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Limandal HK, Kayğın MA, Özkaya AL, Özkara T, Diler MS, Çüçen HI, Yıldız Z, Ergün S, Dağ Ö. The role of alpha-1-antitrypsin in the etiopathogenesis of chronic venous disease: A prospective clinical trial. Phlebology 2023; 38:16-21. [PMID: 36413267 DOI: 10.1177/02683555221141818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to examine whether alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), an inhibitor of leukocyte esterase(LE), which damages the venous vessel wall, has a protective effect against chronic venous disease(CVD), and to examine the relationship between AAT levels and disease severity. METHODS Patients admitted with varicose vein disease and having reflux flow lasting longer than 0.5 s as determined by Doppler ultrasound were included. The informed consents were taken, and blood samples were obtained for complete blood count, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and AAT level following anamnesis and physical examination. Clinical Etiologic Anatomic Pathologic (CEAP) classification was used to assess disease severity, and patients were divided into CEAP 1-5 groups accordingly. RESULTS A total of 87 patients were included in the study. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in body weight, red blood cell counts, platelet counts, or neutrophil counts (p = 0.117, p = 0.932, p = 0.177, and p = 0.177, respectively).CRP and AAT levels were higher in patients with a CEAP clinical score of 5 compared to the other groups (p = 0.018, and p = 0.020, respectively). AAT levels were similar in the CEAP 1-3 group and decreased in the CEAP-4 group but increased again in the CEAP-5 group. The AAT level was 1.62 ± 0.3 g/L in the CEAP-1 group, 1.61 ± 0.21 g/L in the CEAP-2 group, 1.61 ± 0.27 g/L in the CEAP-3 group, 1.48 ± 0.28 g/L in the CEAP-4 group, and 1.94 ± 0.39 g/L in the CEAP-5 group. CRP levels and platelet counts were observed to affect AAT levels (p = 0.10, p = 0.017, respectively). CONCLUSION We believe that our hypothesis that low AAT levels play a role in the etiopathogenesis of CVD has been partially validated, at least in the CEAP-4 group. However, we believe that increased AAT levels in the CEAP-5 group may be a reactive increase in increased LE levels due to higher CRP levels of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüsnü Kamil Limandal
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 215289Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Kayğın
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 215289Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Alev Lazoğlu Özkaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, 215289Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Taha Özkara
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 215289Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mevriye Serpil Diler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 215289Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hatice Işıl Çüçen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 215289Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ziya Yıldız
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 215289Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Servet Ergün
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovacscular Surgery, 215289Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Özgür Dağ
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 215289Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
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Schultzhaus JN, Hervey WJ, Taitt CR, So CR, Leary DH, Wahl KJ, Spillmann CM. Comparative analysis of stalked and acorn barnacle adhesive proteomes. Open Biol 2021; 11:210142. [PMID: 34404232 PMCID: PMC8371367 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Barnacles interest the scientific community for multiple reasons: their unique evolutionary trajectory, vast diversity and economic impact—as a harvested food source and also as one of the most prolific macroscopic hard biofouling organisms. A common, yet novel, trait among barnacles is adhesion, which has enabled a sessile adult existence and global colonization of the oceans. Barnacle adhesive is primarily composed of proteins, but knowledge of how the adhesive proteome varies across the tree of life is unknown due to a lack of genomic information. Here, we supplement previous mass spectrometry analyses of barnacle adhesive with recently sequenced genomes to compare the adhesive proteomes of Pollicipes pollicipes (Pedunculata) and Amphibalanus amphitrite (Sessilia). Although both species contain the same broad protein categories, we detail differences that exist between these species. The barnacle-unique cement proteins show the greatest difference between species, although these differences are diminished when amino acid composition and glycosylation potential are considered. By performing an in-depth comparison of the adhesive proteomes of these distantly related barnacle species, we show their similarities and provide a roadmap for future studies examining sequence-specific differences to identify the proteins responsible for functional differences across the barnacle tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna N Schultzhaus
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William Judson Hervey
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chris R Taitt
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chris R So
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dagmar H Leary
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kathryn J Wahl
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher M Spillmann
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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Basil N, Ekström M, Piitulainen E, Lindberg A, Rönmark E, Jehpsson L, Tanash H. Severe alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency increases the risk of venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:1519-1525. [PMID: 33763945 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), phenotype PiZZ, is associated with increased risk of liver disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the risk of VTE in individuals with severe AATD compared with control subjects from the general population. METHODS Individuals with severe AATD (n = 1577) were recruited from the Swedish national AATD register. Control subjects (n = 5969) were selected from the OLIN (Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden) studies, that include a random general population sample. Longitudinal data on VTE and diagnoses were obtained from the Swedish National Patient Registry. Associations were analyzed using multivariable Cox regression. RESULTS At inclusion, 46% of the AATD individuals and 53% of the controls were never-smokers. COPD was present in 46% of the AATD individuals compared with 4% of the controls. During a median follow-up of 18 years, 116 (7%) of the AATD individuals and 89 (1%) of the control subjects developed VTE, unadjusted hazard ratio 6.5 (95% confidence interval 4.9-8.6). Risk factors for incident VTE were male gender, age, COPD, cancer, and liver disease. Adjusting for these factors, the AATD individuals had a significantly higher risk of incident VTE, adjusted hazard ratio 4.2 (95% confidence interval 2.9-6.2) as compared with the controls. CONCLUSION Subjects with severe AATD have considerably increased risk of developing VTE compared with the general population, even after accounting for risk factors. This calls for optimized risk factor management and clinical follow-up of this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawfal Basil
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ekström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eeva Piitulainen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anne Lindberg
- Division of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva Rönmark
- The OLIN Unit, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Jehpsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanan Tanash
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Asparaginyl endopeptidase promotes the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer through modulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and analysis of their phosphorylation signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2018; 7:34356-70. [PMID: 27102302 PMCID: PMC5085161 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) is a lysosomal protease often overexpressed in gastric cancer. AEP was expressed higher in peritoneal metastatic loci than in primary gastric cancer. Then we overexpressed AEP or knocked it down with a lentiviral vector in gastric cancer cell lines and detected the cell cycle arrest and the changes of the invasive and metastatic ability in vitro and in vivo. When AEP was knocked-down, the proliferative, invasive and metastatic capacity of gastric cancer cells were inhibited, and the population of sub-G1 cells increased. AEP knockdown led to significant decrease of expression of transcription factor Twist and the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, ß-catenin and Vimentin and to increased expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin. These results showed that AEP could promote invasion and metastasis by modulating EMT. We used phosphorylation-specific antibody microarrays to investigate the mechanism how AEP promotes gastric cancer invasion and metastasis, and found that the phosphorylation level of AKT and MAPK signaling pathways was decreased significantly if AEP was knocked-down. Therefore, AKT and MAPK signaling pathways took part in the modulation.
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Cui Y, Li Q, Li H, Wang Y, Wang H, Chen W, Zhang S, Cao J, Liu T. Asparaginyl endopeptidase improves the resistance of microtubule-targeting drugs in gastric cancer through IQGAP1 modulating the EGFR/JNK/ERK signaling pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:627-643. [PMID: 28223821 PMCID: PMC5304996 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s125579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, understanding of the role of asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) in tumorigenesis has steadily increased. In this study, we investigated whether AEP expression correlates with sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs in gastric cancer and explored the mechanism. PATIENTS AND METHODS AEP expression in the serum of patients' peripheral blood was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patient survival time was evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. Mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation assays were utilized to discover proteins that interact with AEP. Gastric cancer cell lines were established, in which AEP was overexpressed or knocked out using lentiviral CRISPR. The proliferative abilities of these cell lines in response to chemotherapy agents were evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 method. Gene expression changes in these lines were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. RESULTS Patients with low expression of AEP were significantly more likely to have a good prognosis and experience complete response or partial response after treatment with docetaxel/S-1 regimen. Mass spectrum analysis showed that several proteins in the focal adhesion and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways interacted with AEP. IQGAP1 was confirmed to be one of the proteins interacting with AEP, and its protein level increased when AEP was knocked out. AEP knockout decreased resistance to microtubule inhibitors, including paclitaxel, docetaxel, and T-DM1. The expression levels of MDR1, p-EGFR, p-JNK, p-ERK, and p-Rac1/cdc42 were decreased in AEP knockout gastric cancer cell lines, and inhibitors of both JNK and ERK could block AEP-induced expression of MDR1. CONCLUSION AEP was not only a prognostic factor but also a predictive marker. AEP knockout could inhibit the activity of the EGFR/JNK/ERK signaling pathway and improve sensitivity to microtubule inhibitors through interacting with IQGAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hongshan Wang
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Chen
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangmin Zhang
- Pathology Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jian Cao
- Pathology Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Budzyn-Napierala M, Iskra M, Krasinski Z, Turkiewicz W, Gryszczynska B, Kasprzak M, Urbanek T. Altered elastase-alpha1-antitrypsin balance in the blood of patients with chronic venous disease. Phlebology 2015; 31:125-32. [PMID: 25632064 DOI: 10.1177/0268355515569559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although leukocyte elastase is suspected to be involved in the damage of vein wall during chronic venous disease, the equilibrium between this protease and its inhibitor, alpha1-antitrypsin, has not yet been evaluated. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between leukocyte elastase and alpha1-antitrypsin, in the blood of patients with chronic venous disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS The concentration and the activity of leukocyte elastase along with the activity of alpha1-antitrypsin were evaluated in the blood of 55 chronic venous disease patients. The results were compared with those obtained in 33 healthy age and sex-matched volunteers. RESULTS A significant decrease in the leukocyte elastase activity that correlated with an increased alpha1-antitrypsin activity was observed in the serum of patients with mild clinical symptoms of chronic venous disease. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study did not confirm a hypothesis about an important role of proteolytic activity of leukocyte elastase in the vein wall injury mechanism. They show that the leukocyte elastase-alpha1-antitrypsin balance is rather shifted toward antiprotease activity, especially in an early stage of chronic venous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Budzyn-Napierala
- Department of General Chemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - M Iskra
- Department of General Chemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Z Krasinski
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - W Turkiewicz
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Center HCP Poznań, Poland
| | - B Gryszczynska
- Department of General Chemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - M Kasprzak
- Department of General Chemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - T Urbanek
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Medical University in Silesia, School of Medicine in Katowice, Poland
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The Complex Interaction of Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Migration of Cancer Cells through Breast Tissue Stroma. Int J Breast Cancer 2014; 2014:839094. [PMID: 24800085 PMCID: PMC3985306 DOI: 10.1155/2014/839094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer mortality is directly linked to metastatic spread. The metastatic cell must exhibit a complex phenotype that includes the capacity to escape from the primary tumour mass, invade the surrounding normal tissue, and penetrate into the circulation before proliferating in the parenchyma of distant organs to produce a metastasis. In the normal breast, cellular structures change cyclically in response to ovarian hormones leading to regulated cell proliferation and apoptosis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc dependent endopeptidases. Their primary function is degradation of proteins in the extracellular matrix to allow ductal progression through the basement membrane. A complex balance between matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors regulate these changes. These proteinases interact with cytokines, growth factors, and tumour necrosis factors to stimulate branching morphologies in normal breast tissues. In breast cancer this process is disrupted facilitating tumour progression and metastasis and inhibiting apoptosis increasing the life of the metastatic cells. This paper highlights the role of matrix metalloproteinases in cell progression through the breast stroma and reviews the complex relationships between the different proteinases and their inhibitors in relation to breast cancer cells as they metastasise.
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Lin Y, Qiu Y, Xu C, Liu Q, Peng B, Kaufmann GF, Chen X, Lan B, Wei C, Lu D, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Lu Z, Jiang B, Edgington TS, Guo F. Functional role of asparaginyl endopeptidase ubiquitination by TRAF6 in tumor invasion and metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju012. [PMID: 24610907 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) has been implicated in human cancer development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying AEP regulation, including the role of pro-AEP activation, remain elusive. METHODS We investigated the regulation of AEP by TRAF6 and its effects on tumor progression and metastasis in cancer cell lines, murine models, and specimens from patients using biochemical analyses, confocal microscopy, immunoelectron microscopy, and migration-invasion assays. The sera of healthy donors and breast cancer patients were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a tissue array of 314 breast cancer specimens was assessed for AEP and TRAF6 by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the effects of AEP inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies on pulmonary metastasis were evaluated in murine models. The statistical significance between groups was determined using two-tailed Student t tests. RESULTS We demonstrate that TRAF6 ubiquitinates the proform of AEP through K63-linked polyubiquitin, reversible by USP17, and forms a complex with HSP90α to subsequently promote pro-AEP intracellular stability as well as secretion. Disrupting the interaction between pro-AEP and TRAF6 or inhibiting HSP90α reduced pro-AEP secretion and consequently reduced tumor metastasis. Higher circulating AEP levels were detected in the sera of breast cancer patients, and AEP inhibitors or neutralizing antibodies remarkably decreased tumor metastasis in murine models. Notably, TRAF6 and AEP were overexpressed in human breast neoplasms and correlated with poor prognosis. Patients with low AEP/TRAF6 expression survived for a mean of 111 months (95% confidence interval [CI] = 108 to 115 months), whereas those with high AEP/TRAF6 expression survived for a mean of only 61 months (95% CI = 42 to 79 months; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Our study elucidates a novel mechanism of AEP regulation and an alternative oncogenic pathway for TRAF6 in breast cancer, which suggests that AEP and TRAF6 protein levels may have prognostic implications in breast cancer patients. Thus, AEP may serve as a biomarker as well as new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Lin
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Targeted Tumor Therapy, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (QL, BP, CW, YZ, FG) Institute of Health Sciences (YL, XC, BL, FG) Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital (YQ,YL) Shanghai First People's Hospital (YG) and Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital (CX), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, China; Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (GFK, TSE); Sorrento Thearpeutics, Inc, San Diego, CA (GFK); Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (ZL); Cancer Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China (DL); Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China (BJ)
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Caffarel MM, Andradas C, Mira E, Pérez-Gómez E, Cerutti C, Moreno-Bueno G, Flores JM, García-Real I, Palacios J, Mañes S, Guzmán M, Sánchez C. Cannabinoids reduce ErbB2-driven breast cancer progression through Akt inhibition. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:196. [PMID: 20649976 PMCID: PMC2917429 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ErbB2-positive breast cancer is characterized by highly aggressive phenotypes and reduced responsiveness to standard therapies. Although specific ErbB2-targeted therapies have been designed, only a small percentage of patients respond to these treatments and most of them eventually relapse. The existence of this population of particularly aggressive and non-responding or relapsing patients urges the search for novel therapies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cannabinoids might constitute a new therapeutic tool for the treatment of ErbB2-positive breast tumors. We analyzed their antitumor potential in a well established and clinically relevant model of ErbB2-driven metastatic breast cancer: the MMTV-neu mouse. We also analyzed the expression of cannabinoid targets in a series of 87 human breast tumors. Results Our results show that both Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the most abundant and potent cannabinoid in marijuana, and JWH-133, a non-psychotropic CB2 receptor-selective agonist, reduce tumor growth, tumor number, and the amount/severity of lung metastases in MMTV-neu mice. Histological analyses of the tumors revealed that cannabinoids inhibit cancer cell proliferation, induce cancer cell apoptosis, and impair tumor angiogenesis. Cannabinoid antitumoral action relies, at least partially, on the inhibition of the pro-tumorigenic Akt pathway. We also found that 91% of ErbB2-positive tumors express the non-psychotropic cannabinoid receptor CB2. Conclusions Taken together, these results provide a strong preclinical evidence for the use of cannabinoid-based therapies for the management of ErbB2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Caffarel
- Dept, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang Y, Gong LH, Zhang HQ, Du Q, You JF, Tian XX, Fang WG. Extracellular ATP enhances in vitro invasion of prostate cancer cells by activating Rho GTPase and upregulating MMPs expression. Cancer Lett 2010; 293:189-97. [PMID: 20202742 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We previously found that in addition to anti-proliferation function, extracellular ATP had a pro-invasion effect on prostate cancer cells, and probably serves as an important regulator of invasion in local microenvironment. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that ATP increased the motility of prostate cancer cells, and promoted formation of lamellipodia and filopodia. We also found that ATP induced activation of Rac1 and Cdc42, and promoted expression of MMP-3 and MMP-13. These data suggest that extracellular ATP enhances the invasion of prostate cancer cells by activating Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 and upregulating MMPs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
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Girgert R, Emons G, Hanf V, Gründker C. Exposure of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells to Electromagnetic Fields Up-Regulates the Plasminogen Activator System. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19:334-8. [DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e31819f53ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the incidence of breast cancer (BC) have been proposed by a number of epidemiological studies. The molecular mechanism of the impact of EMFs on cells is not yet clear, although changes in gene expression have been reported in various cellular systems. In this investigation, the interference of low-frequency EMFs with the plasminogen activator system was examined in BC cells.MCF-7 BC cells from 2 different sources were exposed to highly homogeneous 50-Hz EMFs. Changes in gene expression were analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.In MCF-7 cells exposed to 1.2 μT EMF expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator gene and of plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 was markedly increased. The expression of the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator was only marginally increased in 1 of the 2 tested cell lines and expression of the tissue plasminogen activator was at least slightly down-regulated in BC cells exposed to EMFs.EMFs may be able to increase the metastatic potential of breast tumors. The use of our newly established exposure system for EMFs may allow us to study the signaling processes involved in the induction of a metastatic phenotype of breast cancer cells.
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12
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Cretu A, Brooks PC. Impact of the non-cellular tumor microenvironment on metastasis: potential therapeutic and imaging opportunities. J Cell Physiol 2008; 213:391-402. [PMID: 17657728 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that the malignant phenotype of a given tumor is dependent not only on the intrinsic characteristics of tumor cells, but also on the cooperative interactions of non-neoplastic cells, soluble secreted factors and the non-cellular solid-state ECM network that comprise the tumor microenvironment. Given the ability of the tumor microenvironment to regulate the cellular phenotype, recent efforts have focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms by which cells sense, assimilate, interpret, and ultimately respond to their immediate surroundings. Exciting new studies are beginning to unravel the complex interactions between the numerous cell types and regulatory factors within the tumor microenvironment that function cooperatively to control tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Here, we will focus on studies concerning a common theme, which is the central importance of the non-cellular solid-state compartment as a master regulator of the malignant phenotype. We will highlight the non-cellular solid-state compartment as a relatively untapped source of therapeutic and imaging targets and how cellular interactions with these targets may regulate tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cretu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Husmann K, Muff R, Bolander ME, Sarkar G, Born W, Fuchs B. Cathepsins and osteosarcoma: Expression analysis identifies cathepsin K as an indicator of metastasis. Mol Carcinog 2008; 47:66-73. [PMID: 17683065 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent malignant bone tumor with a poor survival rate for patients with metastasis. Previous studies have shown that beside other proteases, distinct sets of cathepsins are involved in the process of metastasis of different tumors. In this study we investigated the expression of cathepsin proteases in human osteosarcoma metastasis. First, the mRNA expression of 14 human cathepsins was studied in SAOS-2 osteosarcoma cells and the highly metastatic LM5 and LM7 sublines by reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression of cathepsin D, K, and L mRNA was found upregulated and that of cathepsin F, H, and V downregulated in the highly metastatic LM5 and LM7 cells. A subgroup of the cathepsin proteases was further studied at the protein level by Western blot analysis of cell extracts. The expression of cathepsin B and H was decreased and that of cathepsin D, K, and L was increased in the highly metastatic cell lines as compared to the SAOS-2 cell line. Diagnostic relevance of cathepsin K expression in osteosarcoma was revealed upon correlation of survival and metastasis with immunohistochemical cathepsin K staining of biopsies collected from 92 patients prior to chemotherapy. Patients with metastatic high-grade osteosarcoma and low cathepsin K expression at diagnosis had a better prognosis than those with high expression. Thus, it appears that cathepsin K expression is of predictive prognostic value for patients with high-grade tumors and metastasis at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Husmann
- Laboratory for Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Linington RG, Edwards DJ, Shuman CF, McPhail KL, Matainaho T, Gerwick WH. Symplocamide A, a potent cytotoxin and chymotrypsin inhibitor from the marine Cyanobacterium Symploca sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:22-7. [PMID: 18163584 PMCID: PMC2832912 DOI: 10.1021/np070280x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of a Symploca sp. from Papua New Guinea has led to the isolation of symplocamide A (1), a potent cancer cell cytotoxin, which also inhibits serine proteases with a 200-fold greater inhibition of chymotrypsin over trypsin. The complete stereostructure of symplocamide A was determined by detailed NMR and MS analysis as well as chiral HPLC analysis of the component amino acid residues. The presence of several unusual structural features in symplocamide A provides new insights into the pharmacophore model for protease selectivity in this drug class and may underlie the potent cytotoxicity of this compound to H-460 lung cancer cells (IC50=40 nM) as well as neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells (IC50=29 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - William H. Gerwick
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: (858) 534-0578. Fax: (858) 534-0529.
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15
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Schmid B, Warnecke A, Fichtner I, Jung M, Kratz F. Development of Albumin-Binding Camptothecin Prodrugs Using a Peptide Positional Scanning Library. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1786-99. [DOI: 10.1021/bc0700842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Sánchez-Hernández PE, Ramirez-Dueñas MG, Albarran-Somoza B, García-Iglesias T, del Toro-Arreola A, Franco-Topete R, Daneri-Navarro A. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) in cervical cancer proliferation. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 108:19-26. [PMID: 17936340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is cleaved and activated by trypsin and tryptase. There is evidence that PAR-2 contributes to tumor progression in stomach, colon, pancreas, prostate and breast cancer patients. However, the role of PAR-2 in cervical cancer is still unknown. The aim of this work was to study the PAR-2 expression in cervical cancer tissues and the effect of PAR-2 activation on cervical cancer proliferation. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze PAR-2 expression in fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue from 16 patients with invasive cervical cancer. HPV types were identified by PCR. PAR-2 expression in UISO-SQC-1, HeLa, SiHa, CasKi and C-33 A cervical cancer cell lines was evaluated by flow cytometry. Trypsin was detected by Western blot. Tumor proliferation in response to trypsin or agonist peptide was evaluated by the MTT method. RESULTS A strong correlation between trypsin and PAR-2 expression in five cervical cancer cell lines, in association with proliferative growth in the presence of trypsin or agonist peptide, was found. All tumors from cervical cancer patients expressed PAR-2 (immunoreactive score was higher in poorly differentiated tumors). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that trypsin and PAR-2 are involved in cervical cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ernesto Sánchez-Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada No 950, Colonia Independencia, Guadalajara, Jalisco, CP 44340, Mexico
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17
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González LO, Pidal I, Junquera S, Corte MD, Vázquez J, Rodríguez JC, Lamelas ML, Merino AM, García-Muñiz JL, Vizoso FJ. Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in mononuclear inflammatory cells in breast cancer correlates with metastasis-relapse. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:957-63. [PMID: 17848954 PMCID: PMC2360420 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunohistochemical study was performed using tissue microarrays and specific antibodies against matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -2, -7, -9, -11, -13 and –14, tissular inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, -2 and -3. More than 2600 determinations on cancer specimens from 131 patients with primary ductal invasive tumours of the breast were performed. To identify specific groups of tumours with distinct expression profiles the data were analysed by unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis by each cellular type. We did not find well-defined cluster of cases for tumour cells or fibroblastic cells. However, for mononuclear inflammatory cells the dendogram shows a first-order division of the tumours into two distinct MMP/TIMP molecular profiles, designated group 1 (n=89) and group 2 (n=42). Matrix metalloproteinase-7, -9, -11, -13 and -14, and TIMP-1 and -2, were identified as showing significant high expression in group 2 compared with group 1. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that clustering for mononuclear inflammatory cells was the most potent independent factor associated with distant relapse-free survival (group 2: 5.6 (3.5–9.6), P<0.001). We identify a phenotype of mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltrating tumours, which is associated with the development of distant metastasis. Therefore, this finding suggests that these host inflammatory cells could be a possible target for inhibition of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O González
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
| | - I Pidal
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
| | - S Junquera
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
| | - M D Corte
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - J Vázquez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - J C Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
| | - M L Lamelas
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Ginecología, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
| | - A M Merino
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de Cabueñes, Gijón, Spain
| | - J L García-Muñiz
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - F J Vizoso
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro s/n, Asturias 33290, Gijón, Spain. E-mail:
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Vernon AE, Bakewell SJ, Chodosh LA. Deciphering the molecular basis of breast cancer metastasis with mouse models. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2007; 8:199-213. [PMID: 17657606 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-007-9041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer begins as a localized disease, but has the potential to spread to distant sites within the body. This process--known as metastasis--is the leading cause of death from breast cancer. Whether the ability of cancer cells to metastasize is an intrinsic or acquired feature is currently a topic of considerable debate. Nevertheless, the key cellular events required for metastasis are generally accepted. These include invasion of the surrounding stromal tissue, intravasation, evasion of programmed cell death, arrest within the vasculature at a distant site, extravasation, and establishment and growth within a new microenvironment. The development of mouse models that faithfully mimic critical aspects of human neoplasia has been instrumental in framing our current understanding of multistage carcinogenesis. This review examines the advantages and limitations of existing murine models for mammary carcinogenesis for probing the molecular mechanisms that contribute to metastasis, as well as non-invasive tumor imaging approaches to facilitate these investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Vernon
- Department of Cancer Biology, and The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 612 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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19
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Walz M, Kellermann S, Bylaite M, Andrée B, Rüther U, Paus R, Kloepper JE, Reifenberger J, Ruzicka T. Expression of the human Cathepsin L inhibitor hurpin in mice: skin alterations and increased carcinogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:715-23. [PMID: 17697143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The serine protease inhibitor (serpin) hurpin (serpin B13) is a cross class-specific inhibitor of the cysteine protease Cathepsin (Cat) L. Cat L is involved in lysosomal protein degradation, hair follicle morphogenesis, epidermal differentiation and epitope generation of antigens. Hurpin is a 44 kDa protein which is expressed predominantly in epidermal cells. In psoriatic skin samples, hurpin was strongly overexpressed when compared with normal skin. Keratinocytes overexpressing hurpin showed increased resistance towards UVB-induced apoptosis. To further analyse the functional importance of this inhibitor, we have generated transgenic mice with deregulated Cat L activity by expressing human hurpin in addition to the endogenous mouse inhibitor. The three independent transgenic lines generated were characterized by identical effects excluding insertional phenotypes. Macroscopically, mice expressing human hurpin are characterized by abnormal abdominal fur. The number of apoptotic cells and caspase-3 positive cells was reduced after UV-irradiation in transgenic animals compared with wild-type mice. Interestingly, after chemical carcinogenesis, transgenic mice showed an increased susceptibility to develop skin cancer. Array analysis of gene expression revealed distinct differences between wild-type and hurpin-transgenic mice. Among others, differentially expressed genes are related to antigen presentation and angiogenesis. These results suggest an important role of Cat L regulation by hurpin which might be of clinical relevance in human skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Walz
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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20
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Warnecke A, Fichtner I, Sass G, Kratz F. Synthesis, Cleavage Profile, and Antitumor Efficacy of an Albumin-Binding Prodrug of Methotrexate that is Cleaved by Plasmin and Cathepsin B. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2007; 340:389-95. [PMID: 17628030 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200700025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B and plasmin are intra- or extracellular proteases that are overexpressed by several solid tumors. In order to exploit both proteases as molecular targets for tumor-specific cleavage of prodrugs, an albumin-binding formulation of methotrexate was developed that incorporated the peptide sequence D-Ala-Phe-Lys as the protease substrate. Albumin is a suitable carrier for cytostatic agents due to passive accumulation in solid tumors. Synthesis was performed by coupling the peptide linker EMC-D-Ala-Phe-Lys(Boc)-Lys-OH (EMC = epsilon-maleimidocaproic acid) to the gamma-COOH group of alpha-tert-butyl protected methotrexate. After cleavage of the protective groups and purification on reverse phase HPLC, a highly water-soluble methotrexate-peptide derivative was obtained that binds rapidly and selectively to human serum albumin. The albumin-bound form of the prodrug was shown to be efficiently cleaved by cathepsin B and plasmin as well as in an ovarian carcinoma homogenate (OVCAR-3) liberating a methotrexate-lysine derivative. In an OVCAR-3 xenograft model, the prodrug at a dose of 4x15 mg/kg methotrexate equivalents demonstrated distinctly superior antitumor efficacy compared to free methotrexate at a dose of 4x100 mg/kg [T/C(%) for MTX = 69; T/C(%) for MTX prodrug = 29]. The data provide a further proof of concept for the development of albumin-binding, enzymatically cleavable prodrugs of anticancer drugs.
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Hollander C, Westin U, Wallmark A, Piitulainen E, Sveger T, Janciauskiene SM. Plasma levels of alpha1-antichymotrypsin and secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor in healthy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) subjects with and without severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. BMC Pulm Med 2007; 7:1. [PMID: 17261175 PMCID: PMC1800898 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with severe Z alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency have a considerably increased risk of developing chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). It has been hypothesized that compensatory increases in levels of other protease inhibitors mitigate the effects of this AAT deficiency. We analysed plasma levels of AAT, alpha1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in healthy (asymptomatic) and COPD subjects with and without AAT deficiency. METHODS Studied groups included: 71 asymptomatic AAT-deficient subjects (ZZ, n = 48 and SZ, n = 23, age 31 +/- 0.5) identified during Swedish neonatal screening for AAT deficiency between 1972 and 1974; age-matched controls (MM, n = 57, age 30.7 +/- 0.6); older asymptomatic ZZ (n = 10); healthy MM (n = 20, age 53 +/- 9.6); and COPD patients (ZZ, n = 10, age 47.4 +/- 11 and MM, n = 10, age 59.4 +/- 6.7). Plasma levels of SLPI, AAT and ACT were analysed using ELISA and immunoelectrophoresis. RESULTS No significant difference was found in plasma ACT and SLPI levels between the healthy MM and the ZZ or SZ subjects in the studied groups. Independent of the genetic variant, subjects with COPD (n = 19) had elevated plasma levels of SLPI and ACT relative to controls (n = 153) (49.5 +/- 7.2 vs 40.7 +/- 9.1 ng/ml, p < 0.001 and 0.52 +/- 0.19 vs 0.40 +/- 0.1 mg/ml, p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION Our findings show that plasma levels of ACT and SLPI are not elevated in subjects with genetic AAT deficiency compared MM controls and do not appear to compensate for the deficiency of plasma AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Hollander
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ulla Westin
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Wallmark
- Department of Medicine, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eeva Piitulainen
- Department of Medicine, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tomas Sveger
- Department of Pediatrics, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Lund University University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sabina M Janciauskiene
- Department of Medicine, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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Zanetti-Dällenbach R, Vuaroqueaux V, Wight E, Labuhn M, Singer G, Urban P, Eppenberger U, Holzgreve W, Eppenberger-Castori S. Comparison of gene expression profiles in core biopsies and corresponding surgical breast cancer samples. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 8:R51. [PMID: 16919157 PMCID: PMC1779463 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Revised: 06/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gene expression profiling has been successfully used to classify breast cancer into clinically distinct subtypes, and to predict the risk of recurrence and treatment response. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the gene expression profile (GEP) detected in a core biopsy (CB) is representative for the entire tumor, since CB is an important tool in breast cancer diagnosis. Moreover, we investigated whether performing CBs prior to the surgical excision could influence the GEP of the respective tumor. Methods We quantified the RNA expression of 60 relevant genes by quantitative real-time PCR in paired CBs and surgical specimens from 22 untreated primary breast cancer patients. Subsequently, expression data were compared with independent GEPs obtained from tumors of 317 patients without preceding CB. Results In 82% of the cases the GEP detected in the CB correlated very well with the corresponding profile in the surgical sample (rs ≥ 0.95, p < 0.001). Gene-by-gene analysis revealed four genes significantly elevated in the surgical sample compared to the CB; these comprised genes mainly involved in inflammation and the wound repair process as well as in tumor invasion and metastasis. Conclusion A GEP detected in a CB are representative for the entire tumor and is, therefore, of clinical relevance. The observed alterations of individual genes after performance of CB deserve attention since they might impact the clinical interpretation with respect to prognosis and therapy prediction of the GEP as detected in the surgical specimen following CB performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gad Singer
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Weil RJ. Central Nervous System Metastases. Neurobiol Dis 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012088592-3/50036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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24
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Mannello F, Tonti GA. Gelatinase concentrations and zymographic profiles in human breast cancer: Matrix metalloproteinases circulating in plasma are better markers for the subclassification and early prediction of cancer: The coagulation/fibrinolysis pathways alter the release, activation and recovery of different gelatinases in serum. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:216-8; author reply 219-23. [PMID: 17315186 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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25
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Larsen M, Artym VV, Green JA, Yamada KM. The matrix reorganized: extracellular matrix remodeling and integrin signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2006; 18:463-71. [PMID: 16919434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Via integrins, cells can sense dimensionality and other physical and biochemical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cells respond differently to two-dimensional substrates and three-dimensional environments, activating distinct signaling pathways for each. Direct integrin signaling and indirect integrin modulation of growth factor and other intracellular signaling pathways regulate ECM remodeling and control subsequent cell behavior and tissue organization. ECM remodeling is critical for many developmental processes, and remodeled ECM contributes to tumorigenesis. These recent advances in the field provide new insights and raise new questions about the mechanisms of ECM synthesis and proteolytic degradation, as well as the roles of integrins and tension in ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Larsen
- Craniofacial Developmental Biology and Regeneration Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, MSC 4370, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
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Rofstad EK, Mathiesen B, Kindem K, Galappathi K. Acidic extracellular pH promotes experimental metastasis of human melanoma cells in athymic nude mice. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6699-707. [PMID: 16818644 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular pH (pH(e)) is lower in many tumors than in the corresponding normal tissue. The significance of acidic pH(e) in the development of metastatic disease was investigated in the present work. Human melanoma cells (A-07, D-12, and T-22) were cultured in vitro at pH(e) 6.8 or 7.4 (control) before being inoculated into the tail vein of BALB/c nu/nu mice for formation of experimental pulmonary metastases. Cell invasiveness was studied in vitro by using Matrigel invasion chambers and angiogenesis was studied in vivo by using an intradermal assay. Protein secretion was measured by ELISA and immunocapture assays. Cells cultured at acidic pH(e) showed increased secretion of proteinases and proangiogenic factors, enhanced invasive and angiogenic potential, and enhanced potential to develop experimental metastases. Acidity-induced metastasis was inhibited by treatment with the general matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor GM6001, the general cysteine proteinase inhibitor E-64, or blocking antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) or interleukin-8 (IL-8). Our study indicates that acidic pH(e) promotes experimental pulmonary metastasis in A-07, D-12, and T-22 human melanoma cells by a common mechanism involving acidity-induced up-regulation of the proteolytic enzymes MMP-2, MMP-9, cathepsin B, and cathepsin L and acidity-induced up-regulation of the proangiogenic factors VEGF-A and IL-8. One consequence of this observation is that treatment strategies involving deliberate tumor acidification to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and hyperthermia should be avoided. Moreover, the possibility that the pH(e) of the primary tumor may be an important prognostic parameter for melanoma patients merits clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar K Rofstad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Narazaki M, Tosato G. Conflicting results from clinical observations and murine models: what is the role of plasminogen activators in tumor growth? J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:726-7. [PMID: 16757692 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Ghio P, Cappia S, Selvaggi G, Novello S, Lausi P, Zecchina G, Papotti M, Borasio P, Scagliotti GV. Prognostic Role of Protease-Activated Receptors 1 and 4 in Resected Stage IB Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2006; 7:395-400. [PMID: 16800965 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2006.n.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and PAR-4 are involved in extracellular matrix invasion and angiogenesis. PATIENTS AND METHODS A series of 60 resected stage IB non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), including 30 adenocarcinomas (ADCs) and 30 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), were processed by immunohistochemistry with antibodies to PAR-1, PAR-4, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and CD34. RESULTS Protease-activated receptor-1 was expressed in 37 cases (62%) and PAR-4 in 39 (65%). Adenocarcinomas were significantly more positive than SCC for PAR-1 (17 vs. 8 cases) and PAR-4 (10 vs. 5 cases). Vascular endothelial growth factor was expressed in 42 cases (70%): 22 ADC and 20 SCC. A significant correlation emerged between PAR-1 and/or PAR-4 expression and VEGF but not with microvessel density. Median follow-up was 38 months; actuarial 5-year survival was 43%. At univariate analysis, 3-year survival was shorter in patients expressing PAR-4 versus negative cases (29% vs. 60%; P = 0.002). In 46 patients expressing PAR-1 and/or PAR-4, 3-year survival was 30% versus 68% in 14 patients with no PAR expression (P = 0.002). A trend toward shorter 3-year survival was seen in PAR-1-positive versus PAR-1-negative cases (34% vs. 46%; P = 0.06). Multivariate analysis identified expression of PAR-1 and/or PAR-4 as an independent prognostic factor for reduced survival in resected stage IB NSCLC. CONCLUSION Expression of PAR-1 and PAR-4 in early-stage NSCLC could be included in a molecular algorithm for the selection of patients eligible for adjuvant studies.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/surgery
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery
- Female
- Humans
- Italy/epidemiology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/surgery
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Prognosis
- Receptor, PAR-1/metabolism
- Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism
- Retrospective Studies
- Survival Analysis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ghio
- Division of Thoracic Oncology , University of Turin and San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
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