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Lin IF, Tsai PJ, Wu JL, Chin WS, Lin CY, Guo YL. The effect of cumulative noise exposure on distortion product otoacoustic emissions. Int J Audiol 2023; 62:886-892. [PMID: 35968641 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2022.2106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the characteristics of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) that can be used to differentiate noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) from age-related hearing loss. A potential index to detect NIHL was defined in terms of its susceptibility to cumulative noise exposure but not to age. DESIGN In this cross-sectional cohort study, a job-exposure matrix was used to calculate the cumulative noise exposure. Multivariate linear regression models were used to examine how age and cumulative noise exposure associated with DPOAEs at individual frequencies after adjusting for hypertension, dyslipidaemia, tobacco use and alcohol consumption. STUDY SAMPLE The pure-tone audiometry and DPOAEs data collected from 239 male workers in a steel factory. RESULTS DPOAEs and DPOAE signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) at all frequencies were found to be correlated with age, and those at 2, 3, 4 and 6 kHz were correlated with both age and noise exposure. The difference between DPOAE SNR at 1 and 3 kHz showed significant correlation with noise exposure but not with age. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that this DPOAE index, the DPOAE SNR at 1 kHz minus the DPOAE SNR at 3 kHz, could add values to audiometric evaluation of NIHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Fan Lin
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Perng-Jy Tsai
- Department of Environment and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shan Chin
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yue Leon Guo
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chan J, Ali N, Najafi A, Meehan A, Mancl LR, Gallagher E, Bly R, Gollakota S. An off-the-shelf otoacoustic-emission probe for hearing screening via a smartphone. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:1203-1213. [PMID: 36316369 PMCID: PMC9717525 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00947-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) provide information about the function of the outer hair cells of the cochlea. In high-income countries, infants undergo OAE tests as part of the screening protocols for hearing. However, the cost of the necessary equipment hinders early screening for hearing in low- and middle-income countries, which disproportionately bear the brunt of disabling hearing loss. Here we report the design and clinical testing of a low-cost probe for OAEs. The device, which has a material cost of approximately US$10, uses an off-the-shelf microphone and off-the-shelf earphones connected to a smartphone through a headphone jack. It sends two pure tones through each of the headphone's earbuds and algorithmically detects the distortion-product OAEs generated by the cochlea and recorded via the microphone. In a clinical study involving 201 paediatric ears across three healthcare sites, the device detected hearing loss with 100% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity, comparable to the performance of a commercial device. Low-cost devices for OAE testing may aid the early detection of hearing loss in resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Chan
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Nada Ali
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali Najafi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anna Meehan
- Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa R Mancl
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily Gallagher
- Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Randall Bly
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Shyamnath Gollakota
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Poling GL, Siegel JH, Lee J, Dhar S. The influence of self-reported noise exposure on 2ƒ 1-ƒ 2 distortion product otoacoustic emission level, fine structure, and components in a normal-hearing population. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:2391. [PMID: 35461508 PMCID: PMC8993424 DOI: 10.1121/10.0010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) offer an outcome measure to consider for clinical detection and monitoring outer hair cell dysfunction as a result of noise exposure. This investigation detailed DPOAE characteristics and behavioral hearing thresholds up to 20 kHz to identify promising metrics for early detection of cochlear dysfunction. In a sample of normal-hearing individuals with and without self-reported noise exposure, the DPOAE and hearing threshold measures, as assessed by two questions, were examined. The effects on various auditory measures in individuals aged 10-65 years old with clinically normal/near-normal hearing through 4 kHz were evaluated. Individuals reporting occupational noise exposures (n = 84) and recreational noise exposures (n = 46) were compared to age-matched nonexposed individuals. The hearing thresholds and DPOAE level, fine structure, and component characteristics for the full frequency bandwidth were examined. The data suggest that the DPOAE levels measured using a range of stimulus levels hold clinical utility while fine structure characteristics offer limited use. Under carefully calibrated conditions, the extension to frequencies beyond 8 kHz in combination with various stimulus levels holds clinical utility. Moreover, this work supports the potential utility of the distortion product place component level for revealing differences in cochlear function due to self-reported, casual noise exposure that are not observable in behavioral hearing thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayla L Poling
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Audiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Jonathan H Siegel
- The Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Jungwha Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Collaboration Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 6061l, USA
| | - Sumitrajit Dhar
- The Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Jedrzejczak WW, Pilka E, Ganc M, Kochanek K, Skarzynski H. Ultra-High Frequency Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions for Detection of Hearing Loss and Tinnitus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042123. [PMID: 35206311 PMCID: PMC8872281 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) may be an early marker not only of hearing loss (HL) but also of tinnitus. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether DPOAEs measured up to 16 kHz are affected by the presence of tinnitus. Pure tone thresholds and DPOAEs were measured in two groups: 55 patients with tinnitus and 63 subjects without tinnitus. The subjects were divided into three groups according to their audiometric results-better than 25 dB HL at all tested frequencies from 0.125 to 16 kHz, better than 25 dB up to 8 kHz, and hearing impaired. Receiver operator characteristics (ROCs) were used to test whether DPOAEs could differentiate between normal hearing, hearing loss, and tinnitus. Comparison of tinnitus subjects with the control group, matched accurately according to thresholds, did not yield any significant difference in DPOAEs. However, in both these groups hearing loss was accompanied by a decrease in DPOAEs, specifically, at 2-6 kHz and 16 kHz. The results suggest that any decrease in DPOAEs seems to be related only to hearing loss and there is no additional effect from tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Wiktor Jedrzejczak
- Department of Experimental Audiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland; (E.P.); (M.G.)
- World Hearing Center, ul. Mokra 17, Kajetany, 05-830 Nadarzyn, Poland; (K.K.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-356-0-384
| | - Edyta Pilka
- Department of Experimental Audiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland; (E.P.); (M.G.)
- World Hearing Center, ul. Mokra 17, Kajetany, 05-830 Nadarzyn, Poland; (K.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Malgorzata Ganc
- Department of Experimental Audiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland; (E.P.); (M.G.)
- World Hearing Center, ul. Mokra 17, Kajetany, 05-830 Nadarzyn, Poland; (K.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Kochanek
- World Hearing Center, ul. Mokra 17, Kajetany, 05-830 Nadarzyn, Poland; (K.K.); (H.S.)
- Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henryk Skarzynski
- World Hearing Center, ul. Mokra 17, Kajetany, 05-830 Nadarzyn, Poland; (K.K.); (H.S.)
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngosurgery, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland
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Torre P, Hoffman HJ, Springer G, Cox C, Young M, Margolick JB, Plankey M. Cochlear function among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative men and women. Ear Hear 2014; 35:56-62. [PMID: 24080949 PMCID: PMC3872496 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0b013e3182a021c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is limited research about cochlear function in adults who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive (+). The aim of the present study was to collect measures of cochlear function in a large sample of adults with, or at risk for, HIV infection, to evaluate associations between HIV status, HIV treatment, and cochlear function. DESIGN Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were used to evaluate cochlear function in 506 participants; 329 men, 150 of whom were HIV+, and 177 women, 136 of whom were HIV+. DPOAEs were measured at frequencies 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 6000 Hz. A DPOAE nonresponse (NR) was defined as an absolute DPOAE level less than -15 dB SPL or a difference between the absolute DPOAE level and the background noise level less than 6 dB. The total number of NRs was calculated for each ear. The associations of demographic variables, HIV status, and HIV treatment with number of NRs were evaluated with univariate and multivariate ordinal regression models. RESULTS There was a statistically significant increase in the odds of higher numbers of NRs with age, being male, and being non-Black, but not with HIV status. Among HIV+ participants, there were no statistically significant associations of the HIV disease status or treatment variables with higher number of NRs. CONCLUSION The authors found no evidence of impaired cochlear function by HIV disease status or highly active antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV infection in this cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Torre
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Howard J. Hoffman
- Epidemiology and Statistics Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gayle Springer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher Cox
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary Young
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Joseph B. Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Plankey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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Husain FT. Effect of tinnitus on distortion product otoacoustic emissions varies with hearing loss. Am J Audiol 2013; 22:125-34. [PMID: 23800808 DOI: 10.1044/1059-0889(2012/12-0059)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to measure the effect of tinnitus, while accounting for the effect of hearing loss and aging, on distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). METHOD DPOAEs were measured twice in both ears in 5 groups of participants: young adults with normal hearing, middle-age adults with normal hearing, adults with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, age-matched adults with similar hearing loss and tinnitus, and adults with normal hearing and chronic tinnitus. RESULTS Multivariate analysis revealed a main effect of hearing loss and age, but no effect of tinnitus, across all 5 groups. Separate tests revealed significant effects of age and tinnitus in the normal-hearing groups and hearing loss in adults with or without tinnitus, but no effect of tinnitus in those with hearing loss. CONCLUSION DPOAE levels in the group of adults with hearing loss and tinnitus were diminished, but those in the group with normal hearing and tinnitus were enhanced, relative to DPOAE levels in the controls. Outer hair cell function, as indexed by DPOAEs, exhibits a complex association with tinnitus, and this has implications in the use of DPOAEs as a tool both for testing for tinnitus presence and for creating a model of neural mechanisms underlying tinnitus.
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Tone-Burst and Click-Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions in Subjects With Hearing Loss Above 0.25, 0.5, and 1 kHz. Ear Hear 2012; 33:757-67. [DOI: 10.1097/aud.0b013e31825c05ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schemera B, Blumsack JT, Cellino AF, Quiller TD, Hess BA, Rynders PE. Evaluation of otoacoustic emissions in clinically normal alert puppies. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:295-301. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jupiter T. Screening for hearing loss in the elderly using distortion product otoacoustic emissions, pure tones, and a self-assessment tool. Am J Audiol 2009; 18:99-107. [PMID: 19474453 DOI: 10.1044/1059-0889(2009/08-0020)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) could be used as a hearing screening tool with elderly individuals living independently, and to compare the utility of different screening protocols: (a) 3 pure-tone screening protocols consisting of 30 dB HL at 1, 2, and 3 kHz; 40 dB HL at 1, 2, and 3 kHz; or 40 dB HL at 1 and 2 kHz; (b) the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly-Screening version (HHIE-S); (c) pure tones at 40 dB HL at 1 and 2 kHz plus the HHIE-S; and (d) DPOAEs. METHOD A total of 106 elderly individuals age 65-91 years were screened using the above protocols. RESULTS Pass/fail results showed that most individuals failed at 30 dB HL, followed by DPOAEs, the 40-dB HL protocols, the HHIE-S alone, and the combined pure-tone/HHIE-S protocol. All screening results were associated except the HHIE-S and 30 dB HL and the HHIE-S and DPOAEs. A McNemar analysis revealed that the differences between the correlated pass/fail results were significant except for the HHIE-S and 40 dB at 1 and 2 kHz. CONCLUSION DPOAEs can be used to screen the elderly, with the advantage that individuals do not have to voluntarily respond to the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jupiter
- St. John’s University, Jamaica, NY, and Long Island AuD Consortium
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Rosanowski F, Eysholdt U, Hoppe U. Influence of leisure-time noise on outer hair cell activity in medical students. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2006; 80:25-31. [PMID: 16506044 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-006-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Noise exceeding a certain level can damage outer hair cells and thus cause hearing loss. In the past, noise-induced hearing loss was mainly caused by occupational noise. Leisure-time noise may be a promoting factor, particularly in young adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) can be used to evaluate outer hair cell damage in young adults with no history of hearing complaints. The data obtained from the measurement of TEOAE were correlated with the participants' listening habits and exposure to leisure-time noise. METHODS Eighty-eight young adults (47 women, 41 men; age 22.9+/-2.9 years) were examined. TEOAE were measured using standard ILO 88 equipment. All participants had normal hearing (hearing thresholds better than 20 dB HL; frequency range 0.125-10 kHz). None of the participants suffered from permanent tinnitus. All participants answered a questionnaire concerning their listening habits. RESULTS On average, the participants frequented a discotheque 1.4 times a month; 25% had never visited a discotheque, 35% visited once a month and 32% twice or three times a month. Sixteen per cent reported transient tinnitus after every visit to a discotheque and 58% after nearly every visit. Eight per cent suffered from transient hearing loss after every visit to a disco and 37% after nearly every visit. Three per cent (4%) reported tinnitus (nearly) every morning after visiting a discotheque. The TEOAE level was above 6 dB in all participants [9.2+/-3.6 dB (mean +/- SD)] and reproducibility was above 60% (90+/-9%). All values matched pass criteria for normal TEOAE under clinical conditions. However, TEOAE levels and reproducibility decreased significantly with an increased number of visits to discotheques. CONCLUSION Outer hair cell damage could be measured using TEOAE in individuals exposed to leisure-time noise, although these individuals exhibited no measurable puretone hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Rosanowski
- Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Torre P, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BEK, Klein R, Nondahl DM. The association between cardiovascular disease and cochlear function in older adults. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2005; 48:473-81. [PMID: 15989405 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2005/032)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2003] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the relation between self-reported cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cochlear function in older adults. The Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (EHLS) is an ongoing population-based study of hearing loss and its risk factors in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. As part of the EHLS questionnaire, participants were asked about their cardiovascular medical history. CVD history was determined from questions regarding history of angina, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. Questions about the use of antihypertensive medication and blood pressure measurements determined the presence or absence of hypertension. Among the audiologic measures completed were distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). Cochlear function was measured using DPOAEs and participants were categorized as having (a) cochlear impairment, (b) possible cochlear impairment, or (c) no cochlear impairment. There were 1,501 participants with complete CVD and DPOAE data from the 1998-2000 examination phase. Women with a self-reported history of MI were twice as likely (age-adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15-3.46) to have cochlear impairment than women without a history of MI. This association was not significant in men (age-adjusted OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.61-1.58). Additionally, no other CVD variables were associated with cochlear impairment. This study provides data on a possible sex-specific association between CVD and DPOAEs in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Torre
- University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, USA.
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Triballeau N, Acher F, Brabet I, Pin JP, Bertrand HO. Virtual Screening Workflow Development Guided by the “Receiver Operating Characteristic” Curve Approach. Application to High-Throughput Docking on Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 4. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2534-47. [PMID: 15801843 DOI: 10.1021/jm049092j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The "receiver operating characteristic" (ROC) curve method is a well-recognized metric used as an objective way to evaluate the ability of a given test to discriminate between two populations. This facilitates decision-making in a plethora of fields in which a wrong judgment may have serious consequences including clinical diagnosis, public safety, travel security, and economic strategies. When virtual screening is used to speed-up the drug discovery process in pharmaceutical research, taking the right decision upon selecting or discarding a molecule prior to in vitro evaluation is of paramount importance. Characterizing both the ability of a virtual screening workflow to select active molecules and the ability to discard inactive ones, the ROC curve approach is well suited for this critical decision gate. As a case study, the first virtual screening workflow focused on metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 4 (mGlu4R) agonists is reported here. Six compounds out of 38 selected and tested in vitro were shown to have agonist activity on this target of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Triballeau
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR8601-CNRS, Université René Descartes-Paris V, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Otoacoustic emissions offer the practitioner a number of beneficial features as a noninvasive and objective measure of the ear's ability to process acoustic stimuli. RECENT FINDINGS Since their discovery, a number of clinical applications of otoacoustic emissions have been established, including their utility in the differential diagnosis of sensorineural hearing loss, in the screening of cochlear function in infants and other difficult-to-test patients, and in the monitoring of outer hair cell healthiness in patients who are exposed to potentially damaging agents or who have progressive hearing ailments. SUMMARY Clinical applications of OAEs have developed very rapidly and OAEs have become the standard of care, at least, for pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Lonsbury-Martin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262-0001, USA.
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