1
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Kim E, Kim Y, Lee J, Shin JH, Seok PR, Kim Y, Yoo SH. Leucrose, a natural sucrose isomer, suppresses dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice by regulating macrophage polarization via JAK1/STAT6 signaling. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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2
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Loss of Stat6 affects chromatin condensation in intestinal epithelial cells causing diverse outcome in murine models of inflammation-associated and sporadic colon carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2018; 38:1787-1801. [PMID: 30353167 PMCID: PMC6756235 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While great advances have been achieved regarding the genetic basis of colorectal cancer, the complex role of cell–cell communication and cytokine-induced signaling during its pathogenesis remains less understood. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6) is the main transcription factor of interleukin-4 (IL-4) signaling and its participation in the development of various tumor types has been already reported. Here we aimed to examine the contribution of Stat6 in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) in mouse models of intestinal carcinogenesis. Wild-type (WT), Stat6 knockout (Stat6−/−), and intestinal epithelial cell-specific IL-4Rα knockout (Il-4rαΔIEC) mice were subjected to colitis-associated (AOM/DSS) and colitis-independent (sporadic) carcinogenesis. IEC proliferation, apoptosis and RNA expression were evaluated by immunohistochemical, immunoblot, and RT-PCR analysis. We found that Stat6−/− mice developed more tumors in the colitis-associated carcinogenesis model. This was accompanied by a more pronounced inflammatory response during colitis and an elevated Stat3-dependent proliferation of IEC. Increased sensitivity to DSS-induced colitis was caused by elevated cell death in response to the initial carcinogen exposure as Stat6 deficiency led to increased chromatin compaction affecting DNA damage response in IEC upon treatment with alkylating agents independently of IL-4Rα engagement. Thus, loss of Stat6 caused more severe colitis and increased tumor load, however loss-of-initiated Stat6−/− IEC prevented tumor formation in the absence of overt inflammation. Our data unravel unexpected IL-4-independent functions of Stat6 in chromatin compaction in intestinal epithelial cells ultimately providing both tumor suppressive as well as tumor promoting effects in different models of intestinal tumorigenesis.
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3
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Imam T, Park S, Kaplan MH, Olson MR. Effector T Helper Cell Subsets in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1212. [PMID: 29910812 PMCID: PMC5992276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a site of high immune challenge, as it must maintain a delicate balance between tolerating luminal contents and generating an immune response toward pathogens. CD4+ T cells are key in mediating the host protective and homeostatic responses. Yet, CD4+ T cells are also known to be the main drivers of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) when this balance is perturbed. Many subsets of CD4+ T cells have been identified as players in perpetuating chronic intestinal inflammation. Over the last few decades, understanding of how each subset of Th cells plays a role has dramatically increased. Simultaneously, this has allowed development of therapeutic innovation targeting specific molecules rather than broad immunosuppressive agents. Here, we review the emerging evidence of how each subset functions in promoting and sustaining the chronic inflammation that characterizes IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanbeena Imam
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sungtae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Matthew R Olson
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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4
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Leon-Cabrera SA, Molina-Guzman E, Delgado-Ramirez YG, Vázquez-Sandoval A, Ledesma-Soto Y, Pérez-Plasencia CG, Chirino YI, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, Rodríguez-Sosa M, Vaca-Paniagua F, Ávila-Moreno F, Gutierrez-Cirlos EB, Arias-Romero LE, Terrazas LI. Lack of STAT6 Attenuates Inflammation and Drives Protection against Early Steps of Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:385-396. [PMID: 28385737 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) is one of the most common malignant neoplasms and a leading cause of death. The immunologic factors associated with CAC development are not completely understood. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is part of an important signaling pathway for modulating intestinal immune function and homeostasis. However, the role of STAT6 in colon cancer progression is unclear. Following CAC induction in wild-type (WT) and STAT6-deficient mice (STAT6-/-), we found that 70% of STAT6-/- mice were tumor-free after 8 weeks, whereas 100% of WT mice developed tumors. STAT6-/- mice displayed fewer and smaller colorectal tumors than WT mice; this reduced tumorigenicity was associated with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis in the colonic mucosa in the early steps of tumor progression. STAT6-/- mice also exhibited reduced inflammation, diminished concentrations COX2 and nuclear β-catenin protein in the colon, and decreased mRNA expression of IL17A and TNFα, but increased IL10 expression when compared with WT mice. Impaired mucosal expression of CCL9, CCL25, and CXCR2 was also observed. In addition, the number of circulating CD11b+Ly6ChiCCR2+ monocytes and CD11b+Ly6ClowLy6G+ granulocytes was both decreased in a STAT6-dependent manner. Finally, WT mice receiving a STAT6 inhibitor in vivo confirmed a significant reduction in tumor load as well as less intense signs of CAC. Our results demonstrate that STAT6 is critical in the early steps of CAC development for modulating inflammatory responses and controlling cell recruitment and proliferation. Thus, STAT6 may represent a promising target for CAC treatment. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(5); 385-96. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A Leon-Cabrera
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico.,Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Molina-Guzman
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Yael G Delgado-Ramirez
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Armando Vázquez-Sandoval
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Yadira Ledesma-Soto
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Carlos G Pérez-Plasencia
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Norma L Delgado-Buenrostro
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Miriam Rodríguez-Sosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Felipe Vaca-Paniagua
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico.,Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Federico Ávila-Moreno
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Emma B Gutierrez-Cirlos
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Luis E Arias-Romero
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Luis I Terrazas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. De México, Mexico. .,Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
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5
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Cosín-Roger J, Ortiz-Masiá D, Calatayud S, Hernández C, Esplugues JV, Barrachina MD. The activation of Wnt signaling by a STAT6-dependent macrophage phenotype promotes mucosal repair in murine IBD. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:986-98. [PMID: 26601901 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The complete repair of the mucosa constitutes a key goal in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment. The Wnt signaling pathway mediates mucosal repair and M2 macrophages that coordinate efficient healing have been related to Wnt ligand expression. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) mediates M2 polarization in vitro and we hypothesize that a STAT6-dependent macrophage phenotype mediates mucosal repair in acute murine colitis by activating the Wnt signaling pathway. Our results reveal an impaired mucosal expression of M2 macrophage-associated genes and delayed wound healing in STAT6(-/-) mice treated with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). These mice also exhibited decreased mucosal expression of Wnt2b, Wnt7b, and Wnt10a, diminished protein levels of nuclear β-catenin that is mainly located in crypts adjacent to damage, and reduced mRNA expression of two Wnt/β-catenin target molecules Lgr5 and c-Myc when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Murine peritoneal macrophages treated with interleukin-4 (IL-4) and polarized toward an M2a phenotype overexpressed Wnt2b, Wnt7b, and Wnt10a in a STAT6-dependent manner. Administration of a Wnt agonist as well as transfer of properly polarized M2a macrophages to STAT6(-/-) mice activated the Wnt signaling pathway in the damaged mucosa and accelerated wound healing. Our results demonstrate that a STAT6-dependent macrophage phenotype promotes mucosal repair in TNBS-treated mice through activation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cosín-Roger
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - D Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Calatayud
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - J V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,FISABIO, Hospital Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - M D Barrachina
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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6
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D'Alessio S, Tacconi C, Danese S. Targeting lymphatics in inflammatory bowel disease. Oncotarget 2015; 6:34047-8. [PMID: 26452136 PMCID: PMC4741425 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia D'Alessio
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IBD Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Carlotta Tacconi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IBD Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IBD Center, Rozzano, Italy
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7
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Wang AJ, Smith A, Li Y, Urban JF, Ramalingam TR, Wynn TA, Lu N, Shea-Donohue T, Yang Z, Zhao A. Genetic deletion of IL-25 (IL-17E) confers resistance to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:72. [PMID: 25937893 PMCID: PMC4417544 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-25 is emerging as a key regulator of inflammation in the intestinal mucosa because of its ability to promote type 2 while suppressing Th1 and Th17 responses. Several previous studies reported inconsistent results on the role of exogenous IL-25 in development of colonic inflammation and none were performed in animals with a genetic deletion of IL-25. We investigated the contribution of endogenous IL-25 to DSS-induced colitis using mice deficient in IL-25. RESULTS Mice were exposed to DSS in drinking water ad libitum either for seven days (acute) or for three cycles of seven days with DSS followed by 14 days without DSS (chronic) to induce colitis, respectively. The loss of body weight, appearance of diarrhea and bloody stools, and shortening of colon length were significantly less pronounced in IL-25(-/-) mice compared to WT mice after exposure to acute DSS. Histological examination showed that DSS-treated IL-25(-/-) mice had only mild inflammation in the colon, while severe inflammation developed in DSS-treated WT mice. A significant up-regulation of IL-33 was observed in acute DSS-treated WT but not in the IL-25(-/-) mice. There was significantly lower expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colon of acute DSS-treated IL-25(-/-) compared to WT mice. IL-25(-/-) mice were also partially protected from chronic DSS challenge especially during the first 2 cycles of DSS exposure. In contrast to IL-25(-/-) mice, IL-13(-/-) mice were more susceptible to DSS-induced colitis. Finally, stimulation of T84 colonic epithelial cells with IL-25 up-regulated the expression of IL-33 and several pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that endogenous IL-25 acts as a pro-inflammatory factor in DSS-induced colitis, which is unlikely to be mediated by IL-13 but possibly the induction of IL-33 and other pro-inflammatory mediators from colonic epithelial cells. The present study suggests that IL-25 may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease in at least a subgroup of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Jiang Wang
- />Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine Street, MSTF, Room 7-00D, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- />Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Allen Smith
- />U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Yanfei Li
- />Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine Street, MSTF, Room 7-00D, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- />U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Thirumalai R Ramalingam
- />Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- />Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Nonghua Lu
- />Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- />Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine Street, MSTF, Room 7-00D, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Zhonghan Yang
- />Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine Street, MSTF, Room 7-00D, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- />Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Aiping Zhao
- />Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine Street, MSTF, Room 7-00D, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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8
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Weisser SB, Kozicky LK, Brugger HK, Ngoh EN, Cheung B, Jen R, Menzies SC, Samarakoon A, Murray PJ, Lim CJ, Johnson P, Boucher JL, van Rooijen N, Sly LM. Arginase activity in alternatively activated macrophages protects PI3Kp110δ deficient mice from dextran sodium sulfate induced intestinal inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3353-67. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley B. Weisser
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Lisa K. Kozicky
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Hayley K. Brugger
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Eyler N. Ngoh
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Bonnie Cheung
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Roger Jen
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Susan C. Menzies
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Asanga Samarakoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Peter J. Murray
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; St Jude's Children's Research Hospital; Memphis TN USA
| | - C. James Lim
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, BMT, Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | | | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Laura M. Sly
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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9
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D'Alessio S, Correale C, Tacconi C, Gandelli A, Pietrogrande G, Vetrano S, Genua M, Arena V, Spinelli A, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Fiocchi C, Danese S. VEGF-C-dependent stimulation of lymphatic function ameliorates experimental inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3863-78. [PMID: 25105363 DOI: 10.1172/jci72189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) of unknown etiology that are associated with an aberrant mucosal immune response. Neoangiogenesis and vascular injury are observed in IBD along with increased lymphangiogenesis. While the pathogenic role of angiogenesis in IBD is well characterized, it is not clear how or if increased lymphangiogenesis promotes disease. Here, we determined that enhancing lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic function reduces experimental IBD. Specifically, we demonstrated that adenoviral induction of prolymphangiogenic factor VEGF-C provides marked protection against the development of acute and chronic colitis in 2 different animal models. VEGF-C-dependent protection was observed in combination with increased inflammatory cell mobilization and bacterial antigen clearance from the inflamed colon to the draining lymph nodes. Moreover, we found that the VEGF-C/VEGFR3 pathway regulates macrophage (MΦ) plasticity and activation both in cultured MΦs and in vivo, imparting a hybrid M1-M2 phenotype. The protective function of VEGF-C was meditated by the so-called resolving MΦs during chronic experimental colitis in a STAT6-dependent manner. Together, these findings shed light on the contribution of lymphatics to the pathogenesis of gut inflammation and suggest that correction of defective lymphatic function with VEGF-C has potential as a therapeutic strategy for IBD.
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10
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Biasi F, Leonarduzzi G, Oteiza PI, Poli G. Inflammatory bowel disease: mechanisms, redox considerations, and therapeutic targets. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1711-47. [PMID: 23305298 PMCID: PMC3809610 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is thought to play a key role in the development of intestinal damage in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), because of its primary involvement in intestinal cells' aberrant immune and inflammatory responses to dietary antigens and to the commensal bacteria. During the active disease phase, activated leukocytes generate not only a wide spectrum of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but also excess oxidative reactions, which markedly alter the redox equilibrium within the gut mucosa, and maintain inflammation by inducing redox-sensitive signaling pathways and transcription factors. Moreover, several inflammatory molecules generate further oxidation products, leading to a self-sustaining and auto-amplifying vicious circle, which eventually impairs the gut barrier. The current treatment of IBD consists of long-term conventional anti-inflammatory therapy and often leads to drug refractoriness or intolerance, limiting patients' quality of life. Immune modulators or anti-tumor necrosis factor α antibodies have recently been used, but all carry the risk of significant side effects and a poor treatment response. Recent developments in molecular medicine point to the possibility of treating the oxidative stress associated with IBD, by designing a proper supplementation of specific lipids to induce local production of anti-inflammatory derivatives, as well as by developing biological therapies that target selective molecules (i.e., nuclear factor-κB, NADPH oxidase, prohibitins, or inflammasomes) involved in redox signaling. The clinical significance of oxidative stress in IBD is now becoming clear, and may soon lead to important new therapeutic options to lessen intestinal damage in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Biasi
- 1 Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin , San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
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11
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Cook MD, Martin SA, Williams C, Whitlock K, Wallig MA, Pence BA, Woods JA. Forced treadmill exercise training exacerbates inflammation and causes mortality while voluntary wheel training is protective in a mouse model of colitis. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 33:46-56. [PMID: 23707215 PMCID: PMC3775960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether exercise training reduced inflammation and symptomology in a mouse model of colitis. We hypothesized that moderate forced treadmill running (FTR) or voluntary wheel running (VWR) would reduce colitis symptoms and colon inflammation in response to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Male C57Bl/6J mice were randomized to sedentary, moderate intensity FTR (8-12 m/min, 40 min, 6 weeks, 5x/week), or VWR (30 days access to wheels). DSS was given at 2% (w/v) in drinking water over 5 days. Mice discontinued exercise 24 h prior to and during DSS treatment. Colons were harvested on Days 6, 8 and 12 in FTR and Day 8 post-DSS in VWR experiments. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that moderate FTR exacerbated colitis symptomology and inflammation as measured by significant (p<0.05) increases in diarrhea and IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17 colon gene expression. We also observed higher mortality (3/10 died vs. 0/10, p=0.07) in the FTR/DSS group. In contrast, VWR alleviated colitis symptoms and reduced inflammatory gene expression in the colons of DSS-treated mice (p<0.05). While DSS treatment reduced food/fluid intake and body weight, there was a tendency for FTR to exacerbate, and for VWR to attenuate, this effect. FTR (in the absence of DSS) increased gene expression of the chemokine and antibacterial protein CCL6 suggesting that FTR altered gut homeostasis that may be related to the exaggerated response to DSS. In conclusion, we found that FTR exacerbated, whereas VWR attenuated, symptoms and inflammation in response to DSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D. Cook
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL,Department of Integrative Immunology and Behavior Group, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Stephen A. Martin
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL,Department of Integrative Immunology and Behavior Group, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Collette Williams
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Keith Whitlock
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Matthew A. Wallig
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Brandt A. Pence
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL,Department of Integrative Immunology and Behavior Group, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Jeffrey A. Woods
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL,Department of Integrative Immunology and Behavior Group, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
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12
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Mishra J, Verma RK, Alpini G, Meng F, Kumar N. Role of Janus kinase 3 in mucosal differentiation and predisposition to colitis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31795-806. [PMID: 24045942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.504126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase expressed in both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. Previously, we characterized the functions of Jak3 in cytoskeletal remodeling, epithelial wound healing, and mucosal homeostasis. However, the role of Jak3 in mucosal differentiation and inflammatory bowel disease was not known. In this report, we characterize the role of Jak3 in mucosal differentiation, basal colonic inflammation, and predisposition toward colitis. Using the Jak3 knock-out (KO) mouse model, we show that Jak3 is expressed in colonic mucosa of mice, and the loss of mucosal expression of Jak3 resulted in reduced expression of differentiation markers for the cells of both enterocytic and secretory lineages. Jak3 KO mice showed reduced expression of colonic villin, carbonic anhydrase, secretory mucin muc2, and increased basal colonic inflammation reflected by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17A in colon along with increased colonic myeloperoxidase activity. The inflammations in KO mice were associated with shortening of colon length, reduced cecum length, decreased crypt heights, and increased severity toward dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. In differentiated human colonic epithelial cells, Jak3 redistributed to basolateral surfaces and interacted with adherens junction (AJ) protein β-catenin. Jak3 expression in these cells was essential for AJ localization of β-catenin and maintenance of epithelial barrier functions. Collectively, these results demonstrate the essential role of Jak3 in the colon where it facilitated mucosal differentiation by promoting the expression of differentiation markers and enhanced colonic barrier functions through AJ localization of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Mishra
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Kingsville, Texas 78363 and
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Rosen MJ, Chaturvedi R, Washington MK, Kuhnhein LA, Moore PD, Coggeshall SS, McDonough EM, Weitkamp JH, Singh AB, Coburn LA, Williams CS, Yan F, Van Kaer L, Peebles RS, Wilson KT. STAT6 deficiency ameliorates severity of oxazolone colitis by decreasing expression of claudin-2 and Th2-inducing cytokines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1849-58. [PMID: 23303670 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from ulcerative colitis (UC) exhibit chronic colonic inflammation caused by a dysregulated mucosal immune response and epithelial barrier disruption. Th2 cytokines, including IL-13, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of UC. IL-13 induces phosphorylation of STAT6, and we previously demonstrated increased epithelial p-STAT6 in children with UC. In this study, we investigated the role of STAT6 in oxazolone colitis, a murine model of UC, by inducing colitis in STAT6-deficient (STAT6(-/-)) and wild type (WT) mice. We observed increased epithelial cell, T cell, macrophage, and NKT cell STAT6 phosphorylation, as well as increased p-STAT6(+) IL-13-producing NKT cells, in colitic WT mice. Colitis was attenuated in STAT6(-/-) mice, with improvements in weight, colon length, and histopathology. There was decreased induction of the pore-forming tight junction protein claudin-2 in STAT6(-/-) mice. Similarly, short hairpin RNA STAT6 knockdown reduced claudin-2 induction and transepithelial resistance decrease in IL-13-treated human T84 cells. Tissue expression of IL-13, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-10 mRNA was similarly induced in WT and STAT6(-/-) colitic mice; however, we observed increased mRNA expression for the Th2-inducing cytokines IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in WT mice with colitis, which was abrogated in STAT6(-/-) mice. Mesenteric lymph node cells from STAT6(-/-) mice with colitis exhibited reduced secretion of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ. IL-33 augmented mesenteric lymph node cell secretion of IL-5, IL-13, IL-6, and IFN-γ. These data implicate STAT6 in the pathogenesis of colitis in vivo with important roles in altering epithelial barrier function and regulating Th2-inducing cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rosen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Wu X, Guo W, Wu L, Gu Y, Gu L, Xu S, Wu X, Shen Y, Ke Y, Tan R, Sun Y, Xu Q. Selective sequestration of STAT1 in the cytoplasm via phosphorylated SHP-2 ameliorates murine experimental colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3497-507. [PMID: 22942432 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The side effects of current immunosuppressive drugs have impeded the development of therapies for immune diseases. Selective regulation of STAT signaling is an attractive strategy for treating immune disorders. In this study, we used a small-molecule compound to explore possible means of targeting STAT1 for the treatment of Th1-mediated inflammation. Selective regulation of STAT1 signaling in T cells from C57BL/6 mice was accomplished using fusaruside, a small-molecule compound that triggers the tyrosine phosphorylation of Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2). The interaction of tyrosine phosphorylated SHP-2 (pY-SHP-2) with cytosolic STAT1 prevented the recruitment of STAT1 to IFN-γR and specifically inhibited STAT1 signaling, resulting in a reduction in Th1 cytokine production and an improvement in 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice. Blocking the pY-SHP-2-STAT1 interaction, with SHP-2 inhibitor NSC-87877 or using T cells from conditional SHP-2 knockout mice, reversed the effects of fusaruside, resulting in STAT1 activation and worsened colitis. The fusaruside-induced ability of pY-SHP-2 to selectively sequestrate STAT1 from recruitment to the receptor is independent of its function as a phosphatase, demonstrating a novel role for SHP-2 in regulating both STAT1 signaling and Th1-type immune responses. These findings could lead to increased options for the treatment of Crohn's disease and other Th1-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Diegelmann J, Olszak T, Göke B, Blumberg RS, Brand S. A novel role for interleukin-27 (IL-27) as mediator of intestinal epithelial barrier protection mediated via differential signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein signaling and induction of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory proteins. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:286-298. [PMID: 22069308 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.294355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the Th17 cell inhibiting cytokine IL-27 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is contradictory. Its effects on the intestinal barrier have so far not been investigated, which was the aim of this study. We show that intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) express both IL-27 receptor subunits IL-27RA and gp130. The IL-27 receptor expression is up-regulated in intestinal inflammation and during bacterial infection. IL-27 activates ERK and p38 MAPKs as well as Akt, STAT1, STAT3, and STAT6 in IEC. IL-27 significantly enhances cell proliferation and IEC restitution. These functions of IL-27 are dependent on the activation of STAT3 and STAT6 signaling pathways. As analyzed by microarray, IL-27 modulates the expression of 428 target genes in IEC (316 up and 112 down; p<0.05). IL-27 as well as its main target genes are up-regulated in colonic tissue and IEC isolated from mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. The IL-27-induced expression of the anti-bacterial gene deleted in malignant brain tumor 1 (DMBT1) is mediated by p38 and STAT3 signaling, whereas the activation of the anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial gene indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is dependent on STAT1 signal transduction. IL-27-induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzymatic activity leads to growth inhibition of intestinal bacteria by causing local tryptophan depletion. For the first time, we characterize IL-27 as a mediator of intestinal epithelial barrier protection mediated via transcriptional activation of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Diegelmann
- Department of Medicine II-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 81377, Germany; Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten Olszak
- Department of Medicine II-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 81377, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Burkhard Göke
- Department of Medicine II-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Stephan Brand
- Department of Medicine II-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 81377, Germany.
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Weisser SB, Brugger HK, Voglmaier NS, McLarren KW, van Rooijen N, Sly LM. SHIP-deficient, alternatively activated macrophages protect mice during DSS-induced colitis. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:483-92. [PMID: 21685246 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0311124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
mϕ are heterogeneous in their functions, and although it is clear that inflammatory mϕ contribute to inflammation in IBDs, multiple lines of evidence suggest that M2a mϕ may offer protection during intestinal inflammation. In vivo SHIP-deficient mouse mϕ are M2a so SHIP-deficient mice provide a unique genetic model of M2a mϕ. Based on this, this study tested the hypothesis that SHIP-deficient, M2a mϕ protect mice from intestinal inflammation. The objectives were to compare the susceptibility of SHIP+/+ and SHIP-/- littermates with DSS-induced intestinal inflammation and to determine whether protection was mϕ-mediated and whether protection could be transferred to a susceptible host. We have found that SHIP-/- mice are protected during DSS-induced intestinal inflammation. SHIP-/- mice have delayed rectal bleeding and reduced weight loss, disruption of intestinal architecture, and immune cell infiltration during DSS-induced colitis relative to their WT littermates. Using liposome depletion of mϕ, we found that SHIP-/- mouse protection was indeed mϕ-mediated. Finally, we determined that SHIP-/- mϕ-mediated protection could be conferred to susceptible WT mice by adoptive transfer of M2a mϕ derived ex vivo. This study supports our hypothesis by demonstrating that SHIP-deficient, M2a mϕ are protective in this murine model of acute intestinal inflammation. Adoptive transfer of M2a mϕ to patients with IBDs offers a promising, new strategy for treatment that may be particularly useful in patients who are otherwise refractory to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley B Weisser
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Cromer WE, Mathis JM, Granger DN, Chaitanya GV, Alexander JS. Role of the endothelium in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:578-93. [PMID: 21350707 PMCID: PMC3040330 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i5.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a complex group of diseases involving alterations in mucosal immunity and gastrointestinal physiology during both initiation and progressive phases of the disease. At the core of these alterations are endothelial cells, whose continual adjustments in structure and function coordinate vascular supply, immune cell emigration, and regulation of the tissue environment. Expansion of the endothelium in IBD (angiogenesis), mediated by inflammatory growth factors, cytokines and chemokines, is a hallmark of active gut disease and is closely related to disease severity. The endothelium in newly formed or inflamed vessels differs from that in normal vessels in the production of and response to inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and adhesion molecules, altering coagulant capacity, barrier function and blood cell recruitment in injury. This review examines the roles of the endothelium in the initiation and propagation of IBD pathology and distinctive features of the intestinal endothelium contributing to these conditions.
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Poritz LS, Zhang WJ, Thompson J, Boyer M, Clark C, Koltun WA. Impaired IL-4 phosphorylation of STAT6 in EBV transformed B-cells. J Surg Res 2009; 162:290-8. [PMID: 19540524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Interleukin-4 signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (IL-4-STAT6) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in regulation of gene transcription. We have previously identified a defective STAT6 activational phenotype in response to IL-4 in patients from our familial Inflammatory Bowel Disease registry. This has been termed Stat6(null) and Stat6(high) is the normal phenotype. The purpose of this study was to investigate the defect in Stat6 activation in Stat6(null) cells. METHODS Stat6(null) and Stat6(high) Epstein Barr virus transformed cell lines were stimulated with 10 ng/mL of IL-4 for 0, 10, 30, or 60 min and cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins harvested. Western blot for STAT6, phosphorylated STAT6 (pSTAT6), Janus Kinase (Jak)1 and Jak3 was performed. Cells were also cultured for 48 h and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) measured in the supernatant. Additional cells were cultured with 20 ng/mL of IFNgamma for 90 min or 5 ug of antibody to IFNgamma for 48 h, and then stimulated with IL-4. RESULTS There were no differences in cytoplasmic STAT6 in Stat6(null)versus Stat6(high) cells. In Stat6(high) cells, STAT6 was rapidly phosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus. In Stat6(null) cells there was minimal phosphorylation and translocation of pSTAT6 to the nucleus. Spontaneous secretion of IFNgamma by Stat6(null) cells was significantly higher than Stat6(null) cells. Addition of IFNgamma decreased pSTAT6 in Stat6(high) cells to Stat6(null) levels while blocking IFNgamma increased baseline pSTAT6 in Stat6(null) cells to levels similar to Stat6(high) cells. CONCLUSION This suggests that the spontaneously produced IFNgamma in the Stat6(null) cell lines suppresses STAT6 function and creates the Stat6(null) phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Poritz
- Department of Surgery, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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