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Brockway DF, Crowley NA. Emerging pharmacological targets for alcohol use disorder. Alcohol 2024:S0741-8329(24)00101-0. [PMID: 39069210 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) remains a challenging condition with limited effective treatment options; however new technology in drug delivery and advancements in pharmacology have paved the way for discovery of novel therapeutic targets. This review explores emerging pharmacological targets that offer new options for the management of AUD, focusing on the potential of somatostatin (SST), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), nociceptin (NOP), and neuropeptide S (NPS). These targets have been selected based on recent advancements in preclinical and clinical research, which suggest their significant roles in modulating alcohol consumption and related behaviors. SST dampens cortical circuits, and targeting both the SST neurons and the SST peptide itself presents promise for treating AUD and various related comorbidities. VIP neurons are modulated by alcohol and targeting the VIP system presents an unexplored avenue for addressing alcohol exposure at various stages of development. GLP-1 interacts with the dopaminergic reward system and reduces alcohol intake. Nociceptin modulates mesolimbic circuitry and agonism and antagonism of nociceptin receptor offers a complex but promising approach to reducing alcohol consumption. NPS stands out for its anxiolytic-like effects, particularly relevant for the anxiety associated with AUD. This review aims to synthesize the current understanding of these targets, highlighting their potential in developing more effective and personalized AUD therapies, and underscores the importance of continued research in identifying and validating novel targets for treatment of AUD and comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota F Brockway
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Nicole A Crowley
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Ma X, Fang W, Jiang Z, Wang L, Yang X, Gao K. Dibutyryl-cAMP affecting fat deposition of finishing pigs by decreasing the inflammatory system related to insulin sensitive or lipolysis. GENES AND NUTRITION 2016; 11:17. [PMID: 27551318 PMCID: PMC4968439 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-016-0531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background The mechanism of db-cAMP regulating fat deposition and improving lean percentage is unclear and needs to be further studied. Methods Eighteen 100-day-old Duroc × Landrance × Large White barrows (49.75 ± 0.75 kg) were used for experiment 1, and 15 eighteen 135-day-old barrows (78.34 ± 1.22 kg) were used for experiment 2 to investigate the effects of dietary dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP) on fat deposition in finishing pigs. Pigs were fed with a corn-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 0 or 15 mg/kg db-cAMP, and both experiments lasted 35 days, respectively. Results The results showed that db-cAMP decreased the backfat thickness, backfat percentage, and diameter of backfat cells without changing the growth performance or carcass characteristics in both experiments, and this effect was more marked in experiment 1 than in experiment 2; db-cAMP enhanced the activity of the growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH-IGF-1) axis and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system in both experiments, which suppressed the accumulation of backfat deposition; microarray analysis showed that db-cAMP suppressed the inflammatory system within the adipose tissue related to insulin sensitivity, which also reduced fat synthesis. Conclusions In summary, the effect of db-cAMP on suppressing fat synthesis and accumulation is better in the earlier phase than in the later phase of finishing pigs, and db-cAMP plays this function by increasing the activity of the GH-IGF-1 axis and POMC system, while decreasing the inflammatory system within the adipose tissue related to insulin sensitive or lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefen Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiguo Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 510640 Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 510640 Guangzhou, China
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Aguilera G. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by neuropeptides. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 7:327-36. [PMID: 25961271 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2011.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The major endocrine response to stress occurs via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading ultimately to increases in circulating glucocorticoids, which are essential for the metabolic adaptation to stress. The major players in the HPA axis are the hypothalamic neuropeptide, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), the pituitary hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone, and the negative feedback effects of adrenal glucocorticoids. In addition, a number of other neuropeptides, including vasopressin (VP), angiotensin II, oxytocin, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide, orexin and cholecystokinin, and nesfatin can affect HPA axis activity by influencing the expression and secretion of CRH, and also by modulating pituitary corticotroph function or adrenal steroidogenesis. Of these peptides, VP co-secreted with CRH from axonal terminals in the external zone of the median eminence plays a prominent role by potentiating the stimulatory effect of CRH and by increasing the number of pituitary corticotrophs during chronic challenge. Although the precise role and significance of many of these neuropeptides in regulating HPA axis activity requires further investigation, it is likely that they are part of a multifactorial system mediating the fine tuning of HPA axis activity during adaptation to a variety of physiological and stressful conditions.
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Wong CCP, Schumann G. Integration of the circadian and stress systems: influence of neuropeptides and implications for alcohol consumption. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:1111-20. [PMID: 22648536 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disruptions in circadian rhythm and stress reactivity are associated with risks of developing neuropsychiatric disorders. The circadian system is organised in a hierarchical manner, whereby the master clock is located at the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a highly conserved brain region that coordinates the oscillations of peripheral clocks. Exposure to psychological stress leads to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. There is growing evidence supporting the interactions between the circadian and stress systems. Anatomically, the circadian and stress signals converge at the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the hypothalamus. Genes that are involved in the operation of the circadian and stress systems, including Clock, Period and CRH are expressed in the PVN. In addition, several neuropeptides, including arginin-vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, are present in the PVN. In this review, we will discuss the interaction of circadian genes and stress-response genes at the molecular, neurotransmission and behavioural levels. We will place particular emphasis on the role of neuropeptides in mediating this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybele C P Wong
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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Aguilera G, Liu Y. The molecular physiology of CRH neurons. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:67-84. [PMID: 21871477 PMCID: PMC4341841 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is essential for stress adaptation by mediating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, behavioral and autonomic responses to stress. Activation of CRH neurons depends on neural afferents from the brain stem and limbic system, leading to sequential CRH release and synthesis. CRH transcription is required to restore mRNA and peptide levels, but termination of the response is essential to prevent pathology associated with chronic elevations of CRH and HPA axis activity. Inhibitory feedback mediated by glucocorticoids and intracellular production of the repressor, Inducible Cyclic AMP Early Repressor (ICER), limit the magnitude and duration of CRH neuronal activation. Induction of CRH transcription is mediated by the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A/cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB)-dependent pathways, and requires cyclic AMP-dependent nuclear translocation of the CREB co-activator, Transducer of Regulated CREB activity (TORC). This article reviews current knowledge on the mechanisms regulating CRH neuron activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greti Aguilera
- Section on Endocrine Physiology, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shiver Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Intracerebroventricular administration of vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits food intake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 172:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Platt DM, Bano KM. Opioid receptors and the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in squirrel monkeys: Mu and delta opioid receptor mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 650:233-9. [PMID: 20940013 PMCID: PMC2997855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mu and delta opioid receptors modulate the reinforcing effects of ethanol, however, their role in the subjective effects of ethanol is not well understood. This study evaluated the contribution of mu and delta opioid receptors to the subjective effects of ethanol using drug discrimination procedures. Monkeys were trained to discriminate ethanol from saline under a schedule of food delivery. In tests, ethanol engendered increases in drug-lever responding, reaching a maximum of >80%. The mu opioid receptor agonists fentanyl and buprenorphine and the delta opioid receptor agonists SNC 80 and SNC 162 did not substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol. As pretreatments, the full agonists fentanyl and SNC 80 enhanced the effects of low doses of ethanol and fentanyl attenuated the effects of the ethanol training dose. Although the possibility of pharmacological antagonism of the effects of ethanol cannot be ruled out, a more likely alternative is that the diminished effects of ethanol were due to perceptual masking of the ethanol stimulus. In contrast, the partial agonists buprenorphine and SNC 162 did not alter ethanol's effects. Finally, the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol were attenuated following administration of presumably mu-selective doses of the antagonist naltrexone, but not after administration of the delta opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole. The ability of naltrexone to block the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol likely reflects its capacity to attenuate ethanol-induced increases in endogenous opioids, in particular beta-endorphin, because attenuation of the ethanol stimulus was not accompanied by significant suppression of response rate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Ethanol/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Saimiri
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Platt
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, One Pine Hill Drive, P.O. Box 9102, Southborough, MA 01772-9102, USA.
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Agapito M, Mian N, Boyadjieva NI, Sarkar DK. Period 2 gene deletion abolishes beta-endorphin neuronal response to ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34:1613-8. [PMID: 20586752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol exposure during early life has been shown to permanently alter the circadian expression of clock regulatory genes and the beta-endorphin precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene in the hypothalamus. Ethanol also alters the stress- and immune-regulatory functions of beta-endorphin neurons in laboratory rodents. Our aim was to determine whether the circadian clock regulatory Per2 gene modulates the action of ethanol on beta-endorphin neurons in mice. METHODS Per2 mutant (mPer2(Brdml)) and wild type (C57BL/6J) mice were used to determine the effect of Per2 mutation on ethanol-regulated beta-endorphin neuronal activity during neonatal period using an in vitro mediobasal hypothalamic (MBH) cell culture model and an in vivo milk formula feeding animal model. The beta-endorphin neuronal activity following acute and chronic ethanol treatments was evaluated by measuring the peptide released from cultured cells or peptide levels in the MBH tissues, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Per2 mutant mice showed a higher basal level of beta-endorphin release from cultured MBH cells and a moderate increase in the peptide content in the MBH in comparison with control mice. However, unlike wild type mice, Per2 mutant mice showed no stimulatory or inhibitory beta-endorphin-secretory responses to acute and chronic ethanol challenges in vitro. Furthermore, Per2 mutant mice, but not wild type mice, failed to show the stimulatory and inhibitory responses of MBH beta-endorphin levels to acute and chronic ethanol challenges in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest for the first time that the Per2 gene may be critically involved in regulating beta-endorphin neuronal function. Furthermore, the data revealed an involvement of the Per2 gene in regulating beta-endorphin neuronal responses to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agapito
- Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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Leriche M, Méndez M. Ethanol exposure selectively alters beta-endorphin content but not [3H]-DAMGO binding in discrete regions of the rat brain. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:9-16. [PMID: 20031207 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic system plays an important role in the reinforcing effects of ethanol. Opioid peptides modulate the activity of this system and have been suggested to mediate, at least in part, the reinforcing properties of ethanol. Thus, beta-endorphin (beta-END) could participate in the development of ethanol reinforcement and addiction. The aim of this work was to investigate the acute and chronic ethanol effects on beta-END content in regions of the mesolimbic system and to examine if chronic ethanol treatment alters ligand binding to mu opioid receptor (muOR). Male Wistar rats received a single acute ethanol dose of 2.5 g/kg or water by intra-gastric administration. For chronic ethanol treatment experiments, one group of rats was given ethanol (10% v/v solution) to drink, two groups were given equivalent volumes of sucrose (14.14% isocaloric solution) or water, respectively, and a fourth group had ad libitum access to food and water. Treatment was followed for 4 weeks. Beta-endorphin content in brain regions was quantified by radioimmunoassay and ligand binding studies to muOR were performed by quantitative autoradiography using 8 nM [(3)H]-DAMGO as radioligand. Acute ethanol decreased beta-END content in the hypothalamus (26%) 1h after administration. No ethanol effects were observed in the midbrain, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, nucleus accumbens-septum and prefrontal cortex. Chronic ethanol treatment neither changed beta-END levels nor [(3)H]-DAMGO binding to mu opioid receptors in any of the regions studied. However, beta-END levels in the sucrose group were significantly increased in the nucleus accumbens and substantia nigra, in comparison to all other groups. These findings suggest that different neural mechanisms and specific brain regions may be involved in the reinforcing effects of ethanol and sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leriche
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente. Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, 14370 México DF, Mexico
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Grisel JE, Bartels JL, Allen SA, Turgeon VL. Influence of beta-Endorphin on anxious behavior in mice: interaction with EtOH. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 200:105-15. [PMID: 18604523 PMCID: PMC2818628 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The opioid peptide beta-endorphin (beta-E) is synthesized by the pro-opiomelanocortin gene in response to environmental stressors and alcohol administration and is implicated in the behavioral sequelae associated with these stimuli. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the influence of beta-E on the stress response by evaluating basal measures of anxiety as well as on EtOH-induced anxiolytic behavior using transgenic mice that differ with respect to beta-E. METHODS Anxious behavior was evaluated for male and female heterozygous, wild-type, and beta-E knockout mice using the Light-Dark Box and Plus Maze assays. Subsequent tests evaluated behavior 20 min after administration of intraperitoneal saline or EtOH (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/kg). RESULTS We observed a direct relationship between beta-E levels and the percentage of entries into open arms of the Plus Maze as well as the time spent in either the open arms or the light compartment of the Light-Dark box during basal conditions, suggesting that this peptide normally inhibits anxious behavior. However, mice lacking beta-E demonstrated an exaggerated anxiolytic response to EtOH in these assays. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that beta-E moderates the response to stressful stimuli and supports the hypothesis that this peptide influences the behavioral effects of EtOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E. Grisel
- Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Hwy, Greenville, SC 29613, Phone: (864) 294-3218, FAX: (864) 294-2206
| | - Jessica L. Bartels
- Neural Signals Incorporated, 3400 McClure Bridge Road, Bldg. D Suite B, Duluth, GA, 30096
| | - Stephani A. Allen
- Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Hwy, Greenville, SC 29613, Phone: (864) 294-3218, FAX: (864) 294-2206
| | - Victoria L. Turgeon
- Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Hwy, Greenville, SC 29613, Phone: (864) 294-3218, FAX: (864) 294-2206
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Sánchez E, Singru PS, Fekete C, Lechan RM. Induction of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in the mediobasal hypothalamus by bacterial lipopolysaccharide: role of corticosterone. Endocrinology 2008; 149:2484-93. [PMID: 18218695 PMCID: PMC2329263 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether endotoxin-induced activation of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) in the mediobasal hypothalamus is dependent on circulating levels of corticosterone, the effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on D2 gene expression was studied in adrenalectomized, corticosterone-clamped adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats. In sham-adrenalectomized animals, LPS (250 microg/100 g body weight) increased circulating levels of corticosterone and IL-6, as well as tanycyte D2 mRNA in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Adrenalectomized, corticosterone-clamped animals showed no significant rise in corticosterone after LPS, compared with saline-treated controls but increased IL-6 levels and tanycyte D2 mRNA similar to LPS-treated sham controls. To further clarify the potential role of corticosterone in the regulation of D2 gene expression by LPS, animals were administered high doses of corticosterone to attain levels similar to that observed in the LPS-treated group. No significant increase in D2 mRNA was observed in the mediobasal hypothalamus with the exception of a small subpopulation of cells in the lateral walls of the third ventricle. These data indicate that the LPS-induced increase in D2 mRNA in the mediobasal hypothalamus is largely independent of circulating corticosterone and indicate that mechanisms other than adrenal activation are involved in the regulation of most tanycyte D2-expressing cells by endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Sánchez
- Tupper Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts-New England Medical Center, , Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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D'Addario C, Ming Y, Ogren SO, Terenius L. The role of acetaldehyde in mediating effects of alcohol on expression of endogenous opioid system genes in a neuroblastoma cell line. FASEB J 2007; 22:662-70. [PMID: 17934066 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8346com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) alters neural activity through interaction with various neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. The endogenous opioid system seems to play a key role in the activities of EtOH, since the opioid antagonist naltrexone (ReVia) attenuates craving. We have investigated the transcriptional regulation of opioid system genes in response to EtOH exposure for up to 96 h in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We observed a significant decrease in the expression of opioid peptide precursors (proopiomelanocortin, proenkephalin, and prodynorphin) and of the kappa opioid receptor after 48 and 72 h of EtOH exposure (10 and 40 mM). These alterations were not present when the EtOH metabolism was blocked by 4-methylpyrazole. To evaluate whether the effects evoked by EtOH were possibly due to the first product of EtOH metabolism, cells were exposed to 0.4 mM acetaldehyde. We observed the same pattern of changes for prodynorphin, proenkephalin, and the kappa opioid receptor as after 72 h exposure to EtOH. These results contribute to our understanding of EtOH action at a cellular level and provide evidence of the role of acetaldehyde in mediating some of the EtOH-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Addario
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17176 Sweden.
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Abstract
This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It summarizes papers published during 2005 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity, neurophysiology and transmitter release (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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