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Gerstl B, Ahinkorah BO, Nguyen TP, John JR, Hawker P, Winata T, Brice F, Bowden M, Eapen V. Evidence-based long term interventions targeting acute mental health presentations for children and adolescents: systematic review. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1324220. [PMID: 38510802 PMCID: PMC10950959 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1324220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Long term intervention services have proven to be effective in improving mental health (MH) outcomes and the quality of life for children and young people (CYP). Aim To synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of long-term interventions in improving MH outcomes for CYP, 0-17 years, presenting with MH conditions. Methods A systematic search was carried out and the methodological quality of included long term MH intervention studies were assessed. Six databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles between January 2000 and September 2022. Results We found 30 studies that reported on the effectiveness of a range of long-term MH interventions in the form of (i) group therapy, (ii) multisystemic behavior therapy, (iii) general services, (iv) integrated services, (v) psychotherapy, (vi) intensive intervention services, (vii) comprehensive collaborative care, (viii) parent training, and (ix) home outreach service. Among the included studies, seven were rated as high level of evidence based on the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence hierarchy scale and seven were of moderate quality evidence. Others were rated as lower-quality evidence. Among the studies providing high quality evidence, most were reported for group therapy, general services, and psychotherapy studies demonstrating beneficial effects. Conclusion This systematic review provides evidence to demonstrate the benefits of a range of long-term interventions, in a range of settings, can be effective in improving MH outcomes for CYP and their families. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022323324.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Gerstl
- Academic Unit of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry Services (AUCS), South Western Sydney Local Health District and Ingham Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- Academic Unit of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry Services (AUCS), South Western Sydney Local Health District and Ingham Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Nguyen
- Academic Unit of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry Services (AUCS), South Western Sydney Local Health District and Ingham Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Mental Health, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Rufus John
- Academic Unit of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry Services (AUCS), South Western Sydney Local Health District and Ingham Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick Hawker
- Academic Unit of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry Services (AUCS), South Western Sydney Local Health District and Ingham Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Teresa Winata
- Academic Unit of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry Services (AUCS), South Western Sydney Local Health District and Ingham Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Infant, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (ICAMHS), South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Febe Brice
- Academic Unit of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry Services (AUCS), South Western Sydney Local Health District and Ingham Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Bowden
- Child and Youth Mental Health, NSW Ministry of Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Psychological Medicine, Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- Academic Unit of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry Services (AUCS), South Western Sydney Local Health District and Ingham Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Jiang S, Chen Y, Wang L. Effectiveness of Community-Based Programs on Aggressive Behavior Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024:15248380241227986. [PMID: 38293961 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241227986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Adolescent aggressive behavior has increasingly become a central issue affecting the safety of both school campuses and the broader society. Despite the existence of numerous community interventions targeting this issue, there has been a paucity of efforts to consolidate the findings on the effectiveness of community-based programs in preventing aggressive behavior. This meta-analysis sought to address this gap by reviewing and assessing the impact of community-based initiatives on reducing adolescent aggression. A thorough search was carried out on 12 electronic databases: EBSCO, ERIC, PubMed, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, the China National Knowledge, Wanfang Databases, and China Science and Technology Journal Database. Sixteen studies were finalized, and meta-analyses were performed using a random effect model on RevMan v5.4 software developed by Cochrane. The analysis encompassed 16 published studies, involving a total of 2,585 participants. The key components of existing programs for aggression reduction included providing behavioral skills and training for adolescents, employing a problem-solving approach to address behavioral issues, offering psychological treatment, and emphasizing community supervision. The results indicate a significant positive effect of community-based interventions on aggression reduction (standardized mean difference = -0.26, 95% confidence intervals [-0.39, -0.13], Z = 3.84, p < .001). The subgroup analyses revealed that the intervention's effectiveness was moderated by the duration of the intervention, its theoretical foundation, and the sample size. This study furnishes empirical evidence supporting the enhancement of policies and practices to foster community engagement in mitigating aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lin Wang
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kuhn M, Gonzalez E, Weil L, Izguttinov A, Walker S. Effectiveness of Child-Focused Interventions for Externalizing Behavior: a Rapid Evidence Review. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:987-1009. [PMID: 35212851 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parent behavior management training (BMT) is well established as an effective, evidence-based treatment for children with externalizing behavior. Despite the wealth of data supporting BMT, many community providers use a variety of child-focused and non-directive interventions to target behavior problems. There is lack of clarity as to whether the evidence supporting child-focused externalizing treatments is sufficiently compelling to support offering these treatments rather than or in addition to BMT. This rapid evidence review compares the effectiveness of BMT with several common child-focused interventions for externalizing behavior including cognitive behavioral (CBT), social skill (SS), and play/dynamic (PT) approaches. PubMed, PsychINFO, and Web of Science were searched for English-language articles from year 2000 onwards for each intervention type. Inclusion criteria were child age (12 and under), presence of a child-focused behavioral treatment condition, and externalizing behavior as an outcome variable. A total of 30 studies met inclusion criteria and were coded (13 CBT, 10 SS, 7 PT). Results supported social skills interventions with accompanying BMT as effective in improving externalizing problems, with generally moderate effect sizes. Individual social skills interventions were promising but needing further evaluation compared to treatment as usual. CBT treatments with and without accompanying BMT showed moderate effects over waitlist but produced less consistently significant effects compared to more robust controls. Play therapy approaches showed inconsistent effects and require further evaluation. This review supports social skills plus BMT treatments as a child-focused intervention with probable efficacy for child externalizing problems. Implications for policy and community practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kuhn
- Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. .,University of Washington Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - E Gonzalez
- Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L Weil
- University of Washington Evidence Based Practice Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Izguttinov
- University of Washington Evidence Based Practice Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Walker
- University of Washington Evidence Based Practice Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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Castillo-Eito L, Armitage CJ, Norman P, Day MR, Dogru OC, Rowe R. How can adolescent aggression be reduced? A multi-level meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 78:101853. [PMID: 32402919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive behaviour among adolescents has significant social and economic costs. Numerous attempts have been made to intervene to reduce aggression in adolescents. However, little is known about what factors enhance or diminish intervention effectiveness. The present systematic review and meta-analysis, therefore, seeks to quantify the effectiveness of interventions to reduce aggressive behaviour in adolescents and to identify when and for whom such interventions work best. Sixteen databases were searched for randomised controlled trials that assessed interventions to reduce aggression among adolescents. After screening 9795 records, 95 studies were included. A multi-level meta-analysis found a significant overall small-to-medium effect size (d = 0.28; 95% CI [0.17, 0.39]). More effective interventions were of shorter duration, were conducted in the Middle East, were targeted at adolescents with higher levels of risk, and were facilitated by intervention professionals. Potentially active ingredients were classified using the Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy. Behavioural practice and problem solving were components of more effective interventions targeted at the general population. Overall the findings indicate that psychosocial interventions are effective in reducing adolescent aggression. Future trials need to assess the effect of individual techniques and their combination to identify the key components that can reduce aggression in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castillo-Eito
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield S1 2LT, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher J Armitage
- Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Norman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield S1 2LT, United Kingdom.
| | - Marianne R Day
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield S1 2LT, United Kingdom.
| | - Onur C Dogru
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield S1 2LT, United Kingdom.
| | - Richard Rowe
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield S1 2LT, United Kingdom.
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Brigden A, Parslow RM, Linney C, Higson-Sweeney N, Read R, Loades M, Davies A, Stoll S, Beasant L, Morris R, Ye S, Crawley E. How are behavioural interventions delivered to children (5-11 years old): a systematic mapping review. BMJ Paediatr Open 2019; 3:e000543. [PMID: 31909219 PMCID: PMC6937047 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Behavioural interventions are used to prevent, manage and treat a wide variety of conditions including obesity, diabetes, chronic pain, asthma and emotional difficulties. There has been inadequate attention to the delivery of behavioural interventions to younger children (5-11 years old). OBJECTIVE Our objectives were to describe the characteristics of behavioural interventions for children aged 5-11 years. DATA SOURCES We searched five databases: CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library, from January 2005 to August 2019. STUDY SELECTION The inclusion criteria were (1) children aged 5-11, (2) cognitive and/or behavioural interventions, (3) randomised controlled trials and (4) 2005 onward. Two researchers independently identified studies for inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION Two researchers independently extracted data from eligible papers. RESULTS The search identified 10 541 papers. We extracted information on 117 interventions (from 152 papers). Many of the interventions were categorised as complex. This was particularly true for clinical populations; 78.7% were delivered to both the child and parent, and 33.9% took place across multiple settings, typically health and school settings. Most (70.9%) were 'First Wave' (behavioural) interventions, and few (4.3%) were 'Third Wave' (characterised by metacognition, acceptance and mindfulness). Thirty-nine per cent used interactive techniques (play, arts, story and/or games). Purely digital and paper-based interventions were rare, but around a third used these tools as supplements to face-face delivery. There were differences in interventions for younger (5-7 years) and older (8-11 years) children. CONCLUSIONS Interventions designed and delivered to children should be developmentally sensitive. This review highlights characteristics of interventions delivered to children 5-11 years old: the involvement of the child's parent, using behavioural (rather than cognitive) modalities, using interactive techniques and some interventions were delivered across multiple settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amberly Brigden
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Roxanne Morin Parslow
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Catherine Linney
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Read
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, UK
| | - Maria Loades
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, UK
| | - Anna Davies
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah Stoll
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy Beasant
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Morris
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Siyan Ye
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Esther Crawley
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy for externalizing disorders: A meta-analysis of treatment effectiveness. Behav Res Ther 2015; 75:60-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Shelleby EC, Kolko DJ. Predictors, Moderators, and Treatment Parameters of Community and Clinic-Based Treatment for Child Disruptive Behavior Disorders. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2015; 24:734-748. [PMID: 25750506 PMCID: PMC4349495 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-013-9884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examines predictors, moderators, and treatment parameters associated with two key child outcomes in a recent clinical trial comparing the effects of a modular treatment that was applied by study clinicians in the community (COMM) or a clinic (CLINIC) for children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder (CD). Based on a literature review, moderator and predictor variables across child, parent, and family domains were examined in relation to changes in parental ratings of the severity of externalizing behavior problems or the number of ODD and CD symptoms endorsed on psychiatric interview at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 36-month posttreatment follow-up. In addition, associations between parameters of treatment (e.g., hours of child, parent, and parent-child treatment received, treatment completion, referral for additional services at discharge) and child outcomes were explored. Path models identified few moderators (e.g., level of child impairment, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, level of family conflict) and several predictors (child trauma history, family income, parental employment, parental depression) of treatment response. Treatment response was also related to a few treatment parameters (e.g., hours of child and parent treatment received, treatment completion, referral for additional services at discharge). We discuss the implications of these findings for maximizing the benefits of modular treatment by optimizing or personalizing intervention approaches for children with behavior disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Shelleby
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 4425 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet St., Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - David J. Kolko
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kuhn ES, Laird RD. Family support programs and adolescent mental health: review of evidence. Adolesc Health Med Ther 2014; 5:127-42. [PMID: 25177156 PMCID: PMC4096456 DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.s48057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Family support programs aim to improve parent wellbeing and parenting as well as adolescent mental and behavioral health by addressing the needs of parents of adolescents experiencing or at risk for mental health problems. Family support programs can be part of the treatment for adolescents diagnosed with mental or behavioral health problems, or family support programs can be delivered as prevention programs designed to prevent the onset or escalation of mental or behavioral health problems. This review discusses the rationale for family support programs and describes the range of services provided by family support programs. The primary focus of the review is on evaluating the effectiveness of family support programs as treatments or prevention efforts delivered by clinicians or peers. Two main themes emerged from the review. First, family support programs that included more forms of support evidenced higher levels of effectiveness than family support programs that provided fewer forms of support. Discussion of this theme focuses on individual differences in client needs and program adaptions that may facilitate meeting diverse needs. Second, family support prevention programs appear to be most effective when serving individuals more in need of mental and behavioral health services. Discussion of this theme focuses on the intensity versus breadth of the services provided in prevention programs. More rigorous evaluations of family support programs are needed, especially for peer-delivered family support treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Kuhn
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Robert D Laird
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Kelly PJ, Lesser J, Cheng AL, Oscós-Sánchez M, Martinez E, Pineda D, Mancha J. A prospective randomized controlled trial of an interpersonal violence prevention program with a Mexican American community. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2010; 33:207-215. [PMID: 20531101 PMCID: PMC4007034 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0b013e3181e4bc34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Using methods of community-based participatory research, a prospective randomized controlled trial of a violence prevention program based on Latino cultural values was implemented with elementary school children in a Mexican American community. Community members participated in intervention program selection, implementation, and data collection. High-risk students who participated in the program had greater nonviolent self-efficacy and demonstrated greater endorsement of program values than did high-risk students in the control group. This collaborative partnership was able to combine community-based participatory research with a rigorous study design and provide sustained benefit to community partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Kelly
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Nursing, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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Hoagwood KE, Cavaleri MA, Serene Olin S, Burns BJ, Slaton E, Gruttadaro D, Hughes R. Family support in children's mental health: a review and synthesis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2010; 13:1-45. [PMID: 20012893 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-009-0060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of structured family support programs in children's mental health was conducted in collaboration with leadership from key national family organizations. The goals were to identify typologies of family support services for which evaluation data existed and identify research gaps. Over 200 programs were examined; 50 met criteria for inclusion. Programs were categorized by whether they were delivered by peer family members, clinicians, or teams. Five salient components of family support were identified: (a) informational, (b) instructional, (c) emotional, (d) instrumental, and (e) advocacy. Clinician-led programs were heavily represented (n = 33, 66%), followed by family-led (n = 11, 22%), and team-delivered (n = 6, 12%) programs. Key differences between programs delivered by clinicians or by peer family members were found in the degree of emphasis, research methodology, and outcomes. However, the content of the components was similar across all three program types. There are both important differences in emphasis across typologies of family support provided by clinicians, family members, or teams as well as important similarities in content. Family-delivered support may be an important adjunct to existing services for parents, although the research base remains thin. A research agenda to promote more rigorous evaluations of these services especially those delivered by peer family members is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E Hoagwood
- Mental Health Services and Policy Research, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Dr., Unit 78, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Koegl CJ, Farrington DP, Augimeri LK, Day DM. Evaluation of a targeted cognitive-behavioral program for children with conduct problems--the SNAP Under 12 Outreach Project: service intensity, age and gender effects on short- and long-term outcomes. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2008; 13:419-34. [PMID: 18783124 DOI: 10.1177/1359104508090606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the effectiveness of a multifaceted, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) program for antisocial children--the SNAP Under 12 Outreach Project (ORP)--in relation to age, sex and indices of treatment intensity. Study participants were 80 clinic-referred children (59 boys and 21 girls) aged 6-11 years assigned to one of the following groups: control (CG; n = 14) who did not receive the ORP, matched (MG; n = 50) who received the ORP, and experimental (EG; n = 16) who received an enhanced version of the ORP. Results indicated significant pre-post changes for the EG and MG for Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)-measured delinquency and aggression, but no improvement for the CG. Positive relationships between the number of individual ORP components (e.g. number of children's CBT sessions) received and CBCL change scores were also found. Statistical associations tended to be larger for girls and older children (i.e. 10-11 years old) who may have been more cognitively advanced. Also, the number of children's CBT sessions predicted later convictions, even after controlling for prior CBCL delinquency scores. Findings from this study support the effectiveness of the ORP, but also highlight the need to take into account client characteristics when offering clinical treatment.
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