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Wang W, Sa R, Dang S, Qiu L, Liu F. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and their risk factors in Shaanxi Province in 2004-18. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2548. [PMID: 36781890 PMCID: PMC9925732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and their demographic determinants in Shaanxi Province. Six successive cross-sectional surveys on non-communicable chronic diseases and their risk factors were conducted between 2004 and 2018 in Shaanxi. Complex multistage stratified sampling was adopted to select participants. The information was collected through face-to-face interviews and on-site health examinations. Changes in hypertension prevalence and its management across survey years were estimated. Demographics associated with hypertension prevalence and its management was explored by multivariable logistic regression using pooled data from 2004 to 2018. The prevalence of hypertension increased from 16.71% in 2004 to 31.96% in 2018 with an estimated increase of 1.09% (95% CI 0.31-1.87) per year. However, the rate of awareness, treatment and control among these with hypertension was unexpectedly low and there were no significant change from 2004 to 2018. The corresponding changes were - 0.08% (95% CI - 0.85-0.69) per year for awareness, - 0.06% (95% CI - 1.11-1.00) per year for treatment, and - 0.23% (95% CI - 0.53-0.07) per year for control, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed the same trend. Adults who were old, male, divorced/Widowed/Separated, retired were more likely to develop hypertension. Among these with hypertension, those who were more educated and retired were more likely to manage their hypertension compared with their counterparts. The overall hypertension prevalence from 2004 to 2018 increased rapidly, while awareness, treatment and control of hypertension remained unexpectedly low. This suggested urgent intervention should be implemented to improve hypertension control in Shaanxi Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Wang
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.3, Jiandong Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rina Sa
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.3, Jiandong Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaonong Dang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Qiu
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.3, Jiandong Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.3, Jiandong Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Varis J, Metsärinne K, Koivisto V, Niskanen L, Rissanen A, Virkamäki A, Appelroth T, Pöntynen N, Poussa T, Kantola I. Improved control of blood pressure and albuminuria among patients with type-2 diabetes in Finnish open care. Blood Press 2016; 26:67-73. [PMID: 27310566 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2016.1190917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Risk of cardiovascular events within the diabetic population has decreased and survival increased with patients living longer and thus facing the development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This calls for good care of patient with diabetes with a focus on hypertension. Patient data were collected from 42 Finnish primary care centres. Each was asked to enrol 10-12 consecutive patients with type-2 diabetes between March 2011 and August 2012. Along with the office blood pressure measurements and laboratory tests, the presence of albuminuria was measured and glomerular filtration rate estimated (eGFR). The 2013 ESH criteria for diabetic hypertensive patients (<140/85 mmHg) was reached by 39% of all 625 study patients and 38% of the pharmacologically treated 520 patients. The absence of detectable albumin in urine was significantly associated with the control of systolic blood pressure and achievement of treatment goals. Beta blockers were the most common antihypertensive agents and patients treated with them had lower eGFR compared to those not treated with these agents. The blood pressure of patients was not in full concordance with the present guideline recommendations. However, satisfactory improvement in blood pressure control, reduction of albuminuria and hence ESRD prevention was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Varis
- a Division of Medicine , Turku University Hospital and University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Kaj Metsärinne
- a Division of Medicine , Turku University Hospital and University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | | | - Leo Niskanen
- d Abdominal Centre, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Aila Rissanen
- e Obesity Research Unit, Biomedicum, Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry , Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Ilkka Kantola
- a Division of Medicine , Turku University Hospital and University of Turku , Turku , Finland
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Vähämurto L, Pahkala K, Magnussen CG, Mikkilä V, Hutri-Kähönen N, Kähönen M, Laitinen T, Taittonen L, Tossavainen P, Lehtimäki T, Jokinen E, Telama R, Rönnemaa T, Viikari J, Juonala M, Raitakari O. East–west differences and migration in Finland: Association with cardiometabolic risk markers and IMT. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Scand J Public Health 2016; 44:402-10. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494815622859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Coronary heart disease mortality has been internationally high in eastern Finland. The excessive mortality risk in Eastern compared with western Finns is explained by differences in cardiometabolic risk profile. Current risk profile differences and association with migration have not been reported. We examined the association of place of residence (east–west) and specifically migration with cardiometabolic risk markers and carotid intima–media thickness (IMT). Methods: The study population included 2204 participants with data available from childhood/youth in 1980 and follow-up examination in 2007. Results: Participants residing in eastern Finland in adulthood had 0.022±0.004mm higher IMT than Western participants. Those who migrated east-to-west had lower IMT than those staying in the east (0.027±0.006mm, p<0.0001) while no difference to those continuously living in the west was found. Those who moved east-to-west had a lower body mass index (25.3±4.3 kg/m2 vs. 26.2±4.5kg/m2, p=0.01), waist circumference (85.7±12.8cm vs. 88.6±12.8cm, p=0.001), prevalence of metabolic syndrome (13% vs. 21%, p=0.01), and higher socioeconomic status (16.6±3.3 vs. 15.0±3.3 school years, p<0.0001) than those who stayed in the east. Conclusions: Higher IMT was found in eastern Finns than in western Finns. Participants who migrated east-to-west had a lower IMT and a better cardiometabolic risk profile than those who stayed in the east.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Vähämurto
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Vera Mikkilä
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tomi Laitinen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories and Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Jokinen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Telama
- LIKES-Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tapio Rönnemaa
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Lacruz ME, Kluttig A, Hartwig S, Löer M, Tiller D, Greiser KH, Werdan K, Haerting J. Prevalence and Incidence of Hypertension in the General Adult Population: Results of the CARLA-Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e952. [PMID: 26039136 PMCID: PMC4616348 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease. There are very few studies dealing with the incidence of hypertension and changes in blood pressure (BP) over time. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of hypertension within an adult population-based cohort.The sample included 967 men and 812 women aged 45 to 83 years at baseline, 1436 subjects completed follow-up1 after 4 years and 1079 completed follow-up2 after 9 years. BP was measured according to a standardized protocol with oscillometric devices and hypertension was defined as mean systolic BP (SBP) ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥90 mmHg and/or use of antihypertensive medication if hypertension was known. We examined prevalence and incidence of hypertension, by age and sex.The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension at baseline was 74.3% for men and 70.2% for women. The age-standardized annual incidence rate of hypertension for men was 8.6 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.3-12.9) for follow-up period1 and 5.4 (95% CI 2.8-10.6) for follow-up period2 and for women 8.2 (95% CI 3.6-12.8) for follow-up1 and 5.6 (95%CI 2.7-11.4) for follow-up2. A clear decrease in SBP and DBP between baseline and follow-up1 and follow-up2 was seen, accompanied by an increase in anti-hypertensive medication consumption and a higher awareness of the condition.Hypertension prevalence and incidence in the CARLA Study appear to be elevated compared with other studies. The decrease of BP over time seems to be caused by improved hypertension control due to interventional effects of our observational study and improved health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Lacruz
- From the Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg (MEL, AK, SH, DT, JH), Evangelisches Diakonie-Krankenhaus, Halle (ML), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg (KHG), and Department of Medicine III, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany (KW)
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Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in Germany 1998 and 2008–11. J Hum Hypertens 2014; 29:247-53. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2014.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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[Blood pressure in Germany 2008-2011: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1)]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2013; 56:795-801. [PMID: 23703500 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-013-1669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
High blood pressure is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. It is a main determinant of morbidity and mortality in Germany. In the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1) the blood pressure of 7,096 adults aged 18-79 years was measured in a standardised way using oscillometric blood pressure devices (Datascope Accutorr Plus). The average of the second and third measurements was used for analysis. The mean systolic blood pressure was 120.8 mmHg in women and 127.4 mmHg in men, while the mean diastolic blood pressure was 71.2 mmHg in women and 75.3 mmHg in men. Blood pressure values were hypertensive (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg) in 12.7 % of women and in 18.1 % of men. Hypertension (defined as having hypertensive blood pressure or taking antihypertensive medication in known cases of hypertension) was present in 29.9 % of women and 33.3 % of men. Almost 75 % of the survey's highest age group, 70-79, had hypertension. DEGS1 demonstrates that high blood pressure remains a highly prevalent risk factor in the population at large. The methodology employed in measuring blood pressure has been improved as compared to that of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998 (GNHIES98) and it will be possible to draw comparisons soon, once a procedure for calibrating the 1998 data has been finalised. An English full-text version of this article is available at SpringerLink as supplemental.
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Giannattasio C, Cairo M, Cesana F, Alloni M, Sormani P, Colombo G, Grassi G, Mancia G. Blood pressure control in Italian essential hypertensives treated by general practitioners. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25:1182-7. [PMID: 22854637 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2012.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate control of blood pressure (BP) is limited worldwide. This has serious consequences for public health because in hypertensive patients, uncontrolled BP is associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular events, particularly stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate BP control in a cohort of treated patients with diagnosed hypertension, who were under general practitioner care in Italy. METHODS Data were collected by 2,643 physicians on 8,572 individual Italian patients. Office BP was measured 5 min after seating each patient and then 3-5 min later. For each patient, data such as medical history of patients, physical examination data, antihypertensive drug usage, and self-BP measurement frequency were obtained. RESULTS Male prevalence was 48.4%, and mean age was 64.3 ± 10.5 years. Based on the second measurement, BP control (<140/90 mm Hg) was observed in 33.5% of all patients (34.2% in men and 33.4% in women). BP control was much lower for systolic BP than for diastolic BP (35.9 vs. 61.3%, P < 0.0001); moreover, BP control was much more common in patients who were engaged in self-BP measurement (61.2 vs. 38.8%, P < 0.0001). A stricter BP control recommended by the guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) (<130/80 mm Hg) was observed in only 5.5% of diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS In treated Italian hypertensives effective BP control remains uncommon largely due to the failure to appropriately reduce the systolic BP. The stricter values recommended by the ESH/ESC guidelines for diabetic patients are achieved only by a small fraction of hypertensive diabetic population.
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Trends and determinant factors in hypertension control in a population study with 25 years of follow-up. J Hypertens 2010; 28:1091-6. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328335fa81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Andersen UO, Simper AM, Ibsen H, Svendsen TL. Treating the hypertensive patient in a nurse-led hypertension clinic. Blood Press 2010; 19:182-7. [DOI: 10.3109/08037051003606405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Despite evidence-based guidelines, systolic blood pressure remains inadequately controlled in older hypertensive adults. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 24:439-46. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2009.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Varis J, Karjalainen S, Korhonen K, Viigimaa M, Port K, Kantola I. Experiences of Telemedicine-Aided Hypertension Control in the Follow-Up of Finnish Hypertensive Patients. Telemed J E Health 2009; 15:764-9. [DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2009.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juha Varis
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Kristjan Port
- Institute of Health Sciences and Sports, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ilkka Kantola
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the trends in prevalence and in control of hypertension in various parts of Finland during 1982-2007. METHODS Three independent cross-sectional population surveys were conducted in 1982, 2002 and 2007 with age-stratified samples of men and women aged 25-64 years from the national population register. The total number of participants with complete blood pressure (BP) measurements was 16 775. RESULTS Overall, during 1982-2007, the prevalence of hypertension (systolic BP > or = 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP > or = 90 mmHg and/or current use of antihypertensive drug treatment) fell significantly in both sexes. In men, it fell from 63.3 to 52.1%; in women, from 48.1 to 33.6% (P < 0.001 for both sexes). However, during the past 5-year period, a decline was observed only in women in south-western Finland (P = 0.003). Furthermore, previously observed significant increases in the proportions of treated and controlled hypertensive individuals did not continue among men during 2002-2007. Despite the evident progress in all aspects of hypertension care since 1982, still in 2007, only 68% of all hypertensive individuals were aware of their condition, 52% of those who were aware were treated with antihypertensive drugs and 37% of the drug-treated patients had normal BP. CONCLUSION Steady progress has been made in the prevention and treatment of hypertension in Finland. However, further improvements are clearly needed.
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Varis J, Savola H, Vesalainen R, Kantola I. Treatment of hypertension in Finnish general practice seems unsatisfactory despite evidence-based guidelines. Blood Press 2009; 18:62-7. [PMID: 19353413 DOI: 10.1080/08037050902840631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was performed to clarify whether treatment of hypertension and concomitant risk factors in Finland has improved after the introduction of national evidence-based guidelines for antihypertensive treatment in 2002. Changes in the other cardiovascular risk factors of the Finnish hypertensive patients were also assessed. DESIGN Nationwide questionnaire survey of consecutive hypertensive patients having met by general practitioners during a given week in autumn 2006. SETTING Finnish general practice offices in primary care. SUBJECTS Data from 715 hypertensive patients, 358 men and 357 women, from 72 general practice offices. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum lipids, smoking status and information about other risk factors. RESULTS The mean blood pressure of the patients was 147/88 mmHg. Eighty-one men (23%) and 85 women (24%) reached the treatment goal of 140/85 mmHg or less. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level below 2.5 mmol/l was reached by 104 (29%) men and 104 (29%) women. Only 13% of the hypertensive patients (16.8% of the men and 9.2% of the women) were active smokers. CONCLUSIONS Roughly three-quarters of hypertensive patients still failed to reach the blood pressure target of 140/85 mmHg recommended by the current Finnish Hypertension Guidelines. Our results are disappointing, considering the homogenous Finnish population and thorough primary healthcare system. Although the mean serum cholesterol concentration of the hypertensive population exceeded target values set by the guidelines, a clear improvement compared with early 21st century is seen. Also smoking has diminished considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Varis
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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The effects of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension on future stroke incidence in a community-based population study in Finland. J Hypertens 2009; 27:1459-65. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32832b7d8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Barengo NC, Kastarinen M, Antikainen R, Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J. The effects of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in a community-based population. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 23:808-16. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2009.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sex differences in risk factor control of treated hypertensives: a national primary healthcare-based study in Sweden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:258-62. [PMID: 18525379 DOI: 10.1097/hjr.0b013e3282f37a45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate potential sex differences, this study aimed to investigate blood pressure and lipid control and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease in treated hypertensive (tHT) patients from primary healthcare. DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional survey of tHT patients was carried out between 2002 and 2005 by 264 primary care physicians from Sweden who consecutively recruited 6537 tHT patients (48% men and 52% women) from medical records. RESULTS tHT men more often reached the treatment goal for systolic/diastolic blood pressure, less than 140/90 mmHg, than tHT women (30 vs. 26%, P<0.01). Men had lower systolic blood pressure than women, however, women had lower diastolic blood pressure and higher pulse pressure. More tHT women had total cholesterol>or=5.0 mmol/l than corresponding men (75 vs. 64% P<0.001). Men more often had diabetes (25 vs. 20% P<0.001), left ventricular hypertrophy (20 vs. 16% P<0.001), and microalbuminuria (24 vs. 16% P<0.001). Women were more often treated with diuretics (64 vs. 48%) and beta-receptor blockers (54 vs. 51%), and men more often treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (27 vs. 18%), calcium channel blockers (34 vs. 26%), and lipid-lowering drugs (34 vs. 29%). CONCLUSION A need still exists for more intensified treatment of elevated blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia, especially in women. In hypertensives of both sexes, smoking and other risk factors also need to be addressed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Hu G, Lindström J, Jousilahti P, Peltonen M, Sjöberg L, Kaaja R, Sundvall J, Tuomilehto J. The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Finnish men and women over a decade. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:832-6. [PMID: 18073296 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to assess a 10-yr change in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) among Finnish men and women. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Two cross-sectional population surveys were performed in Finland in 1992 and 2002. A total of 3495 participants aged 45-64 yr were included in the analysis. RESULTS In both years the metabolic syndrome was more common among men than women. In men the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome tended to increase slightly between 1992 and 2002, from 48.8-52.6% (P=0.139) based on the NCEP definition, and from 51.4-55.6% based on the IDF definition (P=0.102). In women the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increased significantly from 32.2-39.1% based on the NCEP definition (P=0.003), and from 38.0-45.3% based on the IDF definition (P=0.002). In both sexes the prevalence of high blood pressure decreased, but the abnormalities in glucose metabolism increased between 1992 and 2002. The prevalence of central obesity increased in women between 1992 and 2002. CONCLUSIONS In Finland the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, based both on the NCEP and IDF definitions, is higher in men than women. However, the increase in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, from 1992-2002, was significant only among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Hu
- Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases Prevention, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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Janus ED, Bunker SJ, Kilkkinen A, Namara KM, Philpot B, Tideman P, Tirimacco R, Laatikainen TK, Heistaro S, Dunbar JA. Prevalence, detection and drug treatment of hypertension in a rural Australian population: the Greater Green Triangle Risk Factor Study 2004-2006. Intern Med J 2008; 38:879-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2007.01583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: past, present, and future: a need for joint forces. J Hypertens 2008; 26:157-60. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282f424f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lehto HR, Lehto S, Havulinna AS, Ketonen M, Lehtonen A, Kesäniemi YA, Airaksinen J, Salomaa V. Are coronary event rates declining slower in women than in men - evidence from two population-based myocardial infarction registers in Finland? BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2007; 7:35. [PMID: 17997825 PMCID: PMC2234430 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-7-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have suggested that the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease may not have been as effective in women as in men. Therefore, we aimed to examine whether the incidence, attack rate and mortality of myocardial infarction (MI) events have declined less in women than in men. Methods Two large population-based MI registers, the FINAMI register and the Finnish Cardiovascular Disease Register (CVDR) were used for comparing the event rates among men and women aged ≥35 years in two time periods, 1994–1996 and 2000–2002. Results In the FINAMI register a total of 5,252 events were recorded in men and 4,898 in women. Corresponding numbers in the CVDR were 78,709 and 70,464. Both FINAMI and CVDR data suggested smaller declines in incidence and attack rate of MI events in women than in men. In CVDR data the decline in mortality was also smaller in women than in men, while in FINAMI data this difference did not reach statistical significance. In the large CVDR data set, negative binomial regression models revealed smaller declines in incidence (p = 0.006), attack rate (p = 0.008) and mortality (p = 0.04) in women than in men aged <55 years. In persons ≥55 years no difference was observed between women and men. Conclusion The incidence and attack rate of MI events have declined less in women aged <55 than in men of similar age. In older persons no significant differences were observed. Further studies are warranted to find out the reasons why the development has been less favourable for young women than for men.
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Kastarinen M, Laatikainen T, Salomaa V, Jousilahti P, Antikainen R, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A, Vartiainen E. Trends in lifestyle factors affecting blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive Finns during 1982–2002. J Hypertens 2007; 25:299-305. [PMID: 17211236 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328010ca88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the trends in blood pressure (BP) affecting lifestyle factors in hypertensive and normotensive Finns from 1982 to 2002. DESIGN AND SETTING Five independent cross-sectional population surveys conducted in 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997 and 2002 in the provinces of North Karelia and Kuopio in eastern Finland and the region of Turku-Loimaa in southwestern Finland. PARTICIPANTS Stratified random samples of men and women aged 25-64 years were drawn from the national population register. The participants (n = 28 235) were classified into four groups according to their BP level and treatment status: normotensive, unaware hypertensive, aware but untreated hypertensive, and treated hypertensive subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Alcohol intake, body mass index (BMI), 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion (a subsample of 5849 subjects) and the proportion of subjects with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) at least three times a week. RESULTS Mean BMI increased significantly in all groups except in untreated hypertensive women. Alcohol intake increased in all men but especially in hypertensive women (P < 0.001). The 24-h urinary sodium excretion decreased significantly in all BP groups. The proportion of subjects with a recommended level of LTPA increased significantly and similarly in all BP groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The unfavourable trends observed in mean BMI and alcohol intake in the entire population should be reversed in order to decrease the frequency of hypertension in Finland. The health behaviours of hypertensive subjects should be carefully monitored and modified in a more systematic and efficient way than at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kastarinen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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