minutes. By observing the autoradiogram of (3)H-ropivacaine, plain ropivacaine in the maxilla was remarkably reduced 20 minutes after injection. However, it was definitely retained in the palatal mucosa, hard palate, adjacent maxilla, and maxillary nerve after the administration with epinephrine. Ropivacaine with epinephrine significantly decreased labial blood flow. This study suggests that 10 μg/mL epinephrine added to 0.5% ropivacaine could improve anesthetic efficacy and duration for maxillary infiltration anesthesia over plain ropivacaine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Yamashiro
- The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo, Japan, and
| | - Shuichi Hashimoto
- The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Yasuda
- The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo, Japan, and
| | - Katsuhisa Sunada
- The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo, Japan, and
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Douthit TL, Bormann JM, Bello NM. Assessing the Association Between Hoof Thermography and Hoof Doppler Ultrasonography for the Diagnosis of Lameness in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
|
7
|
Bloc du nerf alvéolaire inférieur par ropivacaïne : effets sur les nausées et vomissements en postopératoires (NVPO) des ostéotomies mandibulaires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 113:417-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stomax.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
8
|
Kimi H, Yamashiro M, Hashimoto S. The local pharmacokinetics of ³H-ropivacaine and ¹⁴C-lidocaine after maxillary infiltration anesthesia in rats. Anesth Prog 2012; 59:75-81. [PMID: 22822994 DOI: 10.2344/11-14.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of infiltration anesthesia with ropivacaine on the dental pulp are considered to be weak. This may be partly associated with its permeation into the oral tissue. With the objective of investigating the local pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine and lidocaine following infiltration anesthesia, we injected (3)H-ropivacaine or (14)C-lidocaine to the palatal mucosa in rats, measured distributions of radioactivity in the maxilla, and compared the local pharmacokinetics of these agents. The animals were sacrificed at various times and the maxillas were removed. The palatal mucosa and maxillary nerve were resected, and the bone was divided into 6 portions. We measured radioactivity in each tissue and calculated the level of each local anesthetic (n = 8). Lidocaine diffused to the surrounding tissue immediately after the injection, whereas ropivacaine tended to remain in the palatal mucosa for a longer period. Lidocaine showed a higher affinity for the maxillary bone than ropivacaine. There was a correlation between the distribution level of local anesthetics in the maxillary bone and that in the maxillary nerve. The lower-level effects of infiltration anesthesia with ropivacaine on the dental pulp may be because ropivacaine has a high affinity for soft tissue, and its transfer to bone is slight.
Collapse
|
9
|
Franz-Montan M, de Paula E, Groppo F, Ranali J, Volpato M. Efficacy of liposome-encapsulated 0.5% ropivacaine in maxillary dental anaesthesia. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 50:454-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Mandibular nerve block can improve intraoperative inferior alveolar nerve visualization during sagittal split mandibular osteotomy. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2011; 39:164-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
11
|
Govêia CS, Magalhães E. Ropivacaine in peribulbar anesthesia - vasoconstrictive properties. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2011; 60:495-512. [PMID: 20863930 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7094(10)70061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Peribulbar anesthesia can reduce ocular blood flow (OBF) by increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) or due to the action of drugs. Ropivacaine has low toxicity and intrinsic vasoconstrictive properties, yet to be proven on the ocular vasculature. Measurements of ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) allow the indirect evaluation of the OBF. The objective of the present study was to evaluate through the OBF the vasoconstrictive properties of ropivacaine in peribulbar anesthesia. METHODS Forty eyes undergoing peribulbar anesthesia with 7 mL of anesthetic solution without vasoconstrictor were randomly divided into two groups: ropivacaine (n = 20) and bupivacaine (n = 20). The IOP, ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), OPA, hemodynamic parameters, and the degree of akinesia before and 5 and 10 minutes after the blockade were evaluated. A dynamic contour tonometer was used to evaluate ocular parameters. Sedation was similar in both groups. RESULTS A significant variation in hemodynamic parameters and intensity of the motor blockade was not observed between groups. Differences in IOP, OPP, and OPA (p < 0.05) were observed between both groups at 5 and 10 minutes. The variation of IOP at 5 and 10 minutes was -0.88% and -4.54%, respectively with ropivacaine, and 17.61% and 16.56% with bupivacaine. The change in OPP after 5 and 10 minutes was 1.5% and 4.2% with ropivacaine, and -7% and -6% with bupivacaine. Ocular pulse amplitude varied -55.59% and -59.67% with ropivacaine at 5 and 10 minutes, and -34.71% and -28.82% with bupivacaine. CONCLUSIONS Ropivacaine reduced more intensely the ocular pulse amplitude despite little changes in IOP and OPP. The reduction in ocular blood flow caused by ropivacaine can be attributed to its vasoconstrictive effect.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rosen AS, Colwell CW, Pulido PA, Chaffee TL, Copp SN. A randomized controlled trial of intraarticular ropivacaine for pain management immediately following total knee arthroplasty. HSS J 2010; 6:155-9. [PMID: 21886529 PMCID: PMC2926371 DOI: 10.1007/s11420-010-9155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a commonly performed procedure for the treatment of end-stage arthritis of the knee. Pain control following TKA is difficult to manage in some patients. We examined the use of a postoperative intraarticular injection of 100 mL of 0.2% (200 mg) ropivacaine in a double-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled pilot study to evaluate its use as a pain control modality. All patients received general anesthesia. Postoperatively, patients were placed on intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine. The ropivacaine group showed an early trend in lower visual analog scale (VAS) scores when compared with the placebo group. Patients receiving ropivacaine used a similar amount of narcotics compared with the placebo group. Intraarticular ropivacaine used for pain control after TKA demonstrated no statistically significant difference in lowering VAS scores or narcotic usage; therefore, intraarticular ropivacaine as a single modality is not recommended for effective pain management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam S. Rosen
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Scripps Clinic, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, MS 116, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Clifford W. Colwell
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Scripps Clinic, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, MS 116, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Pamela A. Pulido
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, Scripps Health, 11025 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 140, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Tricia L. Chaffee
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Scripps Clinic, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, MS 116, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Steven N. Copp
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Scripps Clinic, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, MS 116, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wiziack Zago PM, Baroni DB, Groppo FC, de Paula E, Ranali J, Volpato MC. Anesthetic efficacy of liposomal prilocaine in maxillary infiltration anesthesia. J Liposome Res 2010; 21:81-7. [DOI: 10.3109/08982101003754393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
14
|
Tota S, Awasthi H, Kamat PK, Nath C, Hanif K. Protective effect of quercetin against intracerebral streptozotocin induced reduction in cerebral blood flow and impairment of memory in mice. Behav Brain Res 2010; 209:73-9. [PMID: 20096732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, on cerebral blood flow (CBF), brain energy metabolism, memory impairment, oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction in brain following intracerebral (i.c.) streptozotocin (STZ) administration in mice. STZ (0.5mg/kg, i.c.) was administered twice at an interval of 48h. We found a significant reduction in CBF as measured by Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF). The brain energy metabolism was also altered as evidenced by significant reduction in brain ATP content. Daily treatment with quercetin (2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg, p.o.) starting from the first dose of STZ showed a dose-dependent restoration of CBF and ATP content. Further, quercetin prevented STZ induced memory impairment as assessed by Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests. Biochemical analysis revealed that STZ significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite and depleted glutathione (GSH) levels in the mice brain. Quercetin decreased oxidative and nitrosative stress as evidenced by a significant decrease in MDA, nitrite and increase in GSH levels. Quercetin also attenuated elevated acetylcholinesterase activity in the STZ-treated mice. Neither STZ (i.c.) nor quercetin showed any change in locomotor activity and blood glucose level. The present study demonstrates the beneficial effects of quercetin in improving CBF along with preventing memory impairment, oxidative stress, altered brain energy metabolism and cholinergic dysfunction caused by STZ in mice. Therefore, consumption of dietary stuff rich in quercetin should be encouraged to ward off dementia associated with vascular and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santoshkumar Tota
- Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Chattar Manzil, Lucknow, U.P., India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Awasthi H, Tota S, Hanif K, Nath C, Shukla R. Protective effect of curcumin against intracerebral streptozotocin induced impairment in memory and cerebral blood flow. Life Sci 2010; 86:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
16
|
Strom NA, Sawyer JR, Roberts SK, Kingsley-Berg SM, Charkoudian N. Local sensory nerve control of skin blood flow during local warming in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 108:293-7. [PMID: 19959764 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01077.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous sensory nerve-mediated vasodilation is an important component of normal microvascular responsiveness to thermal and nonthermal stimuli. Since both neural and microvascular function can be impaired in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we tested the hypothesis that local sensory nerve-mediated vasodilation during nonpainful local warming of the skin is less in T2DM compared with healthy controls (C) matched for age and body size. The rapid vasodilation during the first approximately 5 min of this local warming ("initial peak") was previously shown to rely primarily on local sensory nerves. We measured skin blood flow in T2DM and C subjects (n = 7 in each group) at baseline and during 35 min of local warming of the skin to 42 degrees C at two sites on the ventral forearm. One site was pretreated with 4% lidocaine (LIDO) to block local sensory innervation. During local warming, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) during the initial peak was not different between groups, either at the untreated site [T2DM 75 +/- 2 vs. C 81 +/- 6% of maximum CVC (%maxCVC); P > 0.05] or at the LIDO site (T2DM 63 +/- 7 vs. C 64 +/- 6%maxCVC; P > 0.05). The difference between untreated and LIDO sites (sensory nerve contribution) was also similar between groups (T2DM 13 +/- 5 vs. C 18 +/- 5%maxCVC; P > 0.05) and was smaller with LIDO than was previously shown with other local anesthetics. Our results suggest that relatively healthy individuals with T2DM do not exhibit impairments in local sensory nerve vasodilation during thermal stimulation compared with controls of similar age and body size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Strom
- Dept. of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Calenda E, Rey N, Compere V, Muraine M. Peribulbar anesthesia leading to central retinal artery occlusion. J Clin Anesth 2009; 21:311-2. [PMID: 19502037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
18
|
Duarte LTD, Paes FC, Fernandes MDCBC, Saraiva RÂ. Posterior Lumbar Plexus Block in Postoperative Analgesia for Total Hip Arthroplasty. A Comparative Study between 0.5% Bupivacaine with Epinephrine and 0.5% Ropivacaine. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2009; 59:273-85. [DOI: 10.1590/s0034-70942009000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
19
|
Direct effect of ropivacaine involves lipoxygenase pathway activation in rat aortic smooth muscle. Can J Anaesth 2009; 56:298-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s12630-009-9059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
20
|
Reply to Dr. Jansson. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1097/00115550-200801000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
|