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Wang H, Chen H, Cui X, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Chen X. Simultaneous determination of unecritinib (TQ-B3101) and its active metabolite crizotinib in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS:An application to pharmacokinetic studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 246:116199. [PMID: 38744200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Unecritinib (TQ-B3101) is a selective tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor. In the study, in vitro metabolic experiments revealed that the hydrolysis of TQ-B3101 was mainly catalyzed by carboxylesterase 2 (CES2), followed by CES1. Next, a sensitive and reliable LC-MS/MS method was established for the simultaneous determination of TQ-B3101 and its metabolite crizotinib in rat plasma. To prevent in vitro hydrolysis of TQ-B3101, sodium fluoride, the CESs inhibitor at a concentration of 2 M, was immediately added after whole blood collection. Plasma samples were extracted by acetonitrile-induced protein precipitation method, and chromatographically separated on a Gemini C18 column (50 mm × 2.0 mm i.d., 5 μm) using gradient elution with a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate with 0.1% formic acid. The retention times for TQ-B3101 and crizotinib were 2.61 and 2.38 min, respectively. The analytes were detected with tandem mass spectrometer by positive electrospray ionization, using the ion transitions at m/z 492.3 → 302.3 for TQ-B3101, m/z 450.3 → 260.3 for crizotinib, and m/z 494.0 → 394.3 for imatinib (internal standard). Method validation was conducted in the linear range of 1.00-800 ng/mL for the two analytes. The precision, accuracy and stabilities all met the acceptance criteria. The pharmacokinetic study indicated that TQ-B3101 was rapidly hydrolyzed to crizotinib with the elimination half-life of 1.11 h after a single gavage administration of 27 mg/kg to Sprague-Dawley rats, and the plasma exposure of TQ-B3101 was only 2.98% of that of crizotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Huixian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xinran Cui
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jialan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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2
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Dalla Zuanna P, Curci D, Lucafò M, Addobbati R, Fabretto A, Stocco G. Preanalytical Stability of 13 Antibiotics in Biological Samples: A Crucial Factor for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:675. [PMID: 39061358 PMCID: PMC11274111 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The stability of antibiotic preanalytical samples is a critical factor in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), a practice of undoubted importance for the proper therapeutic use of antibiotics, especially in complex management patients, such as pediatrics. This review aims to analyze the data in the literature regarding the preanalytical stability of some of the antibiotics for which TDM is most frequently requested. The literature regarding the preanalytical stability of amikacin, ampicillin, cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, daptomycin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, linezolid, meropenem, piperacillin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin in plasma, serum, whole blood, and dried blood/plasma spot samples was analyzed. Various storage temperatures (room temperature, 4 °C, -20 °C, and -80 °C) and various storage times (from 1 h up to 12 months) as well as subjecting to multiple freeze-thaw cycles were considered. The collected data showed that the non-beta-lactam antibiotics analyzed were generally stable under the normal storage conditions used in analytical laboratories. Beta-lactam antibiotics have more pronounced instability, particularly meropenem, piperacillin, cefepime, and ceftazidime. For this class of antibiotics, we suggest that storage at room temperature should be limited to a maximum of 4 h, storage at 2-8 °C should be limited to a maximum of 24 h, and storage at -20 °C should be limited to a maximum of 7 days; while, for longer storage, freezing at -80 °C is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Dalla Zuanna
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
| | - Debora Curci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (D.C.); (R.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Marianna Lucafò
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Addobbati
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (D.C.); (R.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonella Fabretto
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (D.C.); (R.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (D.C.); (R.A.); (A.F.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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3
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Tian L, Tian Q, Tamer E. Screening stabilisers for cyanoenone triterpenoid TX101 in rat plasma samples by simultaneous analysis of parent drug and the epoxidation product. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 5:2300058. [PMID: 38828082 PMCID: PMC11142389 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202300058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In the development of bioanalytical methods, stabilizing drug molecules in biological matrices is crucial for ensuring reliable exposure data in pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic sample analyses. This study focuses on the evaluation of stabilizing effects on the synthetic triterpenoid TX101, a cyanoenone triterpenoid Nrf2 activator with known instability in plasma samples. The molecule's unsaturated double bond is susceptible to oxidation, either nonenzymatically via oxygen or enzymatically through cytochrome P450 enzyme-catalyzed epoxidation. The research explores the impact of antioxidants (L-ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite) and P450 enzyme inhibitors (sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, memantine hydrochloride, 1-aminobenzotriazole) on TX101 stability in rat plasma samples. Results reveal that adding 2.5 mg/mL sodium sulfite or sodium metabisulfite effectively inhibits the nonenzymatic oxidation of TX101 to TX101-epoxide, while L-ascorbic acid shows minimal stabilizing effect. Among P450 enzyme inhibitors, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and memantine hydrochloride exhibit modest stabilizing effects, likely attributed to their antioxidant activity. The developed High-formance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, incorporating Supported Liquid Extraction for sample cleanup, allows simultaneous monitoring of TX101 and TX101-epoxide. Application of this method in a rat dose-range finding study confirms successful inhibition of TX101-epoxide formation in samples treated with sodium sulfite or sodium metabisulfite. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of stabilizers in preventing nonenzymatic oxidation reactions during sample storage, providing valuable insights for bioanalytical method development and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Tian
- Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc.IrvingTexasUSA
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4
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Vezzelli A, Verzè S, Morbioli L, Solazzo L, Greco A, Benetti C, Cenacchi V, Breda M. Development and validation of a bioanalytical method for the quantification of CHF6550 and its metabolite (CHF6671) in rat plasma and lung homogenate using LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1222:123678. [PMID: 37028170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
A selective and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for accurate determination of CHF6550 and its main metabolite in rat plasma and lung homogenate samples. All biological samples were prepared by simple protein precipitation method using deuterated internal standards. The analytes were separated on a HSS T3 analytical column with 3.2 min run time at flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The detection was performed on a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer equipped with positive-ion electrospray ionization by selected-reaction monitoring of the transitions at m/z 735.3 → 98.0 for CHF6550 and m/z 638.3 → 319.2 and 638.3 → 376.2 for CHF6671. The calibration curves for plasma samples were linear between 50 and 50000 pg/mL for both analytes. The calibration curves for lung homogenate samples were linear within 0.1-100 ng/mL for CHF6550 and 0.3-300 ng/mL for CHF6671. The method was successfully applied to a 4-week toxicity study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vezzelli
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec company, Via A. Fleming, 4, Verona, Italy.
| | - S Verzè
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec company, Via A. Fleming, 4, Verona, Italy
| | - L Morbioli
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec company, Via A. Fleming, 4, Verona, Italy
| | - L Solazzo
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec company, Via A. Fleming, 4, Verona, Italy
| | - A Greco
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec company, Via A. Fleming, 4, Verona, Italy
| | - C Benetti
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - V Cenacchi
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - M Breda
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec company, Via A. Fleming, 4, Verona, Italy
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5
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Smits A, Annaert P, Cavallaro G, De Cock PAJG, de Wildt SN, Kindblom JM, Lagler FB, Moreno C, Pokorna P, Schreuder MF, Standing JF, Turner MA, Vitiello B, Zhao W, Weingberg AM, Willmann R, van den Anker J, Allegaert K. Current knowledge, challenges and innovations in developmental pharmacology: A combined conect4children Expert Group and European Society for Developmental, Perinatal and Paediatric Pharmacology White Paper. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:4965-4984. [PMID: 34180088 PMCID: PMC9787161 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental pharmacology describes the impact of maturation on drug disposition (pharmacokinetics, PK) and drug effects (pharmacodynamics, PD) throughout the paediatric age range. This paper, written by a multidisciplinary group of experts, summarizes current knowledge, and provides suggestions to pharmaceutical companies, regulatory agencies and academicians on how to incorporate the latest knowledge regarding developmental pharmacology and innovative techniques into neonatal and paediatric drug development. Biological aspects of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion throughout development are summarized. Although this area made enormous progress during the last two decades, remaining knowledge gaps were identified. Minimal risk and burden designs allow for optimally informative but minimally invasive PK sampling, while concomitant profiling of drug metabolites may provide additional insight in the unique PK behaviour in children. Furthermore, developmental PD needs to be considered during drug development, which is illustrated by disease- and/or target organ-specific examples. Identifying and testing PD targets and effects in special populations, and application of age- and/or population-specific assessment tools are discussed. Drug development plans also need to incorporate innovative techniques such as preclinical models to study therapeutic strategies, and shift from sequential enrolment of subgroups, to more rational designs. To stimulate appropriate research plans, illustrations of specific PK/PD-related as well as drug safety-related challenges during drug development are provided. The suggestions made in this joint paper of the Innovative Medicines Initiative conect4children Expert group on Developmental Pharmacology and the European Society for Developmental, Perinatal and Paediatric Pharmacology, should facilitate all those involved in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Smits
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Neonatal intensive Care unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giacomo Cavallaro
- Neonatal intensive care unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Grande Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pieter A J G De Cock
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacy, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Saskia N de Wildt
- Intensive Care and Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jenny M Kindblom
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Florian B Lagler
- Institute for Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Clinical Research Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Carmen Moreno
- Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Pokorna
- Intensive Care and Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michiel F Schreuder
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph F Standing
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark A Turner
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - Benedetto Vitiello
- Division of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Clinical Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | | | | | - John van den Anker
- Intensive Care and Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Djilali E, Pappalardo L, Posadino AM, Giordo R, Pintus G. Effects of the Storage Conditions on the Stability of Natural and Synthetic Cannabis in Biological Matrices for Forensic Toxicology Analysis: An Update from the Literature. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090801. [PMID: 36144208 PMCID: PMC9501240 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use and abuse of cannabis, be it for medicinal or recreational purposes, is widely spread among the population. Consequently, a market for more potent and consequently more toxic synthetic cannabinoids has flourished, and with it, the need for accurate testing of these substances in intoxicated people. In this regard, one of the critical factors in forensic toxicology is the stability of these drugs in different biological matrices due to different storage conditions. This review aims to present the most updated and relevant literature of studies performed on the effects of different storage conditions on the stability of cannabis compounds present in various biological matrices, such as blood and plasma, urine, and oral fluids, as well as in alternative matrices, such as breath, bile fluid, hair, sweat, cerumen, and dried blood spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Djilali
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lucia Pappalardo
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Maria Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberta Giordo
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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7
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Development and Validation of a Sensitive and Specific LC-MS/MS Method for IWR-1-Endo, a Wnt Signaling Inhibitor: Application to a Cerebral Microdialysis Study. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175448. [PMID: 36080214 PMCID: PMC9457781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IWR-1-endo, a small molecule that potently inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by stabilizing the AXIN2 destruction complex, can inhibit drug efflux at the blood−brain barrier. To conduct murine cerebral microdialysis research, validated, sensitive, and reliable liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods were used to determine IWR-1-endo concentration in the murine plasma and brain microdialysate. IWR-1-endo and the internal standard (ISTD) dabrafenib were extracted from murine plasma and microdialysate samples by a simple solid-phase extraction protocol performed on an Oasis HLB µElution plate. Chromatographic separation was executed on a Kinetex C18 (100A, 50 × 2.1 mm, 4 µm particle size) column with a binary gradient of water and acetonitrile, each having 0.1% formic acid, pumped at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Detection by mass spectrometry was conducted in the positive selected reaction monitoring ion mode by monitoring mass transitions 410.40 > 344.10 (IWR-1-endo) and 520.40 > 307.20 (ISTD). The validated curve range of IWR-1-endo was 5−1000 ng/mL for the murine plasma method (r2 ≥ 0.99) and 0.5−500 ng/mL for the microdialysate method (r2 ≥ 0.99). The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 5 ng/mL and 0.5 ng/mL for the murine plasma and microdialysate sample analysis method, respectively. Negligible matrix effects were observed in murine plasma and microdialysate samples. IWR-1-endo was extremely unstable in murine plasma. To improve the stability of IWR-1-endo, pH adjustments of 1.5 were introduced to murine plasma and microdialysate samples before sample storage and processing. With pH adjustment of 1.5 to the murine plasma and microdialysate samples, IWR-1-endo was stable across several tested conditions such as benchtop, autosampler, freeze−thaw, and long term at −80 °C. The LC-MS/MS methods were successfully applied to a murine pharmacokinetic and cerebral microdialysis study to characterize the unbound IWR-1-endo exposure in brain extracellular fluid and plasma.
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8
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Dudko GA, Dikunec MA, Virjus ED, Krjuchkov AC. Alternative and promising targets of biochemical analysis in sport (review of literature). Klin Lab Diagn 2021; 66:655-660. [PMID: 34882349 DOI: 10.51620/0869-2084-2021-66-11-655-660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Current literature review provides an evaluation of advantages and limitations of biochemical control objects representing functional state of athletes as well as the outlook for using alternative targets regarding sports medicine. Traditionally, invasive procedures (venous blood collection, muscle biopsy) have been known as the gold standard for analyzing a wide range of biomarkers which could be employed as effective diagnostic tools to control the course of adaptation processes, monitor performance, overtraining and physical well-being of athletes, but these techniques are painful, time-consuming and place demands on storage and shipment. In this behalf finding an alternative objects for biochemical research that does not have disadvantages given above is the question of present interest. Saliva and dry blood spots (DBS) could serve as equally informative and promising targets for monitoring athletes' condition. The non-invasive nature of saliva collection allows to shorten sample collection time, reduce stress hormones levels and possible infection contamination. Moreover, collecting saliva process does not require special equipment and trained medical staff which is particularly important when athletes are at training camps. The DBS method has successfully proven itself with regard to neonatal screening and pharmacokinetics studies. Its key benefits are simplicity, small volume of bioliquid, enhanced stability of adsorbed biomarkers on the card surface, lack of special storage and transportation requirements and low costs for samples shipment to the laboratory. Taken together outlined advantages will provide the opportunity to increase the frequency of biomaterial collection to perform selective observation of training loads effects on various systems of athletes' body. The combination of DBS with immunochemical and mass-spectrometric approaches could serve as an efficient instrument to investigate the role of various biomarkers in monitoring the functional state of athletes. We searched for articles in MedLine database with the key words «dry blood spots», «saliva», «sports medicine», «sample collection», «sports biochemistry».
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M A Dikunec
- Federal science center for physical culture and sport
| | - E D Virjus
- The institute of general pathology and pathophysiology
| | - A C Krjuchkov
- Federal science center for physical culture and sport
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9
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Okhina AA, Rogachev AD, Yarovaya OI, Pokrovsky AG, Salakhutdinov NF. Stability study of the antiviral agent camphecene in dried blood spots at different temperatures. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1797-1802. [PMID: 34448348 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an optimized procedure of sample preparation for quantitative determination of the antiviral agent camphecene in dried rat blood spots was developed. It has been shown that when using methanol containing 0.1% HCOOH as an extractant, the recovery of the substance increases in comparison with the previously developed method. In addition to this, there is no need to dilute the obtained solutions with water for the analysis of the sample by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a column with a reversed-phase sorbent. By using the developed method, the stability of samples of dried rat blood spots containing camphecene in different concentrations at different temperatures was studied. It was found that while the samples were stored at room temperature, apparently, desorption of the substance occurs leading to a loss of more than 15% of its initial amount after 5-10 days. Lowering the temperature increases the stability of samples and their storage at -70°C is possible for 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina A Okhina
- Department of Medicinal chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia.,V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Artem D Rogachev
- Department of Medicinal chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia.,V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga I Yarovaya
- Department of Medicinal chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia.,V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey G Pokrovsky
- V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- Department of Medicinal chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia.,V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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10
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A validated UPLC-MS/MS method for pharmacokinetic study of inflachromene, a novel microglia inhibitor. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 166:183-188. [PMID: 30654206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflachromene (ICM), a novel microglia inhibitor, is under development to treat neuroinflammatory disorders. For the pharmacokinetic evaluation of ICM, we developed quantitative ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method in rat plasma. Protein precipitation method with acetonitrile (ACN) was used for plasma sample preparation. The analyte and carbamazepine (the internal standard) were separated by the chromatography on an ACQUITY UPLC™ BEH C18 column running gradient mobile phase system made up of 0.1% [v/v] formic acid in water and 0.1% [v/v] formic acid in acetonitrile. For the quantification of ICM, the ion transitions, m/z 378.2→187.1 (ICM) and m/z 237.1→194.1 (IS) were monitored in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Standard calibration curve showed excellent linearity with the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99 within the concentration range of 0.05-10 μg/mL. The precision and accuracy were within acceptable limits (all < 20%). ICM was degraded time and temperature dependently in rat plasma. The analytical method was successfully utilized in a pharmacokinetic study following intravenous and oral administration of ICM in rats.
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Ciplea AM, Laeer S, Burckhardt BB. A feasibility study prior to an international multicentre paediatric study to assess pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic sampling and sample preparation procedures, logistics and bioanalysis. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2018; 12:32-39. [PMID: 30225392 PMCID: PMC6139604 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variability in pre-analytical procedures such as blood sampling, sample preparation and transport can substantially influence bioanalytical results and subsequently impair reliability of data gathered during clinical trials. Especially in vulnerable populations, all efforts should be made to facilitate high-quality data extraction excluding unnecessary or repeated intervention. Methods The EU-funded LENA project (Labeling of Enalapril from Neonates up to Adolescents) included a feasibility study in its preparatory procedures prior to first-in-child studies. Derived from a regular study visit, it encompassed all procedures, from sampling of two study-specific drugs and four sensitive humoral parameters to bioanalysis, to evaluate the quality of obtained samples and applicability of logistical and bioanalytical procedures. Drug administration to healthy adults was circumvented by pre-spiking the blood collection tubes with a drug solution. Five clinical sites were evaluated. Results Clinical teams' preparedness and applicability of required sampling procedures was investigated in 18 volunteers, on-site. 97% of collected pharmacokinetic (PK) samples and 93% of samples for humoral parameters were obtained eligibly. Results met expectations, though one team had to be re-trained and performed a re-run. Planned procedures for sampling, sample preparation, transport and analysis were found to be suitable for being applied within paediatric trials. Conclusion The concept of the presented feasibility study that simultaneously assesses PK/PD sampling, sample preparation, logistics and bioanalysis proved to be a promising tool for trial preparation. It revealed improperly installed processes and bottlenecks that required adjustments prior to start of recruitment. It facilitated high-quality conduct from the first moment of paediatric pivotal studies.
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Key Words
- ACE, Angiotensin-converting-enzyme
- Clinical trial
- Cmax, maximum serum concentration
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- EU, European Union
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Feasibility
- GCP, Good Clinical Practice
- LC-MS/MS, Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- LENA, Labeling of Enalapril from Neonates up to Adolescents
- PD, Pharmacodynamic(s)
- PK, Pharmacokinetic(s)
- Pharmacodynamic
- Pharmacokinetic
- Pilot
- RAA system, Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- RIA, Radioimmunoassay
- Training concept
- pp, Percentage points
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Maria Ciplea
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephanie Laeer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Bjoern Bengt Burckhardt
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
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12
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Volani C, Caprioli G, Calderisi G, Sigurdsson BB, Rainer J, Gentilini I, Hicks AA, Pramstaller PP, Weiss G, Smarason SV, Paglia G. Pre-analytic evaluation of volumetric absorptive microsampling and integration in a mass spectrometry-based metabolomics workflow. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6263-6276. [PMID: 28815270 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) is a novel approach that allows single-drop (10 μL) blood collection. Integration of VAMS with mass spectrometry (MS)-based untargeted metabolomics is an attractive solution for both human and animal studies. However, to boost the use of VAMS in metabolomics, key pre-analytical questions need to be addressed. Therefore, in this work, we integrated VAMS in a MS-based untargeted metabolomics workflow and investigated pre-analytical strategies such as sample extraction procedures and metabolome stability at different storage conditions. We first evaluated the best extraction procedure for the polar metabolome and found that the highest number and amount of metabolites were recovered upon extraction with acetonitrile/water (70:30). In contrast, basic conditions (pH 9) resulted in divergent metabolite profiles mainly resulting from the extraction of intracellular metabolites originating from red blood cells. In addition, the prolonged storage of blood samples at room temperature caused significant changes in metabolome composition, but once the VAMS devices were stored at - 80 °C, the metabolome remained stable for up to 6 months. The time used for drying the sample did also affect the metabolome. In fact, some metabolites were rapidly degraded or accumulated in the sample during the first 48 h at room temperature, indicating that a longer drying step will significantly change the concentration in the sample. Graphical abstract Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) is a novel technology that allows single-drop blood collection and, in combination with mass spectrometry (MS)-based untargeted metabolomics, represents an attractive solution for both human and animal studies. In this work, we integrated VAMS in a MS-based untargeted metabolomics workflow and investigated pre-analytical strategies such as sample extraction procedures and metabolome stability at different storage conditions. The latter revealed that prolonged storage of blood samples at room temperature caused significant changes in metabolome composition, but if VAMS devices were stored at - 80 °C, the metabolome remained stable for up to 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Volani
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano/Bozen, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine II (Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pneumology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giulia Caprioli
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano/Bozen, Italy
| | - Giovanni Calderisi
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano/Bozen, Italy
| | - Baldur B Sigurdsson
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano/Bozen, Italy
| | - Johannes Rainer
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano/Bozen, Italy
| | - Ivo Gentilini
- Transfusion Center of the Hospital of Bolzano, Lorenz Böhler Str. 5, 39100, Bozen, Italy
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano/Bozen, Italy
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano/Bozen, Italy
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II (Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pneumology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sigurdur V Smarason
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano/Bozen, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Paglia
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano/Bozen, Italy.
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13
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Abstract
AIM A procedure was developed for the assessment of photochemical stability of drugs in blood and plasma under standardized conditions. The procedure avoids a variable outcome of photochemical stability experiments and tests relevant worst case conditions so that unnecessary light protection is avoided. Results/methodology: Blood and plasma were spiked with a mixture of drugs and incubated in a Suntest CPS(+), in the laboratory on the bench and near the window on a sunny summer day. The results were compared. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION No protection from light, limited protection from light and full protection from light are advised for drugs that are stable in plasma in the Suntest CPS(+) at 250 W/m(2) for at least 30 min, for 5-30 min and for <5 min, respectively.
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14
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Wagner M, Tonoli D, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. The use of mass spectrometry to analyze dried blood spots. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:361-438. [PMID: 25252132 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBS) typically consist in the deposition of small volumes of capillary blood onto dedicated paper cards. Comparatively to whole blood or plasma samples, their benefits rely in the fact that sample collection is easier and that logistic aspects related to sample storage and shipment can be relatively limited, respectively, without the need of a refrigerator or dry ice. Originally, this approach has been developed in the sixties to support the analysis of phenylalanine for the detection of phenylketonuria in newborns using bacterial inhibition test. In the nineties tandem mass spectrometry was established as the detection technique for phenylalanine and tyrosine. DBS became rapidly recognized for their clinical value: they were widely implemented in pediatric settings with mass spectrometric detection, and were closely associated to the debut of newborn screening (NBS) programs, as a part of public health policies. Since then, sample collection on paper cards has been explored with various analytical techniques in other areas more or less successfully regarding large-scale applications. Moreover, in the last 5 years a regain of interest for DBS was observed and originated from the bioanalytical community to support drug development (e.g., PK studies) or therapeutic drug monitoring mainly. Those recent applications were essentially driven by improved sensitivity of triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. This review presents an overall view of all instrumental and methodological developments for DBS analysis with mass spectrometric detection, with and without separation techniques. A general introduction to DBS will describe their advantages and historical aspects of their emergence. A second section will focus on blood collection, with a strong emphasis on specific parameters that can impact quantitative analysis, including chromatographic effects, hematocrit effects, blood effects, and analyte stability. A third part of the review is dedicated to sample preparation and will consider off-line and on-line extractions; in particular, instrumental designs that have been developed so far for DBS extraction will be detailed. Flow injection analysis and applications will be discussed in section IV. The application of surface analysis mass spectrometry (DESI, paper spray, DART, APTDCI, MALDI, LDTD-APCI, and ICP) to DBS is described in section V, while applications based on separation techniques (e.g., liquid or gas chromatography) are presented in section VI. To conclude this review, the current status of DBS analysis is summarized, and future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Wagner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Sistik P, Turjap M, Iordache AM, Saldanha HM, Lemr K, Bednar P. Quantification of selected antidepressants and antipsychotics in clinical samples using chromatographic methods combined with mass spectrometry: A review (2006-2015). Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160:39-53. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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16
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Yang G, Zhang F, Deng L, Chen C, Cheng Z, Huang J, Liu J, Jiang H. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of levodopa and MD01 in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study ofmucuna pruriensextract. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1506-14. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Scinence and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan 430030 Hubei China
| | - Fangrong Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Scinence and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan 430030 Hubei China
| | - Linfang Deng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Chang Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Scinence and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan 430030 Hubei China
| | - Zhongzhe Cheng
- Tongji School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Scinence and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan 430030 Hubei China
- School of Pharmacy; Weifang Medical University; Weifang 261053 Shandong China
| | - Jiangeng Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Scinence and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan 430030 Hubei China
| | - Jiangyun Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Hongliang Jiang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Scinence and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan 430030 Hubei China
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17
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Stabilization of clinical samples collected for quantitative bioanalysis – a reflection from the European Bioanalysis Forum. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:333-43. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In bioanalysis of small molecules, the analyte concentration in the measured samples should reflect the concentration during sample collection. Precautions may be needed to prevent over- or under-estimation of the obtained result. This might require the addition of stabilizers to prevent degradation or nonspecific binding. For unstable drugs, it is essential to know how analytes can be stabilized before the start of the clinical study. Although the stabilization methods are well documented, the impact of the stabilization on the clinical workflow is not properly addressed. Already during method development, the clinical implications in terms of personnel safety, ease of use, training possibilities and staff capacity should be taken into account, and validation of the bioanalytical method should reflect collection procedures.
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18
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An industry perspective on tiered approach to the investigation of metabolites in drug development. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:617-28. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A tiered approach to drug metabolite measurement and identification is often used industry wide to fulfill regulatory requirements specified in recent US FDA and European Medicines Agency guidance. Although this strategy is structured in its intent it can be customized to address unique challenges which may arise during early and late drug development activities. These unconventional methods can be applied at any stage to facilitate metabolite characterization. Results: Two case studies are described NVS 1 and 2. NVS 1: plasma concentrations, measured using a radiolabeled MS-response factor exploratory method, were comparable to those from a validated bioanalytical method. The NVS 2 example showed how in vitro analysis helped to characterize an unexpectedly abundant circulating plasma metabolite M3. Conclusion: A tiered approach incorporating many aspects of conventional and flexible analytical methodologies can be pulled together to address regulatory questions surrounding drug metabolite characterization.
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19
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Application of a stabilizer cocktail of N-ethylmaleimide and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride to concurrently stabilize the disulfide and ester containing compounds in a plasma LC–MS/MS assay. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:552-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Rumpler MJ, Colahan P, Sams RA. The pharmacokinetics of glycopyrrolate in Standardbred horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:260-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Rumpler
- Florida Racing Laboratory; Department of Physiological Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - P. Colahan
- Florida Racing Laboratory; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - R. A. Sams
- Florida Racing Laboratory; Department of Physiological Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
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21
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The bioanalytical challenge of determining unbound concentration and protein binding for drugs. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:3033-50. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge regarding unbound concentrations is of vital importance when exploring the PK and PD of a drug. The accurate and reproducible determination of plasma protein binding and unbound concentrations for a compound/drug is a serious challenge for the bioanalytical laboratory. When the drug is in equilibrium with the binding protein(s), this equilibrium will shift when physiological conditions are not met. Furthermore, the true unbound fraction/concentration is unknown, and there are numerous publications in the scientific literature reporting and discussing data that have been produced without sufficient control of the parameters influencing the equilibrium. In this Review, different parameters affecting the equilibrium and analysis are discussed, together with suggestions on how to control these parameters in order to produce as trustworthy results for unbound concentrations/fractions as possible.
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22
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Parekh JM, Sanyal M, Yadav M, Shrivastav PS. Investigation of ex vivo stability of fesoterodine in human plasma and its simultaneous determination together with its active metabolite 5-HMT by LC-ESI-MS/MS: Application to a bioequivalence study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 913-914:1-11. [PMID: 23266359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fesoterodine is a non-selective muscarinic-receptor antagonist, used in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome. A highly sensitive, selective and rapid method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of fesoterodine and its active metabolite, 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (5-HMT) in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Due to rapid conversion of parent drug to 5-HMT, ex vivo stability of fesoterodine in human plasma was extensively studied to optimize the extraction protocol. The analytes and their deuterated analogs were quantitatively extracted from 100μL human plasma by liquid-liquid extraction in methyl tert-butyl ether: n-hexane. The chromatographic separation of analytes was achieved on a Kromasil C18 (100mm×4.6mm, 5μm) column under isocratic conditions. The method was validated over a dynamic concentration range of 0.01-10ng/mL for both the analytes. Ion-suppression effects were investigated by post-column infusion of analytes. The precision (% CV) values for the calculated slopes of calibration curves, which would reflect the relative matrix effect, were less than 1.5% for both the analytes. The intra-batch and inter-batch precision (% CV) across quality control levels varied from 1.82 to 3.73% and the mean extraction recovery was >96% for both the analytes. The method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of 8mg fesoterodine tablet formulation (test and reference) in 12 healthy Indian subjects under fasted and fed condition. The assay reproducibility estimated by reanalysis of incurred samples showed a change of ±12.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh M Parekh
- Chemistry Department, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Sarva Vidyalaya Campus, Sector 15/23, Gandhinagar 382015, Gujarat, India
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23
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Blessborn D, Sköld K, Zeeberg D, Kaewkhao K, Sköld O, Ahnoff M. Heat stabilization of blood spot samples for determination of metabolically unstable drug compounds. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:31-9. [PMID: 23256470 PMCID: PMC4024484 DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sample stability is critical for accurate analysis of drug compounds in biosamples. The use of additives to eradicate the enzymatic activity causing loss of these analytes has its limitations. RESULTS A novel technique for sample stabilization by rapid, high-temperature heating was used. The stability of six commercial drugs in blood and blood spots was investigated under various conditions with or without heat stabilization at 95°C. Oseltamivir, cefotaxime and ribavirin were successfully stabilized by heating whereas significant losses were seen in unheated samples. Amodiaquine was stable with and without heating. Artemether and dihydroartemisinin were found to be very heat sensitive and began to decompose even at 60°C. CONCLUSION Heat stabilization is a viable technique to maintain analytes in blood spot samples, without the use of chemical additives, by stopping the enzymatic activity that causes sample degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Blessborn
- Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Karnrawee Kaewkhao
- Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Martin Ahnoff
- Denator AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Regulatory Bioanalysis, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
- Chemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zheng N, Fung EN, Buzescu A, Arnold ME, Zeng J. Esterase inhibitors as ester-containing drug stabilizers and their hydrolytic products: potential contributors to the matrix effects on bioanalysis by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1291-1304. [PMID: 22555922 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Esterase inhibitors are widely used to stabilize ester-containing drugs in biological matrices for quantitative liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) assays. These co-existing inhibitors could cause matrix effects on bioanalysis and jeopardize the assay performance. We therefore developed an LC/MS/MS methodology to monitor the fate of inhibitors and evaluate their matrix effects, which is described in this study. METHODS Human plasma containing 20 mM of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), paraoxon, eserine, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) or 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA) was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and analyzed by an LC/MS/MS assay for BMS-068645 (a model drug) with additional pre-optimized selected reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions using positive/negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mode for each inhibitor. Hydrolytic products were characterized by product ion or neutral loss scan LC/MS/MS analysis. The matrix effect contribution from each inhibitor was evaluated by post-column infusion of BMS-068645. RESULTS In the extracted samples by LLE, SRM chromatograms revealed the presence of paraoxon, eserine and TTFA with peak intensity of >2.50E08. Three DFP hydrolytic products, diisopropyl phosphate (DP), triisopropyl phosphate (TP) and DP dimer, and one PMSF hydrolytic product, phenymethanesulfonic acid (PMSA), were identified in the extracted samples. In post-column infusion profiles, ion suppression or enhancement was observed in the retention time regions of eserine (~10% suppression), paraoxon (~70% enhancement) and DP dimer (~20% suppression). CONCLUSIONS The SRM transitions described here make it possible to directly monitor the inhibitors and their hydrolytic products. In combination with post-column infusion, this methodology provides a powerful tool to routinely monitor the matrix effects-causing inhibitors, so that their matrix effects on the bioanalysis can be evaluated and minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyu Zheng
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
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25
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Noetzli M, Ansermot N, Dobrinas M, Eap CB. Simultaneous determination of antidementia drugs in human plasma: Procedure transfer from HPLC–MS to UPLC–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 64-65:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Degradation of zopiclone during storage of spiked and authentic whole blood and matching dried blood spots. Int J Legal Med 2012; 127:69-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-012-0696-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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27
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Factors affecting the stability of drugs and drug metabolites in biological matrices. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:205-20. [PMID: 21083197 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the stability of drugs and drug metabolites in a biological matrix is a critical element to bioanalytical method validation. It is critical to understand the most common factors that affect the stability of such analytes in order to properly develop methods for their detection and measurement. The degradation of drugs and drug metabolites in samples can occur through either reversible or irreversible processes. Common factors that affect this stability include temperature, light, pH, oxidation and enzymatic degradation. Special considerations are also required when dealing with chiral molecules, deuterated internal standards and large biomolecules. Relevant examples of these degradation effects and approaches for dealing with them are presented is this review as taken from the fields of pharmaceutical testing, clinical research and forensic analysis. It is demonstrated through these examples how an understanding of the chemical and physical factors that affect sample stability can be used to avoid stability problems and to create robust and accurate methods for the analysis of drugs and related compounds.
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Clark GT, Giddens G, Burrows L, Strand C. Utilization of dried blood spots within drug discovery: modification of a standard DiLab® AccuSampler® to facilitate automatic dried blood spot sampling. Lab Anim 2011; 45:124-6. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2010.010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of dried blood spots (DBS) in preclinical studies has seen an enormous increase over the past two years. Despite its positive impact on the 3Rs (reduce, replace and refine), its uptake in exploratory drug discovery has been limited due mainly to protracted method development time in bioanalysis but also the need for small volumes (<20 μL) to be sampled manually. Automatic blood sampling technology such as the DiLab® AccuSampler® is widely used in drug discovery to facilitate exploratory rodent-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies with minimal animal handling. Propranolol was orally administered to a Han-Wistar rat attached to either a standard DiLab® AccuSampler® or a retrofitted unit designed to directly collect the DBS samples. In all, 50 or 20 μL blood samples were then collected via the standard or retrofitted unit, respectively, at six timepoints over a 7 h period. After drying and storage the DBS samples were analysed for propranolol via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In this report we demonstrate that a standard DiLab® AccuSampler® can be easily retrofitted to facilitate automatic dried blood spot sampling and that time–concentration data generated from these samples are equivalent to that from manually spotted samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Clark
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - G Giddens
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - L Burrows
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - C Strand
- DiLab (part of CMA group), Skarpskyttevägen 3, SE-226 42 Lund, Sweden
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Li W, Zhang J, Tse FLS. Strategies in quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of unstable small molecules in biological matrices. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:258-77. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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DBS sampling can be used to stabilize prodrugs in drug discovery rodent studies without the addition of esterase inhibitors. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:1415-22. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prodrugs that exhibit ex vivo instability owing to high levels of esterases in rodent blood, plasma and serum present challenges in the accurate determination of drug exposure in samples from pharmacokinetic, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic, efficacy and toxicology studies in drug discovery. Ensuring the stability of analytes in sample collection, handling, analysis and storage must be established for program progression. Current protocols for the stabilization of prodrugs include the immediate quenching of whole blood with acetonitrile or methanol to stop enzyme activity, or the addition of an esterase inhibitor such as phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride to the blood collection tubes before serum or plasma is generated. Dried blood spots (DBS) sampling may offer an alternative prodrug stabilization method for sample collection and storage from rodent studies in drug discovery. Results: Two different prodrugs of the same parent compound that were known to exhibit ex vivo instability in rodent blood were selected for the evaluation of DBS for analyte stabilization. Each prodrug was spiked separately into fresh rat EDTA whole blood and prepared three ways: from liquid whole blood, prepared and analyzed as lysate; from whole blood spotted onto Whatman 903® Protein Saver untreated cards (903 cards); and from whole blood spotted onto Whatman FTA® Elute Micro treated cards, currently known as DMPK-B cards (FTA cards). Samples were extracted by filtration-assisted protein precipitation at 0, 2, 5 and 24 h and 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after spiking and analyzed by UHPLC–MS/MS. Conclusions: For these two prodrugs, stability on DBS cards was observed in rat EDTA whole blood for at least 21 days at room temperature as determined by loss of prodrug and appearance of parent. The Whatman FTA Elute cards, treated with reagents that lyse cells, did not offer more stability for the investigated compounds than the Whatman 903 Protein Saver untreated cards.
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Critical topics in ensuring data quality in bioanalytical LC–MS method development. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:1051-72. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of LC–MS for bioanalysis of pharmaceuticals is entering its third decade and may be considered to be a mature technology. In many respects this is true, considering the advances made in such areas as instrument performance, electronics, software and automation of use. However, there remain instrumental and noninstrumental areas that require significant attention to ensure data quality. Increasing regulatory focus on analytical method performance and unaddressed method issues require the bioanalyst to understand those areas that most greatly impact data quality. This review will focus on instrumental and noninstrumental areas that can influence data quality, including reference standard and internal standard quality and physicochemical properties, matrix effects, stability in matrix, sample preparation, LC and MS.
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Li W, Tse FLS. Dried blood spot sampling in combination with LC-MS/MS for quantitative analysis of small molecules. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:49-65. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Leclercq L, Cuyckens F, Mannens GSJ, de Vries R, Timmerman P, Evans DC. Which human metabolites have we MIST? Retrospective analysis, practical aspects, and perspectives for metabolite identification and quantification in pharmaceutical development. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:280-93. [PMID: 19183054 DOI: 10.1021/tx800432c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the recent publication of the FDA guidance on metabolites in safety testing (MIST), a reflection is provided that describes the impact of this guidance on the processes of drug metabolite identification and quantification at various stages of drug development. First, a retrospective analysis is described that was conducted on 12 human absorption, metabolism, and excretion (AME) trials with the application of these MIST criteria. This analysis showed that the number of metabolites requiring identification, (semi)-quantification, and coverage in the toxicology species would substantially increase. However, a significant proportion of these metabolites were direct or indirect conjugates, a class of metabolites that was specifically addressed in the guidance as being largely innocuous. The nonconjugated metabolites were all covered in at least one toxicology animal species, with no need for additional safety evaluation. Second, analytical considerations pertaining to the efficient identification of metabolites are discussed. Topics include software-assisted detection and structural identification of metabolites, the emerging hyphenation of ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with radioactivity detection, and the various ways to estimate metabolite abundance in the absence of an authentic standard. Technical aspects around the analysis of metabolite profiles are also presented, focusing on precautions to be taken in order not to introduce artifacts. Finally, a tiered approach for metabolite quantification is proposed, starting with quantification of metabolites prior to the multiple ascending dose study (MAD) in humans in only specific cases (Tier A). The following step is the identification and quantification of metabolites expected to be of pharmacological or toxicological relevance (based on MIST and other complementary criteria) in selected samples from the MAD study and preclinical studies in order to assess metabolite exposure coverage (Tier B). Finally, a metabolite quantification strategy for the studies after the MAD phase (Tier C) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Leclercq
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Global Preclinical Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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Bakhtiar R, Majumdar TK. Tracking problems and possible solutions in the quantitative determination of small molecule drugs and metabolites in biological fluids using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2007; 55:262-78. [PMID: 17174577 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, quantification of low molecular weight molecules using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in biological fluids has become a common procedure in many preclinical and clinical laboratories. This overview highlights a number of issues involving "small molecule drugs", bioanalytical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, which are frequently encountered during assay development. In addition, possible solutions to these issues are proposed with examples in some of the case studies. Topics such as chromatographic peak shape, carry-over, cross-talk, standard curve non-linearity, internal standard selection, matrix effect, and metabolite interference are presented. Since plasma is one of the most widely adopted biological fluid in drug discovery and development, the focus of this discussion will be limited to plasma analysis. This article is not intended to be a comprehensive overview and readers are encouraged to refer to the citations herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Bakhtiar
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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