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Lewis A. An Update on Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria since the World Brain Death Project. Semin Neurol 2024; 44:236-262. [PMID: 38621707 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The World Brain Death Project (WBDP) is a 2020 international consensus statement that provides historical background and recommendations on brain death/death by neurologic criteria (BD/DNC) determination. It addresses 13 topics including: (1) worldwide variance in BD/DNC, (2) the science of BD/DNC, (3) the concept of BD/DNC, (4) minimum clinical criteria for BD/DNC determination, (5) beyond minimum clinical BD/DNC determination, (6) pediatric and neonatal BD/DNC determination, (7) BD/DNC determination in patients on ECMO, (8) BD/DNC determination after treatment with targeted temperature management, (9) BD/DNC documentation, (10) qualification for and education on BD/DNC determination, (11) somatic support after BD/DNC for organ donation and other special circumstances, (12) religion and BD/DNC: managing requests to forego a BD/DNC evaluation or continue somatic support after BD/DNC, and (13) BD/DNC and the law. This review summarizes the WBDP content on each of these topics and highlights relevant work published from 2020 to 2023, including both the 192 citing publications and other publications on BD/DNC. Finally, it reviews questions for future research related to BD/DNC and emphasizes the need for national efforts to ensure the minimum standards for BD/DNC determination described in the WBDP are included in national BD/DNC guidelines and due consideration is given to the recommendations about social and legal aspects of BD/DNC determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Lewis
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York
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2
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Doyle HR. Squaring the Circle. Brain death and organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2024; 29:212-218. [PMID: 38483113 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000001104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The adoption of brain death played a crucial role in the development of organ transplantation, but the concept has become increasingly controversial. This essay will explore the current state of the controversy and its implications for the field. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS The brain death debate, long limited to the bioethics community, has in recent years burst into the public consciousness following several high-profile cases. This has culminated in the reevaluation of the Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA), which is in the process of being updated. Any change to the UDDA has the potential to significantly impact the availability of organs. SUMMARY The current update to the UDDA introduces an element of uncertainty, one the brain death debate had not previously had.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard R Doyle
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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3
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Popa E, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki J, Zabdyr-Jamróz M. Policy change without ethical analysis? Commentary on the publication of Smajdor. THEORETICAL MEDICINE AND BIOETHICS 2023; 44:379-385. [PMID: 37420106 DOI: 10.1007/s11017-023-09631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Popa
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Ethics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | | | - Michał Zabdyr-Jamróz
- Health Policy and Management Department, Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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4
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Abstract
Whole body gestational donation offers an alternative means of gestation for prospective parents who wish to have children but cannot, or prefer not to, gestate. It seems plausible that some people would be prepared to consider donating their whole bodies for gestational purposes just as some people donate parts of their bodies for organ donation. We already know that pregnancies can be successfully carried to term in brain-dead women. There is no obvious medical reason why initiating such pregnancies would not be possible. In this paper, I explore the ethics of whole-body gestational donation. I consider a number of potential counter-arguments, including the fact that such donations are not life-saving and that they may reify the female reproductive body. I suggest if we are happy to accept organ donation in general, the issues raised by whole-body gestational donation are differences of degree rather than substantive new concerns. In addition, I identify some intriguing possibilities, including the use of male bodies-perhaps thereby circumventing some potential feminist objections.
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Joffe AR, Khaira G, de Caen AR. The intractable problems with brain death and possible solutions. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2021; 16:11. [PMID: 34625089 PMCID: PMC8500820 DOI: 10.1186/s13010-021-00107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain death has been accepted worldwide medically and legally as the biological state of death of the organism. Nevertheless, the literature has described persistent problems with this acceptance ever since brain death was described. Many of these problems are not widely known or properly understood by much of the medical community. Here we aim to clarify these issues, based on the two intractable problems in the brain death debates. First, the metaphysical problem: there is no reason that withstands critical scrutiny to believe that BD is the state of biological death of the human organism. Second, the epistemic problem: there is no way currently to diagnose the state of BD, the irreversible loss of all brain functions, using clinical tests and ancillary tests, given potential confounders to testing. We discuss these problems and their main objections and conclude that these problems are intractable in that there has been no acceptable solution offered other than bare assertions of an 'operational definition' of death. We present possible ways to move forward that accept both the metaphysical problem - that BD is not biological death of the human organism - and the epistemic problem - that as currently diagnosed, BD is a devastating neurological state where recovery of sentience is very unlikely, but not a confirmed state of irreversible loss of all [critical] brain functions. We argue that the best solution is to abandon the dead donor rule, thus allowing vital organ donation from patients currently diagnosed as BD, assuming appropriate changes are made to the consent process and to laws about killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari R Joffe
- University of Alberta and Stollery Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- University of Alberta, John Dossetor Health Ethics Center, 4-546 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Gurpreet Khaira
- University of Alberta and Stollery Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Allan R de Caen
- University of Alberta and Stollery Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Kredel M, Reinhold AK, Wirbelauer J, Muellges W, Kunze E, Rehn M, Wöckel A, Lassmann M, Markus CK, Meybohm P, Kranke P. [Pregnancy and Irreversible Loss of Brain Functions - Case Report]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2021; 56:526-535. [PMID: 34298572 DOI: 10.1055/a-1203-3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A 29-year-old woman suffered major traumatic brain injury caused by a car accident. As diagnostic measures had revealed an early pregnancy (9th week), treatment on the intensive care unit was continued for 5 months, after unfavourable cerebral prognosis was followed by an irreversible loss of brain function in the 10th week of pregnancy. After assisted vaginal delivery of a healthy child in the 31th week of pregnancy on the critical care unit, organ procurement took place according to the presumed will of the patient. The article presents the details of the critical care therapy and discusses the supportive medical measures. Those measures served primarily to uphold the pregnancy und support the healthy development and delivery of the fetus and only in second instance the organ preservation aiming on organ donation. Necessary measures included maintenance of vital functions, hemostasis of electrolytes, nutrition, treatment of infection, prevention of adverse effects on the fetus, substitution of hormones and vitamins as well as the preparation of a planned or an unplanned delivery.
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Thomson D, Joubert I, De Vasconcellos K, Paruk F, Mokogong S, Mathivha R, McCulloch M, Morrow B, Baker D, Rossouw B, Mdladla N, Richards GA, Welkovics N, Levy B, Coetzee I, Spruyt M, Ahmed N, Gopalan D. South African guidelines on the determination of death. SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CRITICAL CARE 2021; 37:10.7196/SAJCC.2021v37i1b.466. [PMCID: PMC10193841 DOI: 10.7196/sajcc.2021v37i1b.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Summary
Death is a medical occurrence that has social, legal, religious and cultural consequences requiring common clinical standards for its diagnosis
and legal regulation. This document compiled by the Critical Care Society of Southern Africa outlines the core standards for determination
of death in the hospital context. It aligns with the latest evidence-based research and international guidelines and is applicable to the South
African context and legal system. The aim is to provide clear medical standards for healthcare providers to follow in the determination
of death, thereby promoting safe practices and high-quality care through the use of uniform standards. Adherence to such guidelines will
provide assurance to medical staff, patients, their families and the South African public that the determination of death is always undertaken
with diligence, integrity, respect and compassion, and is in accordance with accepted medical standards and latest scientific evidence.
The consensus guidelines were compiled using the AGREE II checklist with an 18-member expert panel participating in a three-round
modified Delphi process. Checklists and advice sheets were created to assist with application of these guidelines in the clinical environment
(https://criticalcare.org.za/resource/death-determination-checklists/). Key points Brain death and circulatory death are the accepted terms for defining death in the hospital context. Death determination is a clinical diagnosis which can be made with complete certainty provided that all preconditions are met. The determination of death in children is held to the same standard as in adults but cannot be diagnosed in children <36 weeks’ corrected
gestation. Brain-death testing while on extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation is outlined. Recommendations are given on handling family requests for accommodation and on consideration of the potential for organ donation. The use of a checklist combined with a rigorous testing process, comprehensive documentation and adequate counselling of the family
are core tenets of death determination. This is a standard of practice to which all clinicians should adhere in end-of-life care.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thomson
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - I Joubert
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital,
Cape Town, South Africa
| | - K De Vasconcellos
- Department of Critical Care, King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Discipline of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, School of Clinical
Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - F Paruk
- Department of Critical Care, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - S Mokogong
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - R Mathivha
- Department of Critical Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M McCulloch
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit and Transplant Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of
Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Morrow
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D Baker
- Department of Adult Critical Care, Livingstone Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - B Rossouw
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - N Mdladla
- Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Sefako Makgatho University, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - G A Richards
- Department of Critical Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - N Welkovics
- Netcare Unitas Hospital, Centurion, South Africa
| | - B Levy
- Netcare Rosebank Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - I Coetzee
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Spruyt
- Busamed Bram Fischer International Airport Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - N Ahmed
- Consolidated Critical Care Unit, Tygerberg Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town
| | - D Gopalan
- Discipline of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Westphal GA, Robinson CC, Cavalcanti AB, Gonçalves ARR, Guterres CM, Teixeira C, Stein C, Franke CA, da Silva DB, Pontes DFS, Nunes DSL, Abdala E, Dal-Pizzol F, Bozza FA, Machado FR, de Andrade J, Cruz LN, de Azevedo LCP, Machado MCV, Rosa RG, Manfro RC, Nothen RR, Lobo SM, Rech TH, Lisboa T, Colpani V, Falavigna M. Brazilian guidelines for the management of brain-dead potential organ donors. The task force of the AMIB, ABTO, BRICNet, and the General Coordination of the National Transplant System. Ann Intensive Care 2020; 10:169. [PMID: 33315161 PMCID: PMC7736434 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To contribute to updating the recommendations for brain-dead potential organ donor management. METHOD A group of 27 experts, including intensivists, transplant coordinators, transplant surgeons, and epidemiologists, joined a task force formed by the General Coordination Office of the National Transplant System/Brazilian Ministry of Health (CGSNT-MS), the Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine (AMIB), the Brazilian Association of Organ Transplantation (ABTO), and the Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (BRICNet). The questions were developed within the scope of the 2011 Brazilian Guidelines for Management of Adult Potential Multiple-Organ Deceased Donors. The topics were divided into mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic support, endocrine-metabolic management, infection, body temperature, blood transfusion, and use of checklists. The outcomes considered for decision-making were cardiac arrest, number of organs recovered or transplanted per donor, and graft function/survival. Rapid systematic reviews were conducted, and the quality of evidence of the recommendations was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Two expert panels were held in November 2016 and February 2017 to classify the recommendations. A systematic review update was performed in June 2020, and the recommendations were reviewed through a Delphi process with the panelists between June and July 2020. RESULTS A total of 19 recommendations were drawn from the expert panel. Of these, 7 were classified as strong (lung-protective ventilation strategy, vasopressors and combining arginine vasopressin to control blood pressure, antidiuretic hormones to control polyuria, serum potassium and magnesium control, and antibiotic use), 11 as weak (alveolar recruitment maneuvers, low-dose dopamine, low-dose corticosteroids, thyroid hormones, glycemic and serum sodium control, nutritional support, body temperature control or hypothermia, red blood cell transfusion, and goal-directed protocols), and 1 was considered a good clinical practice (volemic expansion). CONCLUSION Despite the agreement among panel members on most recommendations, the grade of recommendation was mostly weak. The observed lack of robust evidence on the topic highlights the importance of the present guideline to improve the management of brain-dead potential organ donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauco Adrieno Westphal
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento (HMV), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 910, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035000, Brazil. .,Hospital Municipal São José (HMSJ), Joinville, SC, Brazil. .,Centro Hospitalar Unimed, Joinville, SC, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Anderson Ricardo Roman Gonçalves
- Universidade da Região de Joinville (UNIVILLE), R. Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Joinville, SC, 89219710, Brazil.,Clínica de Nefrologia de Joinville, R. Plácido Gomes, 370, Joinville, SC, 89202-050, Brazil
| | - Cátia Moreira Guterres
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento (HMV), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 910, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035000, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Teixeira
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035007, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Cinara Stein
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento (HMV), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 910, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035000, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Augusto Franke
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035007, Brazil.,Hospital de Pronto de Socorro (HPS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiana Barbosa da Silva
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento (HMV), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 910, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035000, Brazil
| | - Daniela Ferreira Salomão Pontes
- General Coordination Office of the National Transplant System, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco G, Edifício Sede, Brasília, DF, 70058900, Brazil
| | - Diego Silva Leite Nunes
- General Coordination Office of the National Transplant System, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco G, Edifício Sede, Brasília, DF, 70058900, Brazil
| | - Edson Abdala
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr, Arnaldo 455, Sala 3206, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil.,Intensive Care Unit, Hospital São José, R. Cel. Pedro Benedet, 630, Criciúma, SC, 88801-250, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Bozza
- National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040360, Brazil.,Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), R. Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22281100, Brazil
| | - Flávia Ribeiro Machado
- Hospital São Paulo (HU), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), R. Napoleão de Barros 737, São Paulo, SP, 04024002, Brazil
| | - Joel de Andrade
- Organização de Procura de Órgãos e Tecidos de Santa Catarina (OPO/SC), Rua Esteves Júnior, 390, Florianópolis, SC, 88015130, Brazil
| | - Luciane Nascimento Cruz
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento (HMV), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 910, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Regis Goulart Rosa
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento (HMV), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 910, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035000, Brazil
| | - Roberto Ceratti Manfro
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035007, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035007, Brazil
| | - Rosana Reis Nothen
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035007, Brazil
| | - Suzana Margareth Lobo
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Av Faria Lima, 5544, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15090000, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Helena Rech
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035007, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lisboa
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035007, Brazil
| | - Verônica Colpani
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento (HMV), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 910, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035000, Brazil
| | - Maicon Falavigna
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento (HMV), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 910, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035000, Brazil.,National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035903, Brazil.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Parent B, Gelb B, Latham S, Lewis A, Kimberly LL, Caplan AL. The ethics of testing and research of manufactured organs on brain-dead/recently deceased subjects. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2020; 46:199-204. [PMID: 31563872 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2019-105674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over 115 000 people are waiting for life-saving organ transplants, of whom a small fraction will receive transplants and many others will die while waiting. Existing efforts to expand the number of available organs, including increasing the number of registered donors and procuring organs in uncontrolled environments, are crucial but unlikely to address the shortage in the near future and will not improve donor/recipient compatibility or organ quality. If successful, organ bioengineering can solve the shortage and improve functional outcomes. Studying manufactured organs in animal models has produced valuable data, but is not sufficient to understand viability in humans. Before risking manufactured organ experimentation in living humans, study of bioengineered organs in recently deceased humans would facilitate evaluation of the function of engineered tissues and the complex interactions between the host and the transplanted tissue. Although such studies do not pose risk to human subjects, they pose unique ethical challenges concerning the previous wishes of the deceased, rights of surviving family members, effective operation and fair distribution of medical services, and public transparency. This article investigates the ethical, legal and social considerations in performing engineered organ research on the recently deceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Parent
- Division of Medical Ethics, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Bruce Gelb
- Transplant Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Stephen Latham
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ariane Lewis
- Division of Medical Ethics, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Laura L Kimberly
- Division of Medical Ethics, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Arthur L Caplan
- Division of Medical Ethics, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
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11
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den Hartogh G. When are you dead enough to be a donor? Can any feasible protocol for the determination of death on circulatory criteria respect the dead donor rule? THEORETICAL MEDICINE AND BIOETHICS 2019; 40:299-319. [PMID: 31562590 PMCID: PMC6790209 DOI: 10.1007/s11017-019-09500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The basic question concerning the compatibility of donation after circulatory death (DCD) protocols with the dead donor rule is whether such protocols can guarantee that the loss of relevant biological functions is truly irreversible. Which functions are the relevant ones? I argue that the answer to this question can be derived neither from a proper understanding of the meaning of the term "death" nor from a proper understanding of the nature of death as a biological phenomenon. The concept of death can be made fully determinate only by stipulation. I propose to focus on the irreversible loss of the capacity for consciousness and the capacity for spontaneous breathing. Having accepted that proposal, the meaning of "irreversibility" need not be twisted in order to claim that DCD protocols can guarantee that the loss of these functions is irreversible. And this guarantee does not mean that reversing that loss is either conceptually impossible or known to be impossible with absolute certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govert den Hartogh
- Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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12
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Čartolovni A, Habek D. Guidelines for the management of the social and ethical challenges in brain death during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2019; 146:149-156. [DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anto Čartolovni
- Catholic University of Croatia Zagreb Croatia
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Hull Hull UK
| | - Dubravko Habek
- Catholic University of Croatia Zagreb Croatia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyClinical Hospital “Sveti Duh” Zagreb Croatia
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14
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Abstract
Death determined by neurologic criteria, commonly referred to as "brain death," occurs when function of the entire brain ceases, including the brain stem. Diagnostic criteria for brain death are explicit but controversy exists regarding nuances of the evaluation and potential confounders of the examination. Hospitals and ICU teams should carefully consider which clinicians will perform brain death testing and should use standard processes, including checklists to prevent diagnostic errors. Proper diagnosis is essential because misdiagnosis can be catastrophic. Timely, accurate brain death determination and aggressive physiologic support are cornerstones of both good end-of-life care and successful organ donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mack Drake
- Section on Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, C224, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Andrew Bernard
- Section on Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, C224, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
| | - Eugene Hessel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
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15
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Nair-Collins M, Miller FG. Do the 'brain dead' merely appear to be alive? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2017; 43:747-753. [PMID: 28848063 PMCID: PMC5749302 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2016-103867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The established view regarding 'brain death' in medicine and medical ethics is that patients determined to be dead by neurological criteria are dead in terms of a biological conception of death, not a philosophical conception of personhood, a social construction or a legal fiction. Although such individuals show apparent signs of being alive, in reality they are (biologically) dead, though this reality is masked by the intervention of medical technology. In this article, we argue that an appeal to the distinction between appearance and reality fails in defending the view that the 'brain dead' are dead. Specifically, this view relies on an inaccurate and overly simplistic account of the role of medical technology in the physiology of a 'brain dead' patient. We conclude by offering an explanation of why the conventional view on 'brain death', though mistaken, continues to be endorsed in light of its connection to organ transplantation and the dead donor rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nair-Collins
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Gopčević A, Rode B, Vučić M, Horvat A, Širanović M, Gavranović Ž, Košec V, Košec A. Ethical and medical management of a pregnant woman with brain stem death resulting in delivery of a healthy child and organ donation. Int J Obstet Anesth 2017; 32:82-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Holliday S, Magnuson-Woodward B. Somatic support following cardiac arrest for 90 days leading to a healthy baby boy: A case report. Heart Lung 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Neurologic complications in critically ill pregnant patients. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28190440 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63599-0.00035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurologic complications in a critically ill pregnant woman are uncommon but some of the complications (such as eclampsia) are unique to pregnancy and the puerperal period. Other neurologic complications (such as seizures in the setting of epilepsy) may worsen during pregnancy. Clinical signs and symptoms such as seizure, headache, weakness, focal neurologic deficits, and decreased level of consciousness require careful consideration of potential causes to ensure prompt treatment measures are instituted to prevent ongoing neurologic injury. Clinicians should be familiar with syndromes such as pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, stroke, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Necessary imaging studies can usually be performed safely in pregnancy. Scoring systems for predicting maternal mortality are inadequate, as are recommendations for neurorehabilitation. Tensions can arise when there is conflict between the interests of the mother and the interests of the fetus, but in general maternal health is prioritized. The complexity of care requires a multidisciplinary and multiprofessional approach to achieve best outcome in an often unexpected situation.
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Abstract
Organ procurement coordinators must treat various cardiac dysrhythmias (arrhythmias), including rhythm disturbances that may cause or follow a cardiac arrest, in about 15% to 50% of donors. Treatment decisions should be based on the particular dysrhythmia and its effect on donor blood pressure. Medications selected should be effective but short acting. In this article, data available in publications located through a PubMed search are reviewed and specific dysrhythmias that are likely to occur during donor care are described. Treatment recommendations are based on guidelines from the American Heart Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Powner
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
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20
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Sparić R, Malvasi A, Nejković L, Tinelli A. Electric shock in pregnancy: a review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:317-23. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.1000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Sparić
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia,
| | - Antonio Malvasi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Santa Maria Hospital, Bari, Italy,
- Department of Applied Mathematics, International Translational Medicine and Biomodeling Research Group, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow State University, Russia,
| | - Lazar Nejković
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics “Narodni Front”, Belgrade, Serbia, and
| | - Andrea Tinelli
- Department of Applied Mathematics, International Translational Medicine and Biomodeling Research Group, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow State University, Russia,
- Division of Experimental Endoscopic Surgery, Imaging, Technology and Minimally Invasive Therapy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy
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Abstract
Remarkable advances in the technological capacity of modern medicine now permit the use of mechanical organ failure support deployed primarily to save life. Such technology serves as a bridge to either recovery or, when feasible, organ transplantation. However, when effective treatment options are exhausted, technological advances can be burdensome bridges to death. This paper briefly reviews the principles of management of life-threatening critical illness and the corresponding biological aspects of life, death, and organ donation, which are both informed and complicated by these technological and scientific achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam D Shemie
- Division of Critical Care and Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; The Bertram Loeb Chair in Organ and Tissue Donation, Faculty of Arts, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Deceased Donation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Sparić R, Berisavac I, Kadija S, Mostić T, Lazović B, Tinelli A. Accidental electrocution in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 126:181-2. [PMID: 24794691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Sparić
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Berisavac
- Clinic for Neurology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Kadija
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Mostić
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Lazović
- Department of Pulmonology, Internal Medicine Clinic, University Clinical Hospital Center Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrea Tinelli
- Division of Experimental Endoscopic Surgery, Imaging, Technology and Minimally Invasive Therapy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vito Fazzi Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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23
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Sela HY, Einav S. Injury in motor vehicle accidents during pregnancy: a pregnant issue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eog.10.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Said A, Amer AJ, Masood UR, Dirar A, Faris C. A brain-dead pregnant woman with prolonged somatic support and successful neonatal outcome: A grand rounds case with a detailed review of literature and ethical considerations. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2013; 3:220-4. [PMID: 24404463 PMCID: PMC3883204 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5151.119205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There are increased reports in the medical literature of brain death during pregnancy. In these rare cases, the decision was either to consider discontinuing homeostatic support and mechanical ventilation with an understanding that the fetus then will also die, or to continue full support in an attempt to prolong pregnancy for the purpose of maintaining the fetus alive until maturity. We report the first case in the United Arab Emirates and in literature of somatic support that extended up to 110 days with the successful delivery of a viable fetus. A 35-year-old woman suffered intracranial hemorrhage during the 16(th) week of pregnancy that lead to brain death despite maximal surgical and medical management. Upon confirmation of this diagnosis, the patient received full ventilatory and homeostatic support required to prolong gestation and improve the survival prognosis of her fetus. The status of the patient was discussed in a multidisciplinary approach and with the full involvement of her family. Somatic support continued until the patient was 32 of weeks gestation. Obstetric complications of the patient were frequently assessed and managed. Lower segment cesarean section (LSCS) was then performed. A preterm male in breech presentation was delivered with an average weight of 750 gm, and an Apgar score of 6, 7, and 9 at 1, 5, and 10 minutes, respectively. Prolonging somatic support in a pregnant woman with brain death to allow fetal survival resulted in a successful outcome in terms of saving the life of the fetus. The results are consistent with previous published case reports in the literature on the appropriateness and safety of such a strategy that involved an intensive multidisciplinary approach. Despite being a tragedy, maternal death can represent an opportunity to save the life of the fetus and for organ donation. Consensus future recommendations that can guide the management of similar conditions may also be adapted, especially with the growing medical experience in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abuhasna Said
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Al Jundi Amer
- Department of Pharmacy, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ur Rahman Masood
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdallah Dirar
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chedid Faris
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Whitney N, Raslan AM, Ragel BT. Decompressive craniectomy in a neurologically devastated pregnant woman to maintain fetal viability. J Neurosurg 2012; 116:487-90. [DOI: 10.3171/2011.11.jns11707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in pregnant women can result in devastating outcomes for both the mother and the fetus. Historically, there has been concern regarding the issues involved when the fetus is not yet viable outside the womb. Currently, the ability to treat severe TBI with aggressive management of intracranial pressure (ICP) has led to the possibility of sustaining maternal life until the fetus is of a viable age and can be delivered. The authors present the case of a young woman 21 weeks pregnant with a severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale Score 3) in whom safe medical ICP management became ineffective. A decompressive craniectomy was performed to obviate the need for aggressive medical management of elevated ICP using fetal-toxic medications, and thus providing the fetus the best chance of continued in utero development until a viable gestational age was reached.
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27
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ICS Medal and Research Abstract Presentations. J Intensive Care Soc 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/175114371201300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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28
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Esmaeilzadeh M, Dictus C, Kayvanpour E, Sedaghat-Hamedani F, Eichbaum M, Hofer S, Engelmann G, Fonouni H, Golriz M, Schmidt J, Unterberg A, Mehrabi A, Ahmadi R. One life ends, another begins: Management of a brain-dead pregnant mother-A systematic review-. BMC Med 2010; 8:74. [PMID: 21087498 PMCID: PMC3002294 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An accident or a catastrophic disease may occasionally lead to brain death (BD) during pregnancy. Management of brain-dead pregnant patients needs to follow special strategies to support the mother in a way that she can deliver a viable and healthy child and, whenever possible, also be an organ donor. This review discusses the management of brain-dead mothers and gives an overview of recommendations concerning the organ supporting therapy. METHODS To obtain information on brain-dead pregnant women, we performed a systematic review of Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). The collected data included the age of the mother, the cause of brain death, maternal medical complications, gestational age at BD, duration of extended life support, gestational age at delivery, indication of delivery, neonatal outcome, organ donation of the mothers and patient and graft outcome. RESULTS In our search of the literature, we found 30 cases reported between 1982 and 2010. A nontraumatic brain injury was the cause of BD in 26 of 30 mothers. The maternal mean age at the time of BD was 26.5 years. The mean gestational age at the time of BD and the mean gestational age at delivery were 22 and 29.5 weeks, respectively. Twelve viable infants were born and survived the neonatal period. CONCLUSION The management of a brain-dead pregnant woman requires a multidisciplinary team which should follow available standards, guidelines and recommendations both for a nontraumatic therapy of the fetus and for an organ-preserving treatment of the potential donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Dictus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elham Kayvanpour
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Farbod Sedaghat-Hamedani
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Eichbaum
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Hofer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guido Engelmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hamidreza Fonouni
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Golriz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rezvan Ahmadi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
This paper suggests that there are insurmountable problems for brain death as a criterion of death. The following are argued: (1) brain death does not meet an accepted concept of death, and is not the loss of integration of the organism as a whole; (2) brain death does not meet the criterion of brain death itself; brain death is not the irreversible loss of all critical functions of the entire brain; and (3) brain death may, however rarely, be reversible. I conclude that brain death, while a devastating neurological state with a dismal prognosis, is not death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari R Joffe
- University of Alberta, and Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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31
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Shah SK, Miller FG. Can we handle the truth? Legal fictions in the determination of death. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LAW & MEDICINE 2010; 36:540-585. [PMID: 21302846 DOI: 10.1177/009885881003600402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Advances in life-saving technologies in the past few decades have challenged our traditional understandings of death. People can be maintained on life-support even after permanently losing the ability to breathe spontaneously and remaining unconscious and unable to interact meaningfully with others. In part because this group of people could help fulfill the growing need for organ donation, there has been a great deal of pressure on the way we determine death. The determination of death has been modified from the old way of understanding death as occurring when a person stops breathing, her heart stops beating, and she is cold to the touch. Today, physicians determine death by relying on a diagnosis of total brain failure or by waiting a short while after circulation stops. Evidence has emerged that the conceptual bases for these approaches to determining death are fundamentally flawed and depart substantially from our biological and common-sense understandings of death. We argue that the current approach to determining death consists of two different types of unacknowledged legal fictions. These legal fictions were developed for practices that are largely ethically legitimate but need to be reconciled with the law. However, the considerable debate over the determination of death in the medical and scientific literature has not informed the public of the fact that our current determinations of death do not adequately establish that a person has died. It seems unlikely that this information can remain hidden for long. Given the instability of the status quo and the difficulty of making the substantial legal changes required by complete transparency, we argue for a second-best policy solution of acknowledging the legal fictions involved in determining death. This move in the direction of greater transparency may someday result in allowing us to face squarely these issues and effect the legal changes necessary to permit ethically appropriate vital organ transplantation. Finally, this paper also provides the beginnings of a taxonomy of legal fictions, concluding that a more systematic theoretical treatment of legal fictions is warranted to understand their advantages and disadvantages across a variety of legal domains.
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Abstract
Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) is a rare, yet potentially devastating event in pregnancy. There is a risk of maternal mortality or morbidity and a significant risk to the unborn child. The risk of haemorrhage increases during the third trimester and is greatest during parturition and the puerperium. ICH can be extradural, subdural, subarachnoid or intraparenchymal. Causes of bleeding include trauma, arteriovenous malformations, aneurysms, preeclampsia/eclampsia and venous thrombosis. Urgent neurosurgical conditions generally outweigh obstetric considerations in management decisions, although anaesthetic and surgical modifications can be made to minimize adverse effects to the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus A Stoodley
- Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, University of NSW; Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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33
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When the fetus is alive but the mother is not: critical care somatic support as an accepted model of care in the twenty-first century? Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2009; 21:267-76. [PMID: 19460668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increase in cases involving the maintenance of brain dead pregnant women on life support to allow for fetal growth toward viability and birth. This article provides an ethical analysis and discusses the critical care nursing needs of the maternal patient.
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34
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Yeung P, McManus C, Tchabo JG. Extended somatic support for a pregnant woman with brain death from metastatic malignant melanoma: A case report. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 21:509-11. [DOI: 10.1080/14767050802086560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Powner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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36
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Price LC, Slack A, Nelson-Piercy C. Aims of obstetric critical care management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 22:775-99. [PMID: 18693071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aims of critical care management are broad. Critical illness in pregnancy is especially pertinent as the patient is usually young and previously fit, and management decisions must also consider the fetus. Assessment must consider the normal physiological changes of pregnancy, which may complicate diagnosis of disease and scoring levels of severity. Pregnant women may present with any medical or surgical problem, as well as specific pathologies unique to pregnancy that may be life threatening, including pre-eclampsia and hypertension, thromboembolic disease and massive obstetric haemorrhage. There are also increasing numbers of pregnancies in those with high-risk medical conditions such as cardiac disease. As numbers are small and clinical trials in pregnancy are not practical, management in most cases relies on general intensive care principles extrapolated from the non-pregnant population. This chapter will outline the aims of management in an organ-system-based approach, focusing on important general principles of critical care management with considerations for the pregnant and puerperal patient.
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37
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Whetstine LM. Bench-to-bedside review: when is dead really dead--on the legitimacy of using neurologic criteria to determine death. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2008; 11:208. [PMID: 17381826 PMCID: PMC2206442 DOI: 10.1186/cc5690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the legitimacy of the whole brain death (WBD) criterion. I argue that it does not fulfill the traditional biologic definition of death and is, therefore, an unsound clinical and philosophical criterion for death. I dispute whether the clinical tests used to diagnose WBD are sufficient to prove all critical brain functions have ceased, as well as examine the sets of brain functions that persist in many WBD patients. I conclude that the definition of death must be modified from a biologic to an ontologic model if we intend to maintain the WBD criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Whetstine
- Health Care Ethics Center, 600 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA.
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38
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Joffe AR, Anton N, Mehta V. A survey to determine the understanding of the conceptual basis and diagnostic tests used for brain death by neurosurgeons in Canada. Neurosurgery 2008; 61:1039-45; discussion 1046-7. [PMID: 18091280 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000303200.84994.ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the understanding of the conceptual basis and diagnostic tests used for brain death (BD) by neurosurgeons in Canada. METHODS Between February and June 2006, a previously developed survey was mailed to every neurosurgeon in Canada. RESULTS Of 223 surveys mailed, 147 (66%) were returned; of these, 128 (87%) were completed and analyzed. When asked to choose a conceptual reason to explain why BD is equivalent to death, 50 (39%) chose a higher brain concept, 50 (39%) chose a prognosis concept, and 33 (26%) chose a loss of integration of the organism concept. More than half of respondents answered that BD is not compatible with electroencephalographic activity or brainstem evoked potential activity. More than one-third of respondents answered that some cerebral blood flow or a brainstem with minimal microscopic damage was not compatible with BD. Of the 90 respondents who answered that they were comfortable diagnosing BD because the conceptual basis of BD makes it equivalent to death of the patient, in their own words, 14 (16%) used a loss of integration concept, 20 (22%) used a prognosis concept, 25 (28%) used a higher brain concept, and 39 (43%) did not articulate a concept. When asked, "Are brain death and cardiac death the same state (i.e., are both death of the patient)?," 57 (45%) answered "No." CONCLUSION Within the neurosurgical community, a stand-alone concept of BD does not exist. There is also significant variability in the understanding of the tests that are compatible with the criterion of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari R Joffe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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MARUYA J, NISHIMAKI K, NAKAHATA JI, SUZUKI H, FUJITA Y, MINAKAWA T. Prolonged Somatic Survival of Clinically Brain-Dead Adult Patient -Case Report-. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2008; 48:114-7. [DOI: 10.2176/nmc.48.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jun MARUYA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Akita Red Cross Hospital
| | | | | | - Hiroko SUZUKI
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Akita Red Cross Hospital
| | - Yasuo FUJITA
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Akita Red Cross Hospital
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Bellomo R, Zamperetti N. Defining the vital condition for organ donation. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2007; 2:27. [PMID: 18021447 PMCID: PMC2169227 DOI: 10.1186/1747-5341-2-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The issue of organ donation and of how the donor pool can or should be increased is one with significant practical, ethical and logistic implications. Here we comment on an article advocating a paradigm change in the so-called "dead donor rule". Such change would involve the societal and legal abandonment of the above rule and the introduction of mandated choice. In this commentary, we review some of the problems associated with the proposed changes as well as the problems associated with the current model. We emphasize the continuing problems with the definition of death and the physiological process of dying; we discuss the difficulties associated with a dichotomous view of death; we review the difficulties with non-beating heart donation and emphasize the current limitations of society's understanding of these complex issues. We conclude that public education remains the best approach and that such education should not be merely promotion of a particular ideology but honest debate of what is socially and morally acceptable and appropriate given the changes in vital organ support technology and the need to respect patient autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Bellomo
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin & Repatriation Medical Center, Heidelberg, Victoria – Australia
| | - Nereo Zamperetti
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100 Vicenza – Italy
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41
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Powner DJ. Brain Death: Compliance, Consequences and Care of the Adult Donor. Intensive Care Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-49518-7_89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Shemie SD. Clarifying the paradigm for the ethics of donation and transplantation: was 'dead' really so clear before organ donation? Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2007; 2:18. [PMID: 17718918 PMCID: PMC2048971 DOI: 10.1186/1747-5341-2-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent commentaries by Verheijde et al, Evans and Potts suggesting that donation after cardiac death practices routinely violate the dead donor rule are based on flawed presumptions. Cell biology, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, critical care life support technologies, donation and transplantation continue to inform concepts of life and death. The impact of oxygen deprivation to cells, organs and the brain is discussed in relation to death as a biological transition. In the face of advancing organ support and replacement technologies, the reversibility of cardiac arrest is now purely related to the context in which it occurs, in association to the availability and application of support systems to maintain oxygenated circulation. The 'complete and irreversible' lexicon commonly used in death discussions and legal statutes are ambiguous, indefinable and should be replaced by accurate terms. Criticism of controlled DCD on the basis of violating the dead donor rule, where autoresuscitation has not been described beyond 2 minutes, in which life support is withdrawn and CPR is not provided, is not valid. However, any post mortem intervention that re-establishes brain blood flow should be prohibited. In comparison to traditional practice, organ donation has forced the clarification of the diagnostic criteria for death and improved the rigour of the determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam D Shemie
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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43
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Crippen DW, Whetstine LM. Ethics review: dark angels--the problem of death in intensive care. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2007; 11:202. [PMID: 17254317 PMCID: PMC2151911 DOI: 10.1186/cc5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Critical care medicine has expanded the envelope of debilitating disease through the application of an aggressive and invasive care plan, part of which is designed to identify and reverse organ dysfunction before it proceeds to organ failure. For a select patient population, this care plan has been remarkably successful. But because patient selection is very broad, critical care sometimes yields amalgams of life in death: the state of being unable to participate in human life, unable to die, at least in the traditional sense. This work examines the emerging paradox of somatic versus brain death and why it matters to medical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Crippen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15621, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Shemie
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.
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Souza JP, Oliveira-Neto A, Surita FG, Cecatti JG, Amaral E, Pinto e Silva JL. The prolongation of somatic support in a pregnant woman with brain-death: a case report. Reprod Health 2006; 3:3. [PMID: 16643646 PMCID: PMC1459115 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4755-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical literature has increasingly reported cases of maternal brain death during pregnancy. This is a rare situation which demands the decision and, depending on the gestational age, the implementation of a set of measures to prolong the homeostasis of the human body after brain death for the purpose of maintaining the foetus alive until its viability. CASE PRESENTATION A 40 year old woman suffered an intracranial haemorrhage during the 25th week of pregnancy. Despite neurosurgical drainage of a gross intraparenchymatous haematoma, the patient developed brain death. Upon confirmation of this diagnosis, she received full ventilatory and nutritional support, vasoactive drugs, maintenance of normothermia, hormone replacement and other supportive measures required to prolong gestation and improve the survival prognosis of her foetus. All decisions regarding the patient's treatment were taken in consensus with her family. She also received corticosteroids to accelerate foetal lung maturity. During the twenty-five days of somatic support, the woman's condition remained stable; however, during the last seven days the foetus developed oligohydramnios and brain-sparring, which led the medical team to take the decision to perform a Caesarean section at that moment. After delivery, the patient's organs were removed for donation. The male infant was born weighing 815 g, with an Apgar score of 9 and 10 at the first and fifth minutes, respectively. The infant was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, but did not require mechanical ventilation and had no major complications. He was discharged at 40 days of life, with no sequelae and weighing 1850 g. CONCLUSION These results are in accordance with findings from previous studies and case reports suggesting the appropriateness and safety of extended somatic support during pregnancy under certain circumstances. They also suggest the need for prompt diagnosis of brain death before the occurrence of physiological degeneration, rapid evaluation of foetal status and the decision of the family together with the medical team to prolong maternal somatic support. The occurrence of maternal brain death is a tragedy, but it may also represent a challenging opportunity to save the life of the foetus and, in addition, permit donation of the maternal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Souza
- Intensive Care Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Oliveira-Neto
- Intensive Care Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Garanhani Surita
- Obstetrics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José G Cecatti
- Obstetrics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Amaral
- Obstetrics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João L Pinto e Silva
- Obstetrics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Powner D, Allison T. Cardiac dysrhythmias during donor care. Prog Transplant 2006. [DOI: 10.7182/prtr.16.1.66593806h44n853p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Brainstem death is a concept used in cases in which life-support equipment obscures the conventional cardiopulmonary criteria of death. Brainstem death during pregnancy is an occasional and tragic occurrence. AIMS To considerthe ethical, legal and medical issues raised by maternal brainstem death. METHODS Medline and Embase search. RESULTS The death of the mother mandates consideration of whether continuing maternal organ supportive measures in an attempt to attain foetal viability is appropriate, or whether it constitutes futile care. There is no theoretical limit to the duration of time for which maternal somatic function may be sustained. However, successful prolongation of maternal somatic function in pregnancies of less than 16 weeks gestation has not been reported to date. There is no legal imperative to continue maternal somatic support where there is little likelihood of a successful foetal outcome. CONCLUSION The difficult issues raised by maternal brainstem death mandates a consensus building approach to decision making in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Farragher
- Dept of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, Galway
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Abstract
Brain death is a concept used in situations in which life-support equipment obscures the conventional cardiopulmonary criteria of death, and it is legally recognized in most countries worldwide. Brain death during pregnancy is an occasional and tragic occurrence. The mother and fetus are two distinct organisms, and the death of the mother mandates consideration of the well-being of the fetus. Where maternal brain death occurs after the onset of fetal viability, the benefits of prolonging the pregnancy to allow further fetal maturation must be weighed against the risks of continued time in utero, and preparations must be made to facilitate urgent cesarean section and fetal resuscitation at short notice. Where the fetus is nonviable, one must consider whether continuation of maternal organ supportive measures in an attempt to attain fetal viability is appropriate, or whether it constitutes futile care. Although the gestational age of the fetus is central to resolving this issue, there is no clear upper physiological limit to the prolongation of somatic function after brain death. Furthermore, medical experience regarding prolonged somatic support is limited and can be considered experimental therapy. This article explores these issues by considering the concept of brain death and how it relates to somatic death. The current limits of fetal viability are then discussed. The complex ethical issues and the important variations in the legal context worldwide are considered. Finally, the likelihood of successfully sustaining maternal somatic function for prolonged periods and the medical and obstetric issues that are likely to arise are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Farragher
- Department of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, and Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Abstract
There is a critical mismatch between available organs for transplant and acutely or critically ill patients with end-stage organ disease. Patients who may benefit from organ transplantation far outnumber available organs. The causes for this imbalance are multiple. One cause is family refusal to donate. A second cause is nonrecognition or delay in determination of brain death. A third cause is donor loss due to profound cardiopulmonary and metabolic instability consequent to brain-stem herniation and brain death. Family refusal may be addressed by education, public awareness, as well as close attention to social, cultural and ethical issues, and optimal communication with donor families. Brain death may be consequent to traumatic brain injury, ischemic versus hemorrhagic stroke, as well as massive cerebral anoxia/ischemic following cardiac arrest. Nonrecognition or delay in brain death determination may be addressed by clinician education and frequent clinical assessment to detect early stages of brain-stem herniation refractory to aggressive measures for control of intracranial pressure. Donor loss due to profound cardiopulmonary and metabolic instability may be addressed by aggressive, mechanism-based treatment for clinical instability based on affected body system, as well as measures to support metabolic activity at the cellular and tissue level in the brain-dead organ donor. This article explores cerebral physiology related to impending brain death and catastrophic intracranial pressure elevations. In addition, physiologic consequences of brain death are correlated with affected body systems and mechanism-based therapies to support organ function pending transplantation. Ethical/legal issues are explored as related to patient autonomy and optimal family outcomes. Effective family communication, astute clinical assessment, and optimal clinical management of the organ donor are illustrated using a case study approach, highlighting the role of the advanced practice nurse in donor management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Arbour
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Albert Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, PA 19141-3211, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the important causes of cardiopulmonary arrest during pregnancy and the recommended modifications to resuscitation protocols when applied to pregnant patients, including the indications for perimortem cesarean section and the expected fetal outcomes, and to review the literature regarding extended somatic support after brain death during pregnancy. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE review of publications relating to cardiac arrest and resuscitation in pregnancy, physiologic changes after brain death, and attempted somatic support of brain-dead pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac arrest during pregnancy is rare, but it is important to recognize the causes, which may be either unrelated to pregnancy or unique to the pregnant woman. For the most part, the resuscitation protocol is the same as for nonpregnant victims of cardiac arrest, with a few important modifications, including especially the need for relieving aortocaval compression by the gravid uterus, the need for rapid intubation, and the importance of rapid perimortem cesarean delivery when indicated. In those rare cases of brain death occurring in a pregnant patient, continued somatic support of the mother may be possible, even for prolonged periods, to extend the pregnancy and further fetal maturation. The expected physiologic changes after brain death, challenges to successful somatic support, and specific recommendations regarding organ support of the brain-dead pregnant woman are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara Mallampalli
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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