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Moreira RS, Irigoyen M, Sanches TR, Volpini RA, Camara NOS, Malheiros DM, Shimizu MHM, Seguro AC, Andrade L. Apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide 4F attenuates kidney injury, heart injury, and endothelial dysfunction in sepsis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R514-24. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00445.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Kidney injury, heart injury, and cytokine-induced vascular hyperpermeability are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in sepsis. Although the mechanism remains unknown, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) mimetic peptide 4F reduces inflammation and protects HDL levels, which are reduced in sepsis. We hypothesized that 4F also protects kidneys and hearts in a rat model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We divided Wistar rats into groups: sham-operated (control), CLP, and CLP+4F (10 mg/kg body wt ip, 6 h after CLP). At 24 h post-CLP, we evaluated cardiac function, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), baroreflex sensitivity, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, serum cytokines, and inulin clearance. We performed immunoblotting for protein regulators of vascular permeability (Slit2 and Robo4) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in kidney tissue. We evaluated heart mitochondria with electron microscopy. Although there was no difference in MAP, the HR was significantly higher in CLP rats than in control and CLP+4F rats. In CLP+4F rats, baroreflex sensitivity and cardiac function were completely protected from the effects of CLP, as was glomerular filtration; heart mitochondria morphology was improved; sepsis-induced changes in serum cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and apoA-I were less common; all cytokines were lower than in CLP rats; and expression of Slit2, Robo4, and eNOS was completely restored. Administration of 4F inhibits inflammatory responses and strengthens the vascular barrier, protecting kidneys and hearts in an HDL-dependent manner. To determine the extent of the protective effect of 4F, further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto S. Moreira
- Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Irigoyen
- Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita R. Sanches
- Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rildo A. Volpini
- Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Denise M. Malheiros
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria H. M. Shimizu
- Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Seguro
- Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia Andrade
- Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Qin S, Kamanna VS, Lai JH, Liu T, Ganji SH, Zhang L, Bachovchin WW, Kashyap ML. Reverse D4F, an apolipoprotein-AI mimetic peptide, inhibits atherosclerosis in ApoE-null mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2012; 17:334-43. [PMID: 22308547 DOI: 10.1177/1074248411434598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synthetic class A amphipathic helical peptide analogs of apolipoprotein-AI (apoAI; with varied phenylalanine residues) are emerging therapeutic approaches under investigation for atherosclerosis. Utilizing retroinverso sequencing, we designed reverse-D4F (Rev-D4F) peptide with 18 d-amino acids containing 4 phenylalanine residues and reverse order that allows the side chain residues to be of exact alignment and superimposable to those of the parent l-amino acid peptide. This study examined the effect of Rev-D4F on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (apoE)-null mice and the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS/METHODS ApoE-null mice were fed a chow diet and administered water (control), Rev-D4F, or L4F mimetic peptides (0.4 mg/mL, equivalent to 1.6 mg/d) orally in drinking water for 6 weeks. Aortic root atherosclerotic lesion area, lesion macrophage content, and the ability of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to influence monocyte chemotaxis were measured. RESULTS Rev-D4F significantly decreased aortic sinus atherosclerotic lesion area and lesion macrophage content without affecting plasma total and HDL-cholesterol levels in apoE-null mice. The HDL from Rev-D4F-treated mice showed enhanced anti-inflammatory monocyte chemotactic activity, while low-density lipoprotein (LDL) exhibited reduced proinflammatory activity. In in vitro studies, Rev-D4F inhibited LDL oxidation, endothelial cell vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and monocyte chemotactic factor 1 (MCP-1) expression, and monocyte adhesion to aortic endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The Rev-D4F inhibits atherosclerosis by inhibiting endothelial inflammatory/oxidative events and improving HDL function. The data suggest that Rev-D4F may be an effective apoAI mimetic peptide for further development in preventing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucun Qin
- Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
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Nayyar G, Handattu SP, Monroe CE, Chaddha M, Datta G, Mishra VK, Keenum TD, Palgunachari MN, Garber DW, Anantharamaiah GM. Two adjacent domains (141-150 and 151-160) of apoE covalently linked to a class A amphipathic helical peptide exhibit opposite atherogenic effects. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:449-57. [PMID: 21030022 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We recently described anti-atherogenic properties of the dual domain peptide Ac-hE18A-NH(2) derived by covalently linking the heparin binding domain 141-150 of apoE to 18A, a class A amphipathic helical peptide. In this paper we have compared the properties of Ac-hE18A-NH(2) with the non-heparin binding 151-160 region of apoE linked to 18A (Ac-nhE18A-NH(2)). METHODS AND RESULTS Both peptides were highly helical in solution and in association with lipids. Ac-hE18A-NH(2) and not Ac-nhE18A-NH(2) enhanced uptake of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in HepG2 cells. While Ac-hE18A-NH(2) retarded the electrophoretic mobility of LDL, Ac-nhE18A-NH(2) slightly enhanced mobility. Ac-hE18A-NH(2) reduced monocyte association with endothelial cells, while Ac-nhE18A-NH(2) increased it. Ac-hE18A-NH(2) also reduced lipid hydroperoxide content of LDL while Ac-nhE18A-NH(2) increased it. A single administration of Ac-hE18A-NH(2) (100 μg/mouse) into apoE null mice dramatically reduced cholesterol (from 600 mg/dL to 180 mg/dL at 5 min and to 60 mg/dL at 5h) while Ac-nhE18A-NH(2) had no effect. Administration (100 μg/mouse/day, three days a week) into apoE null mice for six weeks showed Ac-hE18A-NH(2) group having a moderate aortic sinus lesion reduction compared with the control group (-15.1%), while the Ac-nhE18A-NH(2) administered group had increased lesion area (+33.0% vs controls and 36.1% vs Ac-hE18A-NH(2)). Plasma from mice administered Ac-hE18A-NH(2) for six weeks showed a significant reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels and increase in paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity compared to controls, while Ac-nhE18A-NH(2) caused no change in plasma cholesterol and decreased PON-1 activity. CONCLUSION It is proposed that Ac-hE18A-NH(2) reduced lesion progression in apoE null mice due to its anti-inflammatory and lipoprotein clearing properties, while Ac-nhE18A-NH(2) exhibited pro-atherogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Nayyar
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit and Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Oxpholipin 11D: an anti-inflammatory peptide that binds cholesterol and oxidized phospholipids. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10181. [PMID: 20418958 PMCID: PMC2854715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many Gram-positive bacteria produce pore-forming exotoxins that contain a highly conserved, 12-residue domain (ECTGLAWEWWRT) that binds cholesterol. This domain is usually flanked N-terminally by arginine and C-terminally by valine. We used this 14-residue sequence as a template to create a small library of peptides that bind cholesterol and other lipids. Methodology/Results Several of these peptides manifested anti-inflammatory properties in a predictive in vitro monocyte chemotactic assay, and some also diminished the pro-inflammatory effects of low-density lipoprotein in apoE-deficient mice. The most potent analog, Oxpholipin-11D (OxP-11D), contained D-amino acids exclusively and was identical to the 14-residue design template except that diphenylalanine replaced cysteine-3. In surface plasmon resonance binding studies, OxP-11D bound oxidized (phospho)lipids and sterols in much the same manner as D-4F, a widely studied cardioprotective apoA-I-mimetic peptide with anti-inflammatory properties. In contrast to D-4F, which adopts a stable α-helical structure in solution, the OxP-11D structure was flexible and contained multiple turn-like features. Conclusion Given the substantial evidence that oxidized phospholipids are pro-inflammatory in vivo, OxP-11D and other Oxpholipins may have therapeutic potential.
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Zhang Z, Datta G, Zhang Y, Miller AP, Mochon P, Chen YF, Chatham J, Anantharamaiah GM, White CR. Apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide treatment inhibits inflammatory responses and improves survival in septic rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H866-73. [PMID: 19561306 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01232.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation induces a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome that contributes to morbidity and mortality in septic patients. Since increasing plasma apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and HDL may reduce the complications of sepsis, we tested the hypothesis that the apoA-I mimetic peptide 4F confers similar protective effects in rats undergoing cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to undergo CLP or sham surgery. IL-6 levels were significantly elevated in plasma by 6 h after CLP surgery compared with shams. In subsequent studies, CLP rats were further subdivided to receive vehicle or 4F (10 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection, 6 h after sepsis induction. Sham-operated rats received saline. Echocardiographic studies showed a reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, and cardiac output (CO) 24 h after CLP surgery. These changes were associated with reduced blood volume and left ventricular filling pressure. 4F treatment improved blood volume status, increased CO, and reduced plasma IL-6 in CLP rats. Total cholesterol (TC) and HDL were 79 +/- 5 and 61 +/- 4 mg/dl, respectively, in sham rats. TC was significantly reduced in CLP rats (54 +/- 3 mg/dl) due to a reduction in HDL (26 +/- 3 mg/dl). 4F administration to CLP rats attenuated the reduction in TC (69 +/- 4 mg/dl) and HDL (41 +/- 3 mg/dl) and prevented sepsis-induced changes in HDL protein composition. Increased plasma HDL in 4F-treated CLP rats was associated with an improvement in CO and reduced mortality. It is proposed that protective effects of 4F are related to its ability to prevent the sepsis-induced reduction in plasma HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Remaley AT, Amar M, Sviridov D. HDL-replacement therapy: mechanism of action, types of agents and potential clinical indications. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2009; 6:1203-15. [PMID: 18939908 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.9.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
HDL-replacement therapy is a promising new treatment strategy involving the acute administration of HDL to rapidly stabilize patients at imminent risk for developing a myocardial infarction, such as those with acute coronary syndrome. This review will first focus on the anti-atherogenic mechanisms for HDL, such as the stimulation of the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, and then discuss the other potential beneficial biological effects of HDL on atherosclerosis. The various types of HDL-replacement therapies that are being investigated and developed will be reviewed and ongoing clinical trials and other possible clinical indications for HDL-replacement therapy besides the prevention of myocardial infarction will also be described. Finally, HDL-replacement therapy will be put into perspective by summarizing the current gaps in our knowledge of HDL metabolism and identifying challenges for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Remaley
- National Institutes of Health, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-21508, USA.
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Cormode DP, Briley-Saebo KC, Mulder WJM, Aguinaldo JGS, Barazza A, Ma Y, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA. An ApoA-I mimetic peptide high-density-lipoprotein-based MRI contrast agent for atherosclerotic plaque composition detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1437-44. [PMID: 18712752 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the prime causes of mortality throughout the world and there is a need for targeted and effective contrast agents to allow noninvasive imaging of the cholesterol-rich atherosclerotic plaques in arteries. A new, fully synthetic, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mimicking MRI contrast agent is developed, which enhances macrophage-rich areas of plaque in a mouse model of atherosclerosis by 94%. Confirmation of the targeting of this nanoparticulate agent is achieved using confocal microscopy by tracking a fluorescent lipid incorporated into the nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Cormode
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place Box 1234, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Suckling K. The landscape of drug discovery in atherosclerosis and dyslipidaemia: a survey from patenting activity. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.5.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Benjwal S, Jayaraman S, Gursky O. Role of secondary structure in protein-phospholipid surface interactions: reconstitution and denaturation of apolipoprotein C-I:DMPC complexes. Biochemistry 2007; 46:4184-94. [PMID: 17341095 PMCID: PMC2584444 DOI: 10.1021/bi062175c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Binding of protein to a phospholipid surface is commonly mediated by amphipathic alpha-helices. To understand the role of alpha-helical structure in protein-lipid interactions, we used discoidal lipoproteins reconstituted from dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and human apolipoprotein C-I (apoC-I, 6 kDa) or its mutants containing single Pro substitutions along the sequence and differing in their alpha-helical content in solution (0-48%) and on DMPC (40-75%). Thermal denaturation revealed that lipoprotein stability correlates weakly with the protein helix content: proteins with higher alpha-helical content on DMPC may form more stable complexes. Lipoprotein reconstitution upon cooling from the heat-denatured state and DMPC clearance studies revealed that protein secondary structure in solution and on DMPC correlates strongly with the maximal temperature of lipoprotein reconstitution: more helical proteins can reconstitute lipoproteins at higher temperatures. Interestingly, at Tc = 24 degrees C of the DMPC gel-to-liquid crystal transition, the clearance rate is independent of the protein helical content. Consequently, if the packing defects at the phospholipid surface are readily available (e.g., at the lipid phase boundary), insertion of protein into these defects is independent of the secondary structure in solution. However, if hydrophobic defects are limited, protein binding and insertion are aided by other surface-bound proteins and depend on their helical propensity: the larger the propensity, the faster the binding and the broader its temperature range. This positive cooperativity in binding of alpha-helices to phospholipid surface, which may result from direct and/or lipid-mediated protein-protein interactions, may be important for lipoprotein metabolism and for protein-membrane binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Benjwal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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