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Kim BY, Choi DW, Woo SR, Park ER, Lee JG, Kim SH, Koo I, Park SH, Han CJ, Kim SB, Yeom YI, Yang SJ, Yu A, Lee JW, Jang JJ, Cho MH, Jeon WK, Park YN, Suh KS, Lee KH. Recurrence-associated pathways in hepatitis B virus-positive hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:279. [PMID: 25888140 PMCID: PMC4448317 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the recent identification of several prognostic gene signatures, the lack of common genes among experimental cohorts has posed a considerable challenge in uncovering the molecular basis underlying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence for application in clinical purposes. To overcome the limitations of individual gene-based analysis, we applied a pathway-based approach for analysis of HCC recurrence. Results By implementing a permutation-based semi-supervised principal component analysis algorithm using the optimal principal component, we selected sixty-four pathways associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-positive HCC recurrence (p < 0.01), from our microarray dataset composed of 142 HBV-positive HCCs. In relation to the public HBV- and public hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive HCC datasets, we detected 46 (71.9%) and 18 (28.1%) common recurrence-associated pathways, respectively. However, overlap of recurrence-associated genes between datasets was rare, further supporting the utility of the pathway-based approach for recurrence analysis between different HCC datasets. Non-supervised clustering of the 64 recurrence-associated pathways facilitated the classification of HCC patients into high- and low-risk subgroups, based on risk of recurrence (p < 0.0001). The pathways identified were additionally successfully applied to discriminate subgroups depending on recurrence risk within the public HCC datasets. Through multivariate analysis, these recurrence-associated pathways were identified as an independent prognostic factor (p < 0.0001) along with tumor number, tumor size and Edmondson’s grade. Moreover, the pathway-based approach had a clinical advantage in terms of discriminating the high-risk subgroup (N = 12) among patients (N = 26) with small HCC (<3 cm). Conclusions Using pathway-based analysis, we successfully identified the pathways involved in recurrence of HBV-positive HCC that may be effectively used as prognostic markers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1472-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Yeo Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Dong Wook Choi
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-ku, Seoul, 139-706, Korea. .,Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Seon Rang Woo
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-ku, Seoul, 139-706, Korea.
| | - Eun-Ran Park
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-ku, Seoul, 139-706, Korea. .,Department of Pathology and BK 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Je-Geun Lee
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-ku, Seoul, 139-706, Korea.
| | - Su-Hyeon Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-ku, Seoul, 139-706, Korea.
| | - Imhoi Koo
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA.
| | - Sun-Hoo Park
- Department of Pathology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Chul Ju Han
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-ku, Seoul, 139-706, Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sang Bum Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-ku, Seoul, 139-706, Korea. .,Department of Surgery, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Young Il Yeom
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Suk-Jin Yang
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Ami Yu
- Department of Statistics, Korea University, Seoul, Korea. .,Korean Medicine Clinical Trial Center, Kyung Hee University Oriental Medicine Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Department of Statistics, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Ja June Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Myung-Haing Cho
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Won Kyung Jeon
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Young Nyun Park
- Department of Pathology and BK 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Suk Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kee-Ho Lee
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-ku, Seoul, 139-706, Korea. .,Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
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Thijssen VL, Rabinovich GA, Griffioen AW. Vascular galectins: regulators of tumor progression and targets for cancer therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:547-58. [PMID: 23942184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of carbohydrate binding proteins with a broad range of cytokine and growth factor-like functions in multiple steps of cancer progression. They contribute to tumor cell transformation, promote tumor angiogenesis, hamper the anti-tumor immune response, and facilitate tumor metastasis. Consequently, galectins are considered as multifunctional targets for cancer therapy. Interestingly, many of the functions related to tumor progression can be linked to galectins expressed by endothelial cells in the tumor vascular bed. Since the tumor vasculature is an easily accessible target for cancer therapy, understanding how galectins in the tumor endothelium influence cancer progression is important for the translational development of galectin-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Thijssen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Biomarkers: the useful and the not so useful--an assessment of molecular prognostic markers for cutaneous melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1971-87. [PMID: 20555347 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Among individuals with localized (Stage I-II) melanoma, stratifying patients by a number of phenotypic variables (e.g., depth of invasion, ulceration) yields a wide range of 10-year melanoma-specific survival rates. With the possible exception of Ki-67, no molecular assessment is routinely used. However, there have been a tremendous number of studies assessing protein expression by immunohistochemistry toward the goal of better prediction of recurrence. In a previous systematic review, which required publication of multivariable prognostic models as a strict inclusion criterion, we identified 37 manuscripts that collectively reported on 62 proteins. Data for 324 proteins extracted from 418 manuscripts did not meet our inclusion criteria for that study, but are revisited here, emphasizing trends of protein expression across either melanocytic lesion progression or gradations of tumor thickness. These identified 101 additional proteins that stratify melanoma, organized according to the Hanahan and Weinberg functional capabilities of cancer.
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An extended antibody microarray for surface profiling metastatic melanoma. J Immunol Methods 2010; 358:23-34. [PMID: 20363224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An antibody microarray was developed for profiling the surface proteome of melanoma cells, which may facilitate melanoma sub-classification and provide important prognostic information useful in predicting the clinical behavior of the melanoma (e.g., likely sites of metastatic spread), patient outcome and treatment response. Forty-eight antibodies were selected based on their correlation with melanoma development, progression and/or prognosis and printed on nitrocellulose slides. The immobilised antibodies capture live cells expressing corresponding antigens to produce a cell binding dot pattern representing the surface antigen profile (immunophenotype) of the melanoma. Surface antigen signatures were determined for a normal melanocyte and 6 melanoma cell lines and cell suspensions prepared from 10 surgically excised melanoma lymph node metastases. A procedure for obtaining separate surface antigen profiles for melanoma cells and leukocytes from clinical lymph node samples was also developed using anti-CD45 magnetic beads. The capture of live, bead-bound leukocytes on these antibody microarrays provides a significant enhancement of this microarray technology. The antibody microarray will be used to profile panels of surgically excised melanoma lymph node metastases (melanoma and leukocyte fractions) to determine whether the immunophenotypes correlate with clinicopathological characteristics, disease progression and clinical outcome.
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Federici C, Brambilla D, Lozupone F, Matarrese P, de Milito A, Lugini L, Iessi E, Cecchetti S, Marino M, Perdicchio M, Logozzi M, Spada M, Malorni W, Fais S. Pleiotropic function of ezrin in human metastatic melanomas. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2804-12. [PMID: 19235924 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The membrane cytoskeleton cross-linker, ezrin, has recently been depicted as a key regulator in the progression and metastasis of several pediatric tumors. Less defined appears the role of ezrin in human adult tumors, especially melanoma. We therefore addressed ezrin involvement in the metastatic phenotype of human adult metastatic melanoma cells. Our results show that cells resected from melanoma metastatic lesions of patients, display marked metastatic spreading capacity in SCID mice organs. Stable transfection of human melanoma cells with an ezrin deletion mutant comprising only 146 N-terminal aminoacids led to the abolishment of metastatic dissemination. In vitro experiments revealed ezrin direct molecular interactions with molecules related to metastatic functions such as CD44, merlin and Lamp-1, consistent with its participation to the formation of phagocitic vacuoles, vesicular sorting and migration capacities of melanoma cells. Moreover, the ezrin fragment capable of binding to CD44 was shorter than that previously reported, and transfection with the ezrin deletion mutant abrogated plasma membrane Lamp-1 recruitment. This study highlights key involvement of ezrin in a complex machinery, which allows metastatic cancer cells to migrate, invade and survive in very unfavorable conditions. Our in vivo and in vitro data reveal that ezrin is the hub of the metastatic behavior also in human adult tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Federici
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Kuźbicki L, Aładowicz E, Chwirot BW. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 expression in human melanomas and benign melanocytic skin lesions. Melanoma Res 2006; 16:435-44. [PMID: 17013093 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000232290.61042.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK-2) is strongly involved in regulating the progression of the cell cycle through G1/S checkpoint and S phase. Numerous studies demonstrated increased levels of CDK-2 (and also of its regulatory cyclins E and/or A) in different types of human tumours. Correlations found between the expression of those cell cycle regulators and progression and/or invasiveness of some tumours indicated the importance of CDK-2 as a potential prognostic marker. At the same time, in vitro studies of melanoma cell lines revealed melanocyte-specific regulation of CDK-2. The present study was aimed at examining levels of CDK-2 in human melanomas and benign pigmented lesions to evaluate whether it might be considered a potential molecular marker of melanoma progression. Expression of CDK-2 was determined immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens comprising 76 lesions including 41 primary cutaneous melanomas, 15 lymph node melanoma metastases (in eight cases correlated with primary tumours), three melanoma recurrences (two cases correlated with both primary and metastatic melanomas) and 17 nevi. Our results demonstrate that development and progression of melanoma are associated with changes in CDK-2 expression level. Statistical significance of the observed correlations indicates that CDK-2 may be a suitable prognostic marker for melanoma and perhaps also a target for chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kuźbicki
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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