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Liang XY, Wang Y, Zhu YW, Zhang YX, Yuan H, Liu YF, Jin YQ, Gao W, Ren ZG, Ji XY, Wu DD. Role of hydrogen sulfide in dermatological diseases. Nitric Oxide 2024; 150:18-26. [PMID: 38971520 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), together with carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO), is recognized as a vital gasotransmitter. H2S is biosynthesized by enzymatic pathways in the skin and exerts significant physiological effects on a variety of biological processes, such as apoptosis, modulation of inflammation, cellular proliferation, and regulation of vasodilation. As a major health problem, dermatological diseases affect a large proportion of the population every day. It is urgent to design and develop effective drugs to deal with dermatological diseases. Dermatological diseases can arise from a multitude of etiologies, including neoplastic growth, infectious agents, and inflammatory processes. The abnormal metabolism of H2S is associated with many dermatological diseases, such as melanoma, fibrotic diseases, and psoriasis, suggesting its therapeutic potential in the treatment of these diseases. In addition, therapies based on H2S donors are being developed to treat some of these conditions. In the review, we discuss recent advances in the function of H2S in normal skin, the role of altering H2S metabolism in dermatological diseases, and the therapeutic potential of diverse H2S donors for the treatment of dermatological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Liang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yi-Wen Zhu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Ya-Fang Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yu-Qing Jin
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Ren
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China.
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Faculty of Basic Medical Subjects, Shu-Qing Medical College of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450064, China.
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Department of Stomatology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China.
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2
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Pulumati A, Algarin YA, Jaalouk D, Kim S, Latta S, Nouri K. Aspirin as a chemopreventive agent for cutaneous melanoma: a literature review. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:367. [PMID: 38850411 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-03056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Rising melanoma rates have spurred interest in preventive strategies. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly aspirin, show potential in reducing cancer risks. NSAIDs act on cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, impacting COX-2 associated with inflammation and cancer progression. This paper explores aspirin's role in cutaneous melanoma prevention, elucidating its mechanisms and acknowledging varying literature outcomes. Rather than providing conclusive recommendations, the review emphasizes the influence of individual factors, contributing to the ongoing dialogue on aspirin's complexities in melanoma prevention. A PubMed search using "Aspirin" AND "Cutaneous melanoma" yielded relevant English-language, peer-reviewed studies. Selection criteria focused exclusively on skin cancers, specifically cutaneous melanoma. Exclusions included studies covering various cancers, some non-dermatologic, and those not evaluating aspirin use independently but in conjunction with NSAIDs. The potential chemopreventive effects of aspirin and NSAIDs against melanoma have gained attention due to their association with a reduced risk of various cancers including gastric, colorectal, and breast. By inhibiting COX enzymes and the NF-κB pathway, these agents theoretically slow malignant cell activities, presenting a prospect for cancer prevention. Aspirin exhibits noteworthy effects, depleting growth-stimulating hormones, generating reactive oxygen species harmful to cancerous cells, and inhibiting COX-2 linked to cancer progression. Limited literature suggests survival benefits with aspirin use in stage II and III melanoma, possibly due to slowing disease progression, evident in smaller Breslow depths. Gender-specific responses to aspirin are notable, with some studies reporting a stronger chemopreventive correlation in females. It's crucial to note that geographic disparities, demographic cohorts, and individual-specific factors are confounding variables that may contribute to conflicting findings regarding aspirin's impact on melanoma. The association between aspirin use and melanoma risk is complex, with conflicting findings across diverse populations. Although it appears that more studies suggest a protective role for aspirin rather than not, evidence lacks consistency. Factors such as gender, geography, race, sun exposure, and health conditions play a role in shaping these varied outcomes, necessitating large-scale, prospective studies research and standardized parameters for more conclusive insights that may help guide tailored clinical strategies for melanoma prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Pulumati
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Yanci A Algarin
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dana Jaalouk
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sarah Kim
- University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Steven Latta
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Keyvan Nouri
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Pimenta J, Prada J, Pires I, Cotovio M. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Expression in Equine Melanocytic Tumors. Vet Sci 2024; 11:77. [PMID: 38393095 PMCID: PMC10891553 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine melanocytic tumors are common and have an unusual benign behavior with low invasiveness and metastatic rates. However, tumoral mass growth is usually a concern that can have life-threatening consequences. COX-2 is related to oncogenesis, promoting neoplastic cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in equine melanocytic tumors. Through extension and intensity of labeling, 39 melanocytomas and 38 melanomas were evaluated. Of the malignant tumors, 13.2% were negative and 63.2% presented a low COX-2 expression. Only 6 malignant tumors presented >50% of labeled cells, 18 malignant and 8 benign had an expression between 21 and 50%, 8 malignant and 3 benign tumors had an expression between 6 and 20%, 1 malignant tumor had an expression between 1 and 5%, and 5 malignant and 28 benign tumors had no expression. Malignant tumors showed higher COX-2 expression than did benign tumors, with statistically significant differences. The low levels of COX-2 may be one of the molecular reasons for the presence of expansive mass growth instead of the invasive pattern of other species, which is related to high COX-2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pimenta
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CIVG—Vasco da Gama Research Center, EUVG—Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Justina Prada
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pires
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Cotovio
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
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Gambichler T, Iordanou M, Becker JC, Susok L. Intratumoural and systemic inflammation as predictors for treatment response in BRAF-mutated melanoma patients under targeted therapies. Melanoma Res 2024; 34:80-83. [PMID: 37924529 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoural as well as systemic inflammation in melanoma has thoroughly been studied in the context of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors but not with BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi). We aimed to study whether parameters of intratumoral and systemic inflammation correlate with clinical outcome in patients with BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma treated with BRAFi/MEKi. We studied 51 CM patients with unresectable stage III or IV who had the indication for BRAFi/MEKi treatment based on confirmed BRAF mutation. Baseline systemic immune-inflammation markers such as the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and the expression of intratumoral inflammation markers such as COX-2 protein expression were correlated with clinical outcome measures. On multivariable analyses, lower intratumoral COX-2 expression (OR 33.9, 95% CI 3.2-356.8) and lower SII (OR 6.3, 95% CI 1.1-34.8) proved to be significant independent predictors for objective response to targeted therapy. Elevated S100B (HR 1.2, 95% CI 1.03-1.3) was a significant predictor for progressive disease. Moreover, elevated S100B (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.14-1.65) and LDH (HR 1.002, 95% CI 1.0001-1.003) were significant independent predictors for melanoma-specific death. In conclusion, the present study indicates that low SII values and low intratumoral COX-2 protein expression are significant independent predictors for treatment response to BRAFi/MEKi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Gambichler
- Department of Dermatology, Christian Hospital Unna, Unna
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum
- Department of Dermatology, Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Dortmund
| | - Maria Iordanou
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum
| | - Jürgen C Becker
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, DKTK Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, West German Cancer Center, Dermatology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Susok
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum
- Department of Dermatology, Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Dortmund
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5
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Silveira TL, Veloso ES, Gonçalves INN, Costa RF, Rodrigues MA, Cassali GD, Del Puerto HL, Pang LY, Argyle DJ, Ferreira E. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells in oral and skin canine melanomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:727-738. [PMID: 32323423 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a fast-growing tumour in dogs and represents 7% of the total malignant neoplasms from the skin and is the most common tumour found in the oral cavity. In these tumours, high expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is associated with a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to verify if the overexpression of COX-2 is related to the modulation of lymphocytes and if it is associated with the angiogenic and proliferative capacity of the melanoma. Canine melanoma samples (n = 85) were analysed by immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of S-100, Melan-A, PNL-2, COX-2, Factor VIII, Ki-67 and immune cells markers (CD3, CD4, FOXP3 and MAC387); and expression levels of MAC387, NOS and CD206 were determined by immunofluorescence. Our study showed a concurrent difference between the expression of COX-2 and inflammatory cell infiltration: Oral melanomas showed positivity for COX-2 in 34% of the cases and this expression was associated with CD3 positivity in the inflammatory infiltrate and angiogenesis; whereas cutaneous melanomas presented positivity for COX-2 in 42% of the cases and this expression was associated with positive staining for CD3, CD4, FOXP3 and MAC387. These markers are associated with inflammatory cells, angiogenesis and proliferation. Interestingly, melanomas were highly infiltrated by FOXP3+ cells, this is related to angiogenesis, whereas CD3, CD4 and MAC387 expression was only associated with cutaneous melanomas. The macrophage profile analysis showed that both oral and cutaneous melanomas with low COX-2 expression have an M1 phenoptype, whereas the cases with high COX-2 expression demonstrate a hybrid M1/M2 profile pattern. We concluded that the COX-2 is overexpressed in 42% of cutaneous melanomas and in 34% of oral melanomas, with a direct association with angiogenesis, proliferation, and intratumoral lymphocyte infiltration. We propose that COX-2 is a key regulator of immune cell infiltration and may drive tumour associated macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiany L Silveira
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Emerson S Veloso
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ivy N N Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renato F Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Michele A Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D Cassali
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helen L Del Puerto
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lisa Y Pang
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - David J Argyle
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Enio Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Prognostic significance of CD163 expression and its correlation with cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2020; 29:501-509. [PMID: 30575644 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In several cancers, tumor progression is associated with the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The aim was to evaluate the prognostic significance of expression of CD163 and CD68 (TAMs' markers) and their correlation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in cutaneous melanoma. Diagnostic tissues from 102 patients of cutaneous melanoma were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for their CD68, CD163, VEGF, and COX-2 expression. Correlations between the proteins were then investigated. Clinicopathological features, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival were analyzed in terms of the expression of these proteins. CD163, but not CD68, expression correlated with VEGF and COX-2 expression. High expression for CD163 was associated with a deeper Breslow thickness and an advanced stage of the disease. High expression of CD163 was associated with lower OS. No significant differences were noted in CD68 expression between the clinicopathological variables and the OS. COX-2 expression was associated with a deeper Breslow thickness and a higher frequency of lymph node involvement. Multivariate analysis revealed that CD163 expression and COX-2 expression were independent prognostic markers of lower survival outcomes. Our data confirmed that CD163 expression provides independent prognostic information in cutaneous melanoma. The correlation of CD163 with VEGF and COX-2 expression suggests various tumor-promoting actions of CD163-positive TAMs.
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7
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Kuźbicki Ł, Brożyna AA. Immunohistochemical detectability of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cells of human melanocytic skin lesions: A methodological review. J Cutan Pathol 2020; 47:363-380. [PMID: 31675116 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is thought to support tumorigenesis through various mechanisms and is analyzed as a potential cancer marker. In 18 studies, COX-2 expression in melanocytic lesions of human skin was examined immunohistochemically. However, results obtained by individual research groups differ in terms of detection frequency and level of this protein, as well as localization of stained cells within tumor. Possible reasons for the discrepancies are analyzed in this review: the application of different antibodies, the use of standard histopathological sections or tissue microarrays and the analyzes of staining results based on different algorithms. COX-2 level is significantly lower in nevi than in melanomas, increases gradually with progression of these malignant cancers and reaches the highest values in metastases. These gradual changes in COX-2 expression appear to be difficult to analyze based only on subjective assessment of staining intensity. The most convergent data were obtained using antibodies for N-terminal fragments of COX-2 protein and analyzing results based on calculation of percentage fraction of positive cells. The extent of stained area in specimen thus appears to be more important than the intensity of staining in terms of evaluation of COX-2 performance as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kuźbicki
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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8
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Tudor DV, Bâldea I, Lupu M, Kacso T, Kutasi E, Hopârtean A, Stretea R, Gabriela Filip A. COX-2 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in melanoma. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:20-31. [PMID: 32296574 PMCID: PMC7142851 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2019.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With a constantly increasing incidence, cutaneous melanoma has raised the need for a better understanding of its complex microenvironment that may further guide therapeutic options. Melanoma is a model tumor in immuno-oncology. Inflammation represents an important hallmark of cancer capable of inducing and sustaining tumor development. The inflammatory process also orchestrates the adaptative immunosuppression of tumor cells that helps them to evade immune destruction. Besides its role in proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a well-known promoter of immune suppression in melanoma. COX-2 inhibitors are closely involved in this condition. This review attempts to answer two controversial questions: is COX-2 a valuable prognostic factor? Among all COX-2 inhibitors, is celecoxib a suitable adjuvant in melanoma therapy?
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Valentina Tudor
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca 400000, Romania
| | - Ioana Bâldea
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca 400000, Romania
| | - Mihai Lupu
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca 400000, Romania
| | - Teodor Kacso
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca 400000, Romania
| | - Eniko Kutasi
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca 400000, Romania
| | - Andreea Hopârtean
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca 400000, Romania
| | - Roland Stretea
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca 400000, Romania
| | - Adriana Gabriela Filip
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca 400000, Romania
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Ercolano G, De Cicco P, Frecentese F, Saccone I, Corvino A, Giordano F, Magli E, Fiorino F, Severino B, Calderone V, Citi V, Cirino G, Ianaro A. Anti-metastatic Properties of Naproxen-HBTA in a Murine Model of Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:66. [PMID: 30800067 PMCID: PMC6376415 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of H2S-release and of COXs-inhibition have been exploited in the design of novel anti-inflammatory drugs, the H2S-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (H2S-NSAIDs), showing promising potential for chemoprevention in cancers. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a new H2S-releasing derivative of naproxen, named naproxen-4-hydroxybenzodithioate (naproxen-HBTA), in reducing metastatic melanoma features, both in vitro and in vivo. The novel H2S donor has been prepared following a synthetic scheme that provided high yields and purity. In particular, we investigated the effect of naproxen-HBTA in vitro on several metastatic features of human melanoma cells such as proliferation, migration, invasion, and colonies formation and in vivo in a model of cutaneous melanoma. Cell culture studies demonstrated that naproxen-HBTA induced caspase 3-mediated apoptosis and inhibited motility, invasiveness, and focus formation. Finally, daily oral treatment with naproxen-HBTA significantly suppressed melanoma growth and progression in mice. In conclusion, by using this dual approach we propose that the COX-2 and H2S pathways could be regarded as novel therapeutic targets/tools to generate new treatment options based on "combination therapy" for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ercolano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola De Cicco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Irene Saccone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Corvino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Magli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Severino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Kitanaka N, Nakano R, Kitanaka T, Namba S, Konno T, Nakayama T, Sugiya H. NF-κB p65 and p105 implicate in interleukin 1β-mediated COX-2 expression in melanoma cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208955. [PMID: 30562372 PMCID: PMC6298655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory and microenvironmental factors produced by cancer cells are thought to directly or indirectly promote cancer cell growth. Prostaglandins, including prostaglandin E2, have key roles as a microenvironment factor in influencing the development of tumors, and are produced by the rate limiting enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). In this study, we used canine melanoma cells treated with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and investigated the transcriptional factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in IL-1β-induced COX-2 expression. IL-1β induced prostaglandin E2 release and COX-2 mRNA expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In the cells treated with the NF-κB inhibitors BAY11-7082 and TPC-1, IL-1β-mediated prostaglandin E2 release and COX-2 mRNA expression were inhibited. IL-1β also provoked phosphorylation of p65/RelA and p105/NF-κB1, which are members of the NF-κB families. The IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of p65 and p105 was attenuated in the presence of both NF-κB inhibitors. In melanoma cells transfected with siRNA of p65 or p105, IL-1β-mediated COX-2 mRNA expression was inhibited. These findings suggest that canonical activation of NF-κB signaling plays a crucial role for inflammatory states in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Kitanaka
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rei Nakano
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taku Kitanaka
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Namba
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Konno
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- Veterinary Radiotherapy, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiya
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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11
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Kumar D, Rahman H, Tyagi E, Liu T, Li C, Lu R, Lum D, Holmen SL, Maschek JA, Cox JE, VanBrocklin MW, Grossman D. Aspirin Suppresses PGE 2 and Activates AMP Kinase to Inhibit Melanoma Cell Motility, Pigmentation, and Selective Tumor Growth In Vivo. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 11:629-642. [PMID: 30021726 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There are conflicting epidemiologic data on whether chronic aspirin (ASA) use may reduce melanoma risk in humans. Potential anticancer effects of ASA may be mediated by its ability to suppress prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and activate 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We investigated the inhibitory effects of ASA in a panel of melanoma and transformed melanocyte cell lines, and on tumor growth in a preclinical model. ASA and the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib did not affect melanoma cell viability, but significantly reduced colony formation, cell motility, and pigmentation (melanin production) in vitro at concentrations of 1 mmol/L and 20 μmol/L, respectively. ASA-mediated inhibition of cell migration and pigmentation was rescued by exogenous PGE2 or Compound C, which inhibits AMPK activation. Levels of tyrosinase, MITF, and p-ERK were unaffected by ASA exposure. Following a single oral dose of 0.4 mg ASA to NOD/SCID mice, salicylate was detected in plasma and skin at 4 hours and PGE2 levels were reduced up to 24 hours. Some human melanoma tumors xenografted into NOD/SCID mice were sensitive to chronic daily ASA administration, exhibiting reduced growth and proliferation. ASA-treated mice bearing sensitive and resistant tumors exhibited both decreased PGE2 in plasma and tumors and increased phosphorylated AMPK in tumors. We conclude that ASA inhibits colony formation, cell motility, and pigmentation through suppression of PGE2 and activation of AMPK and reduces growth of some melanoma tumors in vivo This preclinical model could be used for further tumor and biomarker studies to support future melanoma chemoprevention trials in humans. Cancer Prev Res; 11(10); 629-42. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Kumar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Hafeez Rahman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ethika Tyagi
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tong Liu
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Chelsea Li
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ran Lu
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - David Lum
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sheri L Holmen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - J Alan Maschek
- Health Science Center Cores, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - James E Cox
- Health Science Center Cores, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Matthew W VanBrocklin
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Douglas Grossman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah. .,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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12
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Prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase 2 and phosphorylated Akt1 overexpression in primary nonmetastatic and metastatic cutaneous melanomas. Melanoma Res 2018; 27:448-456. [PMID: 28604419 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and phosphorylated Akt1 (p-Akt1) are associated with tumor spreading, cell proliferation, high metabolism, and angiogenesis in solid tumors. This study aimed to investigate COX-2 and p-Akt1 expression in primary and metastatic melanomas by correlating with the cellular proliferation index (as revealed by minichromosome maintenance 2 expression) and the outcome of patients with malignant melanomas. Seventy-seven biopsies of malignant melanomas, including 42 primary nonmetastatic melanomas (PNMMs), 12 primary metastatic melanomas (PMMs), and 23 metastatic melanomas (MMs), were retrospectively selected. Tissue microarrays were developed and submitted for immunohistochemical staining for COX-2, p-Akt1, and minichromosome maintenance 2. Increased COX-2 cytoplasmic staining patterns were observed in PMM and MM when compared with PNMM (P=0.0011). Higher nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of p-Akt1 was more closely associated with PMM than with MM and PNMM (P<0.00001). Coexpression of these biomarkers was closely correlated with lower overall survival rates in melanomas. Furthermore, we observed a statistically significant positive correlation between the mitosis index and increased COX-2 expression (P=0.0135) and between p-Akt1 (P=0.0038) and the cellular proliferation index (P=0.0060). Taken together, our findings demonstrate that COX-2 and p-Akt1 play an important combined role during melanoma progression and are associated with highly metastatic tumors and survival rates in patients with MM. In addition, these biomarkers can be used to predict melanoma prognosis independently of metastatic status. However, further studies are required to elucidate the biological role of these biomarkers during the progression of MM events.
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13
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Postdiagnosis aspirin use and overall survival in patients with melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 78:949-956.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Panza E, De Cicco P, Ercolano G, Armogida C, Scognamiglio G, Anniciello AM, Botti G, Cirino G, Ianaro A. Differential expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in metastatic melanoma affects progression free survival. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57077-57085. [PMID: 27494851 PMCID: PMC5302974 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible correlation between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and disease progression in melanoma is still a matter of debate. Analysis of COX-2 expression in 45 lymph node melanoma metastases demonstrates a significant correlation between the percent of expression and progression free survival (PFS). A positive COX-2 expression ≥10% (COX-2high), as opposite to a positive expression ≤9% (COX-2low), translated into a striking significant reduction of PFS of about 3 years. The reduction in PFS correlated neither with BRAFV600E nor with NRASQ61 expression in the analyzed samples. This concept was reinforced by the finding that tumour development in COX-2-/- mice was almost blunted. Similarly, inhibition of COX-2 protein expression in human melanoma cell lines, by using siRNAs technology as well as selective inhibition of COX-2 activity by celecoxib, reduced cellular proliferation and invasiveness. In conclusion we show that COX-2high is a negative prognostic factor in metastatic melanoma. Our study also clarifies that the uncertainty about the role of COX-2 in metastatic malignant melanoma, found in the current relevant literature, is probably due to the fact that a threshold in COX-2 expression has to be reached in order to impact on cancer malignancy. Our findings suggest that COX-2 expression may become an useful diagnostic tool in defining melanoma malignancy as well as argue for a possible therapeutic use of NSAID as add on therapy in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Panza
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Paola De Cicco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ercolano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Chiara Armogida
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Giosuè Scognamiglio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Anniciello
- Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
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15
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Chhabra G, Ndiaye MA, Garcia-Peterson LM, Ahmad N. Melanoma Chemoprevention: Current Status and Future Prospects. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:975-989. [PMID: 28295364 DOI: 10.1111/php.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of skin cancers, both nonmelanoma and melanoma, is increasing in the United States. The ultraviolet radiation, mainly from sun, is considered the major cause for these neoplasms. While nonmelanoma skin cancers are far more numerous, melanoma remains the most challenging. This is because melanoma can become extremely aggressive and its incidence is increasing worldwide due to lack of effective early detection, as well as disease recurrence, following both surgery and chemotherapy. Therefore, in addition to better treatment options, newer means are required to prevent melanomas from developing. Chemoprevention is a reasonable cost-effective approach to prevent carcinogenesis by inhibiting the processes of tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Melanoma is a progressive disease, which makes it very suitable for chemopreventive interventions, by targeting the processes and molecular pathways involved in the progression of melanoma. This review discusses the roles of various chemopreventive agents such as NSAIDs, statins, vitamins and dietary agents in melanoma and highlights current advancements and our perspective on future of melanoma chemoprevention. Although considerable preclinical data suggest that melanoma may be prevented or delayed by a numerous chemopreventive agents, we realize there are insufficient clinical studies evaluating their efficacy and long-term safety for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Mary Ann Ndiaye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI
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16
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De Cicco P, Panza E, Ercolano G, Armogida C, Sessa G, Pirozzi G, Cirino G, Wallace JL, Ianaro A. ATB-346, a novel hydrogen sulfide-releasing anti-inflammatory drug, induces apoptosis of human melanoma cells and inhibits melanoma development in vivo. Pharmacol Res 2016; 114:67-73. [PMID: 27777130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in tumor promotion and development. Indeed, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is strongly associated with different types of cancer. An emerging class of compounds with significant anti-inflammatory properties is the hydrogen sulfide-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (H2S-NSAIDs). They consist of a traditional NSAID to which an H2S-releasing moiety is covalently attached. We have recently demonstrated that H2S donors inhibit melanoma cell proliferation. In the current study, we evaluated the potential beneficial effects of a new H2S-releasing derivative of naproxen, ATB-346 [2-(6-methoxynapthalen-2-yl)-propionic acid 4-thiocarbamoyl phenyl ester] which inhibits COX activity but also releases H2S. We used cell culture and a mouse melanoma model to evaluate the effect of ATB-346 on: i) in vitro growth of human melanoma cells; ii) in vivo melanoma development in mice. Cell culture studies demonstrated that ATB-346 reduced the in vitro proliferation of human melanoma cells and this effect was associated to induction of apoptosis and inhibition of NF-κB activation. Moreover, ATB-346 had novel Akt signaling inhibitory properties. Daily oral dosing of ATB-346 (43μmol/kg) significantly reduced melanoma development in vivo. This study shows that ATB-346, a novel H2S-NSAID, inhibits human melanoma cell proliferation by inhibiting pro-survival pathways associated with NF-κB and Akt activation. Furthermore, oral treatment with ATB-346 inhibits melanoma growth in mice. In conclusion, the combination of inhibition of cyclooxygenase and delivery of H2S by ATB-346 may offer a promising alternative to existing therapies for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola De Cicco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Panza
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ercolano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Armogida
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sessa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pirozzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - John L Wallace
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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17
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Kuźbicki Ł, Lange D, Stanek-Widera A, Chwirot BW. Intratumoral expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a negative prognostic marker for patients with cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2016; 26:448-56. [PMID: 27391144 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Because of the well-known heterogeneity of melanomas, prognosis of the disease is often difficult to assess even for lesions classified in similar stages. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of COX-2 as a melanoma prognostic marker and to establish an optimum algorithm for analysis of COX-2 expression levels in lesions of interest. Expression of COX-2 was detected immunohistochemically in standard sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 85 primary melanomas, 36 lymph node metastases, and five skin metastases including 39 cases of paired primary and metastatic lesions obtained from the same patient. Enhanced expression of COX-2 in primary melanomas is an indicator of poorer prognosis. A significant correlation was found between high expression of COX-2 in primary lesions and shorter survival. The enhancement of COX-2 expression is also positively correlated with other prognostic factors such as tumor thickness and infiltration level, ulceration, high mitotic index, more invasive histologic type, vertical growth phase, and lymph node metastasis. On the whole, the results suggest that intratumoral expression of COX-2 is a strong negative prognostic marker for patients with melanoma. Moreover, our work shows that a simple and objective immunohistochemical scoring algorithm involving the determination of only a percentage fraction of positively stained cells is sufficient to obtain the prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kuźbicki
- aDepartment of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń bDepartment of Tumor Pathology, Oncology Center - Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute, Gliwice, Poland
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18
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Hassan L, Pinon A, Limami Y, Seeman J, Fidanzi-Dugas C, Martin F, Badran B, Simon A, Liagre B. Resistance to ursolic acid-induced apoptosis through involvement of melanogenesis and COX-2/PGE2 pathways in human M4Beu melanoma cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2016; 345:60-9. [PMID: 27262506 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer with a continuously growing incidence worldwide and is usually resistant to chemotherapy agents, which is due in part to a strong resistance to apoptosis. Previously, we had showed that B16-F0 murine melanoma cells undergoing apoptosis are able to delay their own death induced by ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid compound. We had demonstrated that tyrosinase and TRP-1 up-regulation in apoptotic cells and the subsequent production of melanin were implicated in an apoptosis resistance mechanism. Several resistance mechanisms to apoptosis have been characterized in melanoma such as hyperactivation of DNA repair mechanisms, drug efflux systems, and reinforcement of survival signals (PI3K/Akt, NF-κB and Raf/MAPK pathways). Otherwise, other mechanisms of apoptosis resistance involving different proteins, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), have been described in many cancer types. By using a strategy of specific inhibition of each ways, we suggested that there was an interaction between melanogenesis and COX-2/PGE2 pathway. This was characterized by analyzing the COX-2 expression and activity, the expression of tyrosinase and melanin production. Furthermore, we showed that anti-proliferative and proapoptotic effects of UA were mediated through modulation of multiple signaling pathways including Akt and ERK-1/2 proteins. Our study not only uncovers underlying molecular mechanisms of UA action in human melanoma cancer cells but also suggest its great potential as an adjuvant in treatment and cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Hassan
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, Limoges, France
| | - Aline Pinon
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, Limoges, France
| | - Youness Limami
- Laboratoire National de Référence (LNR), Université Mohammed VI des Sciences de la Santé, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Josiane Seeman
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, Limoges, France
| | - Chloe Fidanzi-Dugas
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, Limoges, France
| | - Frederique Martin
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, Limoges, France
| | - Bassam Badran
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alain Simon
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, Limoges, France
| | - Bertrand Liagre
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, Limoges, France.
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19
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de Souza do Nascimento J, Carlos R, Delgado-Azañero W, Mosqueda Taylor A, de Almeida OP, Romañach MJ, de Andrade BAB. Immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in oral nevi and melanoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 45:440-3. [PMID: 26608958 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) catalyses the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin, and its overexpression has been demonstrated in different malignant tumors, including cutaneous melanoma. However, no data about the expression of this protein in oral melanocytic lesions are available to date. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in oral nevi and melanomas, comparing the results with correspondent cutaneous lesions. METHODS COX-2 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 49 oral melanocytic lesions, including 36 intramucosal nevi and 13 primary oral melanomas, and in four cutaneous nevi and eight melanomas. RESULTS All cases of oral and cutaneous melanomas were positive for COX-2. On the other hand, all oral and cutaneous melanocytic nevi were negative. CONCLUSION COX-2 is highly positive in oral melanomas and negative in oral nevi and might represent a useful marker to distinguish melanocytic lesions of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Román Carlos
- Pathology Section, Centro Clínico de Cabeza y Cuello/Hospital Herrera Llerandi, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | | | - Oslei Paes de Almeida
- Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário José Romañach
- Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Augusto Benevenuto de Andrade
- Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Zelenay S, van der Veen AG, Böttcher JP, Snelgrove KJ, Rogers N, Acton SE, Chakravarty P, Girotti MR, Marais R, Quezada SA, Sahai E, Reis e Sousa C. Cyclooxygenase-Dependent Tumor Growth through Evasion of Immunity. Cell 2015; 162:1257-70. [PMID: 26343581 PMCID: PMC4597191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 783] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which melanoma and other cancer cells evade anti-tumor immunity remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that the growth of tumors formed by mutant Braf(V600E) mouse melanoma cells in an immunocompetent host requires their production of prostaglandin E2, which suppresses immunity and fuels tumor-promoting inflammation. Genetic ablation of cyclooxygenases (COX) or prostaglandin E synthases in Braf(V600E) mouse melanoma cells, as well as in Nras(G12D) melanoma or in breast or colorectal cancer cells, renders them susceptible to immune control and provokes a shift in the tumor inflammatory profile toward classic anti-cancer immune pathways. This mouse COX-dependent inflammatory signature is remarkably conserved in human cutaneous melanoma biopsies, arguing for COX activity as a driver of immune suppression across species. Pre-clinical data demonstrate that inhibition of COX synergizes with anti-PD-1 blockade in inducing eradication of tumors, implying that COX inhibitors could be useful adjuvants for immune-based therapies in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Zelenay
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
| | - Annemarthe G van der Veen
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Jan P Böttcher
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Kathryn J Snelgrove
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Neil Rogers
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Sophie E Acton
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Bioinformatics, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Maria Romina Girotti
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Erik Sahai
- Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
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21
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Famenini S, Duan L, Young L. Aspirin use and melanoma: A UCLA pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 72:1094-5. [PMID: 25981013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Famenini
- Division of Dermatology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Lewei Duan
- Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lorraine Young
- Division of Dermatology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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22
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Kuźbicki Ł, Urban J, Chwirot BW. Different detectability of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein in standard paraffin sections and tissue microarrays of human melanomas and naevi – Comparative study. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:591-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Goodman JR, Grossman D. Aspirin and other NSAIDs as chemoprevention agents in melanoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:557-64. [PMID: 24694780 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma incidence is increasing and, despite recent therapeutic advances, the prognosis for patients with metastatic disease remains poor. Thus, early detection and chemoprevention are promising strategies for improving patient outcomes. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have demonstrated chemoprotective activity in several other cancers, and have been proposed as chemopreventive agents for melanoma. Throughout the last decade, however, a number of case-control, prospective, and interventional studies of NSAIDs and melanoma risk have yielded conflicting results. These inconsistent findings have led to uncertainty about the clinical utility of NSAIDs for melanoma chemoprevention. This mini-review highlights current knowledge of NSAID mechanisms of action and rationale for use in melanoma, provides a comparative review of outcomes and limitations of prior studies, and discusses the future challenges in demonstrating that these drugs are effective agents for mitigating melanoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Goodman
- Authors' Affiliations: Huntsman Cancer Institute; Departments of Dermatology and Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Douglas Grossman
- Authors' Affiliations: Huntsman Cancer Institute; Departments of Dermatology and Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UtahAuthors' Affiliations: Huntsman Cancer Institute; Departments of Dermatology and Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UtahAuthors' Affiliations: Huntsman Cancer Institute; Departments of Dermatology and Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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24
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Seo KW, Coh YR, Rebhun RB, Ahn JO, Han SM, Lee HW, Youn HY. Antitumor effects of celecoxib in COX-2 expressing and non-expressing canine melanoma cell lines. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:482-6. [PMID: 24656746 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a potential target for chemoprevention and cancer therapy. Celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, inhibits cell growth of various types of human cancer including malignant melanoma. In dogs, oral malignant melanoma represents the most common oral tumor and is often a fatal disease. Therefore, there is a desperate need to develop additional therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anticancer effects of celecoxib on canine malignant melanoma cell lines that express varying levels of COX-2. Celecoxib induced a significant anti-proliferative effect in both LMeC and CMeC-1 cells. In the CMeC cells, treatment of 50 μM celecoxib caused an increase in cells in the G0/G1 and a decreased proportion of cells in G-2 phase. In the LMeC cells, 50 μM of celecoxib led to an increase in the percentage of cells in the sub-G1 phase and a significant activation of caspase-3 when compared to CMeC-1 cells. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that celecoxib exhibits antitumor effects on canine melanoma LMeC and CMeC-1 cells by induction of G1-S cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Our data suggest that celecoxib might be effective as a chemotherapeutic agent against canine malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Won Seo
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehakro, Yuseoung gu, Daejon 305-764, Korea
| | - Ye-Rin Coh
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jin-Ok Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sei-Myung Han
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hee-Woo Lee
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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Aspirin use and melanoma risk: A review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:187-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Gamba CA, Swetter SM, Stefanick ML, Kubo J, Desai M, Spaunhurst KM, Sinha AA, Asgari MM, Sturgeon S, Tang JY. Aspirin is associated with lower melanoma risk among postmenopausal Caucasian women: the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer 2013; 119:1562-9. [PMID: 23483536 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been associated with decreased risk of gastric, colorectal, and breast cancer. However, the impact of NSAIDs on the risk of melanoma has been inconsistent. The authors evaluated the association between NSAID use and cutaneous melanoma risk in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study (OS). METHODS At study entry, use of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) and nonaspirin NSAIDs was assessed among 59,806 postmenopausal Caucasian women ages 50 to 79 years. Cox proportional hazards models were constructed after adjusting for participant skin type, sun exposure history, and medical indications for NSAID use among other confounders. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 12 years, 548 incident melanomas were confirmed by medical review. Women who used ASA had a 21% lower risk of melanoma (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.98) relative to nonusers. Increased duration of ASA use (<1 year, 1-4 years, and ≥ 5 years) was associated with an 11% lower risk of melanoma for each categorical increase (Ptrend = .01), and women with ≥ 5 years of use had a 30% lower melanoma risk (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.55-0.94). In contrast, use of non-ASA NSAIDs and acetaminophen were not associated with melanoma risk. CONCLUSIONS Postmenopausal women who used ASA had a significantly lower risk of melanoma, and longer duration of ASA use was associated with greater protection. Although this study was limited by the observational design and self-report of NSAID use, the findings suggest that ASA may have a chemopreventive effect against the development of melanoma and warrant further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Gamba
- Stanford University School of Medicine and Cancer Institute, Stanford, California, USA
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Evans MS, Madhunapantula SV, Robertson GP, Drabick JJ. Current and future trials of targeted therapies in cutaneous melanoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 779:223-55. [PMID: 23288642 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6176-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In order to effectively treat melanoma, targeted inhibition of key m-echanistic events regulating melanoma development such as cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and invasion or metastasis needs to be accomplished. The Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway has been identified as a key player in melanoma development making this cascade an important therapeutic target. However, identification of the ideal pathway member to therapeutically target for maximal clinical benefit remains a challenge. In normal cells, the MAPK pathway relays extracellular signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus via a cascade of phosphorylation events, which promote cancer development. Dysregulation of the MAPK pathway occurs frequently in many human cancers including melanoma. Mutations in the B-RAF and RAS genes, genetic or epigenetic modifications are the key aberrations observed in this signaling cascade. Constitutive activation of this pathway causes oncogenic transformation of cells by promoting cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, migration, survival and angiogenesis. This review provides an overview of (a) key members of MAPK signaling regulating melanoma development; (b) key proteins which can serve as biomarkers to assess disease progression; (c) the clinical efficacy of various pharmacological agents targeting MAPK pathway; (d) current clinical trials evaluating downstream targets of the MAPK pathway; (e) issues associated with pharmacological agents such as drug resistance, induction of cancers; and finally (e) various strategies overcoming drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Evans
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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28
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Protein and non-protein biomarkers in melanoma: a critical update. Amino Acids 2012; 43:2203-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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The value of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in differentiating between early melanomas and histopathologically difficult types of benign human skin lesions. Melanoma Res 2012; 22:70-6. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e32834defec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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30
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Cyclooxygenase-dependent signaling is causally linked to non-melanoma skin carcinogenesis: pharmacological, genetic, and clinical evidence. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:343-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Xu Q, Zhao GQ, Zhao J, Lin H, Mou YY, Wang Q, Sun WR. Expression and significance of factors related to angiogenesis in choroidal melanoma. Int J Ophthalmol 2011; 4:49-54. [PMID: 22553608 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2011.01.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM TO INVESTIGATE EXPRESSION OF FACTORS RELATED TO ANGIOGENESIS: HIF-1α, iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF in choroidal melanoma and its clinical significance. METHODS Fifty samples of choroidal melanoma and 15 samples of melanocytic nevi of the eyelid identified by pathology were collected. Immunohistochemistry SP method was used to examine the expression of HIF-1α, iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF in these samples. The comparison among groups was done by SPSS 13.0 software. RESULTS The positive expression rates of HIF-1α, iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF in choroidal melanoma group were significantly higher than those in eyelid nevi group (χ(2)=6.5542, 7.7224, 8.5828, 15.1749). The positive expression rate of VEGF was associated with the tumor size (χ(2)=10.9194), but was not associated with pathological type (χ(2)=2.0712) and the situation of scleral invasion (χ(2)=5.4289). The positive expression rate of HIF-1α was associated with the tumor size (χ(2)=7.1216) and pathological type (χ(2)=9.0889), but was not associated with the situation of scleral invasion (χ(2)=3.3586). The positive expression rate of iNOS was associated with the tumor size (χ(2)=9.5503), but was not associated with pathological type (χ(2)=1.9450) and the situation of scleral invasion (χ(2)=2.3810). The positive expression rate of COX-2 was associated with the tumor size (χ(2)=7.2970), but was not associated with pathological type (χ(2)=1.8421) and the situation of scleral invasion (χ(2)=0.4018). The expression of HIF-1α, iNOS and COX-2 were significantly associated with the expression of VEGF (r=0.9429, 1, 0.9857). The expression of COX-2 was significantly associated with the expression of iNOS (r=0.9857). The expression of HIF-1α was significantly associated with the expression of COX-2 (r=0.9857). The expression of HIF-1α was significantly associated with the expression of iNOS (r=0. 9429). CONCLUSION The expression of HIF-1α, iNOS and COX-2 protein in choroidal melanoma were higher and may relate to angiogenesis and stimulate tumor growth. Determination of HIF-1α, iNOS and COX-2 may be helpful for the diagnosis and therapy of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical Collage, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
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Martínez CM, Peñafiel-Verdú C, Vilafranca M, Ramírez G, Méndez-Gallego M, Buendía AJ, Sánchez J. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is related with localization, proliferation, and overall survival in canine melanocytic neoplasms. Vet Pathol 2011; 48:1204-11. [PMID: 21292918 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810396517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A direct relationship has been firmly established between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and malignant behavior in human melanoma. This report examines the relationship between COX-2 expression and tumor location, mitotic and proliferative indices, degree of T CD3(+) lymphocyte infiltration, overall survival, and frequency of recurrence and metastasis of 57 melanocytic tumors (25 oral and 32 cutaneous). COX-2 was highly or moderately expressed in 88% of oral neoplasms (22 of 25), whereas for their cutaneous counterparts, COX-2 expression was low or insignificant in 75% of cases (24 of 32). High and moderate COX-2 expression levels were observed in 73% of melanocytic tumors with a mitotic index ≥ 3 per 10 high-power fields (26 of 36), whereas in 81% of tumors with a mitotic index < 3 (17 of 21), expression was mild or absent. There were 41 cases with known clinical outcomes; of those showing high, moderate, and mild COX-2 expression, 83.3% (10 of 12), 37.5% (3 of 8), and 25% (2 of 8) died, respectively, whereas 100% of animals showing no COX-2 expression (13 of 13) were still alive at the last follow-up. COX-2 expression was statistically correlated with tumor location, mitotic and percentage Ki-67 proliferative indices, and overall survival, frequency of neoplastic recurrence and metastasis. Regression analysis also showed disease-specific predictive value for COX-2 expression for subjects with melanocytic neoplasms. Additionally, only high COX-2 expression showed significant differences in overall survival, in comparison with moderate, mild, or absent expression. These results suggest that high COX-2 expression may be considered a prognostic biomarker and potentially as a target for therapeutic and preventive strategies in canine melanocytic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Martínez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Minami S, Lum CA, Kitagawa KM, Namiki TS. Immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenage-2 in melanocytic skin lesions. Int J Dermatol 2010; 50:24-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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COX-1 and COX-2 Expression in Canine Cutaneous, Oral and Ocular Melanocytic Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2010; 143:142-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Biomarkers: the useful and the not so useful--an assessment of molecular prognostic markers for cutaneous melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1971-87. [PMID: 20555347 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Among individuals with localized (Stage I-II) melanoma, stratifying patients by a number of phenotypic variables (e.g., depth of invasion, ulceration) yields a wide range of 10-year melanoma-specific survival rates. With the possible exception of Ki-67, no molecular assessment is routinely used. However, there have been a tremendous number of studies assessing protein expression by immunohistochemistry toward the goal of better prediction of recurrence. In a previous systematic review, which required publication of multivariable prognostic models as a strict inclusion criterion, we identified 37 manuscripts that collectively reported on 62 proteins. Data for 324 proteins extracted from 418 manuscripts did not meet our inclusion criteria for that study, but are revisited here, emphasizing trends of protein expression across either melanocytic lesion progression or gradations of tumor thickness. These identified 101 additional proteins that stratify melanoma, organized according to the Hanahan and Weinberg functional capabilities of cancer.
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Gledhill K, Rhodes LE, Brownrigg M, Haylett AK, Masoodi M, Thody AJ, Nicolaou A, Tobin DJ. Prostaglandin-E2 is produced by adult human epidermal melanocytes in response to UVB in a melanogenesis-independent manner. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 23:394-403. [PMID: 20236442 PMCID: PMC2881306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Excessive ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure induces erythema, mediated in part by prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2). While keratinocytes are a major PGE2 source, epidermal melanocytes (EM) also express PGE2-production machinery. It is unclear whether EM-produced PGE2 contributes to UVR-induced skin inflammation, and whether this is correlated with melanogenesis. Epidermal melanocytes were cultured from skin phototype-1 and -4 donors, followed by assessment of PGE2 production and melanogenesis. Epidermal melanocytes expressed cytoplasmic phospholipase-A2, cyclooxygenase-1, cytoplasmic prostaglandin-E synthase and microsomal prostaglandin-E synthase-1, -2. Epidermal melanocytes produced PGE2 under basal conditions, which increased further after arachidonic acid stimulation. Epidermal melanocytes expressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and a selective COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) reduced PGE2 production. Ultraviolet B-induced PGE2 production was positively correlated with skin phototype-1, despite variability between individual EM donors. By contrast, there was no correlation between PGE2 production by EM and their melanogenic status. Thus, EM may contribute to UVR-induced erythema, with role of donor skin phototype more important than their melanogenic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Gledhill
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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37
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Cyclooxygenase-2 immunohistochemistry in human melanoma: differences between results obtained with different antibodies. Melanoma Res 2010; 19:294-300. [PMID: 19543125 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e32832e0bde] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Several groups have reported that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is significantly enhanced in human melanomas, and that the expression of this protein may be useful as diagnostic and prognostic marker for the disease. At the same time, collective analysis of immunohistochemical data on the COX-2 expression in melanomas, presented by different researchers, shows a clear lack of consistency of reported results commonly assigned to differences in protocols used for the staining. This paper describes a study involving the parallel use of three different primary anti-COX-2 antibodies targeting different COX-2 epitopes. A surprising outcome is that although the three antibodies gave very consistent results for the COX-2 expression in keratinocytes, they showed significant differences in immunoreactivity for both melanocytic naevi and melanomas. This phenomenon has not been described before, and has implications for the selection of antibodies for studies on the diagnostic potential of COX-2 for melanoma.
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38
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Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Melanoma Risk: Large Dutch Population-Based Case–Control Study. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2620-7. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Background: Metastatic melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer and with an overall 5-year survival rate of <11%, there is an acute need for novel therapeutic strategies. Activating mutations in the BRAF oncogene are present in 50–70% of cases and contribute to tumourigenesis, thus, defining downstream targets of oncogenic BRAF may help define novel targets for therapeutic intervention. The Ca2+/calcineurin-regulated transcription factor, Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), is important in the pathogenesis of several human cancers, target genes of which are also known to contribute to melanoma progression. One such NFAT target gene is COX-2, increased expression of which correlates with poor prognosis; however, upstream regulators of COX-2 in melanoma remain undefined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate NFAT expression and activity in metastatic melanoma and establish whether or not oncogenic BRAF signalling modulates NFAT activity and determine if NFAT is a key upstream regulator of COX-2 in melanoma. Methods: Nuclear factor of activated T-cells transcriptional activity and protein expression were determined in three human metastatic melanoma cell lines with differing B-RAF mutational status. NFAT activation by oncogenic BRAFV600E was explored by BRAFV600E overexpression and application of the specific MEK inhibitor PD98059. Regulation of COX-2 expression by NFAT was investigated using NFAT-targeted siRNA, calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporin A and FK506, in addition to COX-2 luciferase reporter vectors that selectively lacked NFAT binding sites. Results: NFAT transcriptional activity was increased in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells compared with wild-type cells. Furthermore, in wild-type cells, overexpression of BRAFV600E increased NFAT activity, which was blocked by the MEK inhibitor PD98059. Using calcineurin inhibitors and siRNA-mediated knockdown of NFAT2 and 4, we show NFAT is required for COX-2 promoter activation and protein induction in metastatic melanoma cells. Conclusion: NFAT2 and 4 are expressed in human metastatic melanoma cell lines and are activated by oncogenic BRAFV600E via MEK/ERK signalling. NFAT is an important upstream regulator of COX-2 in metastatic melanoma. Furthermore, as the BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway is hyperactive in other malignancies and MEK/ERK are also activated by oncogenic RAS in 30% of all human cancers, the potential to exploit NFAT signalling for therapeutic benefit warrants further investigation.
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Abstract
Several studies illustrated considerably elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein in various types of human cancer including malignant melanoma. Recently, it was reported that COX-2 is strongly expressed in malignant melanoma and may be correlated with the development and progression of disease. In contrast, other groups did not detect COX-2 protein in primary melanoma cells but did in infiltrating inflammatory cells or metastases. However, there are no reports about patterns or alterations of COX-2 expression in melanoma cells during disease progression or of a correlation between COX-2 expression and overall survival. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a correlation between expression of COX-2 protein and disease prognosis in malignant melanoma. We therefore analyzed the expression of COX-2 protein by immunohistochemistry in 101 primary malignant melanomas and 28 metastases and correlated our data with Breslow tumor thickness, Clark levels, different melanoma subtypes, metastases, and overall survival. We detected a strong COX-2 expression in 95% of all primary melanomas, primarily restricted to melanoma cells as shown by various immunohistochemical methods. Levels of COX-2 expression in primary melanoma and corresponding metastases remained stable. A significant correlation between immunohistochemical staining intensity and tumor thickness was demonstrated. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier curves illustrated a significant correlation between staining intensity and disease-specific survival. Our findings emphasize that the COX-2 protein might be a novel prognostic marker. Owing to its strong expression in melanoma cells it might also be a reasonable therapeutic target.
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Lee C, Ramirez JA, Guitart J, Diaz LK. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma during malignant melanoma progression. J Cutan Pathol 2008; 35:989-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Scuderi MR, Anfuso CD, Lupo G, Motta C, Romeo L, Guerra L, Cappellani A, Ragusa N, Cantarella G, Alberghina M. Expression of Ca2+-independent and Ca2+-dependent phospholipases A2 and cyclooxygenases in human melanocytes and malignant melanoma cell lines. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1781:635-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Primary and Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2008; 16:442-6. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31815f982a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kast RE. Melanoma inhibition by cyclooxygenase inhibitors: role of interleukin-6 suppression, a putative mechanism of action, and clinical implications. Med Oncol 2007; 24:1-6. [PMID: 17673806 DOI: 10.1007/bf02685897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma progression is often associated with supranormal levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Il-6 is an important growth factor for many cases of melanoma. A recent case report by Lejeune et al. [Melanoma Res 2006;16:263-265] of remission of an advanced melanoma during treatment with the cyclooxygenase, (COX) inhibitor rofecoxib can be explained by rofcoxib-mediated lowering of tumor-produced Il-6. Several examples of rofecoxib's ability to lower Il-6 in humans have been published recently in other settings, and many reports indicate that other commonly used COX inhibitors like aspirin, diclofenac, etodolac, indomethacin, naproxen, and many others, also lower Il-6 in humans. These studies are reviewed. The likely mechanism of COX inhibition leading to Il-6 lowering is due to the tendency for Il-6 levels to be controlled by intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenylate cyclase is the rate-limiting enzyme in cAMP synthesis. Because adenylate cyclase activity is allosterically enhanced when it binds prostaglandin E, the latter increases Il-6. COX inhibition lowers prostaglandin E levels. This lowers intracellular cAMP levels. Lower cAMP results in lower Il-6 synthesis, lower levels of a required growth factor. Controlled studies are needed to define the role of COX inhibitors in melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Kast
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
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Abstract
Cohesive scientific evidence from molecular, animal, and human investigations supports the hypothesis that aberrant induction of COX-2 and up-regulation of the prostaglandin cascade play a significant role in carcinogenesis, and reciprocally, blockade of the process has strong potential for cancer prevention and therapy. Supporting evidence includes the following: [1] expression of constitutive COX-2-catalyzed prostaglandin biosynthesis is induced by most cancer-causing agents including tobacco smoke and its components (polycylic aromatic amines, heterocyclic amines, nitrosamines), essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (unconjugated linoleic acid), mitogens, growth factors, proinflammatory cytokines, microbial agents, tumor promoters, and other epigenetic factors, [2] COX-2 expression is a characteristic feature of all premalignant neoplasms, [3] COX-2 expression is a characteristic feature of all malignant neoplasms, and expression intensifies with stage at detection and cancer progression and metastasis, [4] all essential features of carcinogenesis (mutagenesis, mitogenesis, angiogenesis, reduced apoptosis, metastasis, and immunosuppression) are linked to COX-2-driven prostaglandin (PGE-2) biosynthesis, [5] animal studies show that COX-2 up-regulation (in the absence of genetic mutations) is sufficient to stimulate the transformation of normal cells to invasive cancer and metastatic disease, [6] non-selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, reduce the risk of human cancer and precancerous lesions, and [7] selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib, reduce the risk of human cancer and precancerous lesions at all anatomic sites thus far investigated. Results confirming that COX-2 blockade is effective for both cancer prevention and therapy have been tempered by observations that some COX2 inhibitors pose a risk to the cardiovascular system, and more studies are needed in order to determine if certain of these drugs can be taken at dosages that prevent cancer without increasing cardiovascular risk. It is emphasized that the "inflammogenesis model of cancer" is not mutually exclusive and may in fact be synergistic with the accumulation of somatic mutations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes or epigenetic factors in the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall E Harris
- College of Medicine and School of Public Health, Center of Molecular Epidemiology and Environmental Health, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 310 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1240, USA
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Ozdal PC, Callejo S, Caissie AL, Edelstein C, Bakalian S, Vianna RNG, Burnier MN. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human irradiated uveal melanomas. Int Ophthalmol 2007; 28:1-6. [PMID: 17603773 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-007-9096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Previous studies have shown that radiotherapy is a stimulus for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and that use of COX-2 inhibitors enhances the radio sensitivity of tumor cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate COX-2 expression, and its correlation with tumor regrowth after irradiation, in enucleated eyes with uveal melanomas. METHODS Fifteen tissue samples from patients who underwent enucleation after radiotherapy between 1988 and 2001 were used. Nine cases (60%) were enucleated because of tumor regrowth and six (40%) because of severe complications of radiotherapy. Specimens were immunostained for COX-2, and tumor cells were evaluated for specific cytoplasmic and granular immunostaining. COX-2 expression for these cases was compared with that in the previous study including 40 non-irradiated uveal melanoma cases. COX-2 expression was also correlated with tumor regrowth after radiotherapy. RESULTS Two cases (13.3%) were positive and thirteen (86.7%) were negative for COX-2 expression. One of the positive cases had been enucleated because of tumor regrowth and one because of radiotherapy complications. There was no relationship between tumor regrowth and COX-2 expression. COX-2 expression was significantly lower in irradiated cases than in non-irradiated cases in the previous study (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In contrast with studies showing an increase of COX-2 expression in other irradiated malignancies, irradiation was not a factor inducing COX-2 in uveal melanomas. Radiotherapy may, moreover, be a factor that reduces COX-2 expression in uveal melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar C Ozdal
- Sehit Cevdet Ozdemir Mah., Seftali Sok.74/17, Dikmen, Ankara, 06450, Turkey.
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Chwirot BW, Kuźbicki Ł. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2): first immunohistochemical marker distinguishing early cutaneous melanomas from benign melanocytic skin tumours. Melanoma Res 2007; 17:139-45. [PMID: 17505259 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e3280dec6ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have reported recently that changes in expression level of COX-2 are correlated with development and progression of human melanoma. In this study, we investigated whether the COX-2 expression level might be a useful immunohistochemical marker for distinguishing cutaneous melanomas from benign melanocytic lesions. Up to now, immunohistochemical markers have not ensured satisfactory sensitivity and specificity of differential pathologic diagnosis of melanoma. The expression of COX-2 was determined immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of 33 early Clark I/II melanomas and 58 naevi. Mean COX-2 expression in melanomas was significantly stronger than in naevi (P approximately 10(-13)). A simple diagnostic algorithm using threshold values of the COX-2 expression level allows for differentiation between early melanomas and naevi with high sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) (for Se between 91 and 100%, Sp values change between 96.5 and 51.7%). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were, respectively, 0.97+/-0.02 and 0.86+/-0.04 for the COX-2 expression in central and border regions of the lesions. For all the melanomas (not only the early ones),the respective areas under the ROC curve values were 0.98+/-0.01 and 0.97+/-0.02. In conclusion, COX-2 is the first immunohistochemical marker that allows the distinguishing of early melanomas from benign melanocytic lesions with both high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara W Chwirot
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
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Spinella F, Rosanò L, Di Castro V, Decandia S, Nicotra MR, Natali PG, Bagnato A. Endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 promote invasive behavior via hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in human melanoma cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1725-34. [PMID: 17308114 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin (ET) B receptor (ET(B)R), which is overexpressed in human cutaneous melanomas, promotes tumorigenesis upon activation by ET-1 or ET-3, thus representing a potential novel therapeutic target. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is the transcriptional factor that conveys signaling elicited by hypoxia and growth factor receptors. Here, we investigated the interplay between ET axis and hypoxia in primary and metastatic melanoma cell lines. We report that under normoxic conditions, ET(B)R activation by ET-1/ET-3 enhances vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) up-regulation, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/COX-2 protein expression and COX-2 promoter activity, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production, and do so to a greater extent under hypoxia. Moreover, COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors block ET-induced PGE(2) and VEGF secretion, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation, and cell invasion, indicating that both enzymes function as downstream mediators of ET-induced invasive properties. The ET(B)R selective antagonist BQ788 or transfection with ET(B)R small interfering RNA (siRNA) block the ET-mediated effects. ETs also increase HIF-1alpha expression under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions and its silencing by siRNA desensitizes COX-2 transcriptional activity, PGE(2) and VEGF production, and MMP activation in response to ET-3, implicating, for the first time, HIF-1alpha/COX as downstream targets of ET(B)R signaling leading to invasiveness. In melanoma xenografts, specific ET(B)R antagonist suppresses tumor growth, neovascularization, and invasiveness-related factors. Collectively, these results identify a new mechanism whereby ET-1/ET-3/ET(B)R axis can promote and interact with the HIF-1alpha-dependent machinery to amplify the COX-mediated invasive behavior of melanoma. New therapeutic strategies using specific ET(B)R antagonist could provide an improved approach to the treatment of melanoma by inhibiting tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spinella
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Ultrastructure, Rome Oncogenomic Center, and Laboratory of Immunology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
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Kuźbicki L, Aładowicz E, Chwirot BW. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 expression in human melanomas and benign melanocytic skin lesions. Melanoma Res 2006; 16:435-44. [PMID: 17013093 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000232290.61042.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK-2) is strongly involved in regulating the progression of the cell cycle through G1/S checkpoint and S phase. Numerous studies demonstrated increased levels of CDK-2 (and also of its regulatory cyclins E and/or A) in different types of human tumours. Correlations found between the expression of those cell cycle regulators and progression and/or invasiveness of some tumours indicated the importance of CDK-2 as a potential prognostic marker. At the same time, in vitro studies of melanoma cell lines revealed melanocyte-specific regulation of CDK-2. The present study was aimed at examining levels of CDK-2 in human melanomas and benign pigmented lesions to evaluate whether it might be considered a potential molecular marker of melanoma progression. Expression of CDK-2 was determined immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens comprising 76 lesions including 41 primary cutaneous melanomas, 15 lymph node melanoma metastases (in eight cases correlated with primary tumours), three melanoma recurrences (two cases correlated with both primary and metastatic melanomas) and 17 nevi. Our results demonstrate that development and progression of melanoma are associated with changes in CDK-2 expression level. Statistical significance of the observed correlations indicates that CDK-2 may be a suitable prognostic marker for melanoma and perhaps also a target for chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kuźbicki
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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Kuźbicki L, Gajo B, Chwirot BW. Different expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 in human melanomas and benign melanocytic lesions. Melanoma Res 2006; 16:235-43. [PMID: 16718270 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000215034.00318.7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 is a protein with a significant content of beta1,6-branched N-glycans. It is thought that enhanced expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 in tumour cells may promote invasion by influencing both adhesion to extracellular matrix and perhaps also binding to endothelial cells. The present study was aimed at examining levels of lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 in human melanomas and benign pigmented lesions to evaluate whether this protein might be considered a potential molecular marker of melanoma progression. The expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 was for the first time determined immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens comprising 42 primary cutaneous melanomas, 15 lymph node melanoma metastases (11 correlated with primary tumours), three melanoma recurrences (correlated with both primary and metastatic melanomas), 27 nevi and four epithelial tumours (two seborrhoeic keratoses and two basal cell carcinomas). Our results demonstrate that development and progression of melanoma are associated with changes of the lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 level. The expression was strongest in melanoma recurrences and lymph node metastases, weaker in primary cutaneous melanomas and not detectable in melanocytes of pigmented nevi. Nodular melanomas expressed lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 at higher level than superficially spreading melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kuźbicki
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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