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Park J, Kim JW, Park H, Park SY, Kim TH, Kim SW, Oh YL, Chung JH. Multifocality in a Patient with Cribriform-Morular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Is an Important Clue for the Diagnosis of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. Thyroid 2019; 29:1606-1614. [PMID: 31469036 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CMV-PTC) is a rare subtype of PTC, which occurrs predominantly in young women. This disease much more frequently presents in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). FAP is an autosomal dominant inherited disease, which arises from germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. To clarify the distinctive clinical features of CMV-PTC, a comparison study was performed between familial types and sporadic types. Methods: Between 2007 and 2018, 15 CMV-PTC patients underwent thyroidectomy in Samsung Medical Center. The clinical features of these patients were retrospectively reviewed. Results: All patients were women with a median age of 26 years (range 17-46 years). The median maximum diameter was 1.0 cm (range 0.4-3.5 cm). All tumors underwent immunostaining and showed nuclear and/or cytoplasmic staining for β-catenin. On ultrasonography, most nodules had benign-looking features (well-defined, hypoechoic, and oval to round shapes without calcification), but a few nodules had capsular invasion and taller than wide shape. On preoperative fine-needle aspiration cytology, five patients (33%) were diagnosed as CMV-PTC, nine (60%) as PTC, but one (7%) as follicular neoplasm or PTC-follicular variant. Six patients (40%) had FAP, and four of them had total colectomy due to FAP. Five of them had a family history of FAP or colon cancer, or thyroid cancer. Germline mutations in the APC gene were found in all six patients with CMV-PTC associated with FAP, and five of them had de novo mutations. All patients with FAP-associated CMV-PTC had multiple tumors. All CMV-PTC patients had excellent response to initial therapy. Conclusions: Because of the association between FAP or colon cancer with multifocal CMV-PTC, we confirm that mutational analysis of the APC gene and colonoscopy should be carried out in these patients when multiple thyroid tumors are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Park
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Centre, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Won Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunju Park
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Centre, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Centre, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hyuk Kim
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Centre, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Wook Kim
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Centre, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Lyun Oh
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Chung
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Centre, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Rapp J, Jaromi L, Kvell K, Miskei G, Pongracz JE. WNT signaling - lung cancer is no exception. Respir Res 2017; 18:167. [PMID: 28870231 PMCID: PMC5584342 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial discovery of the oncogenic activity of WNT ligands our understanding of the complex roles for WNT signaling pathways in lung cancers has increased substantially. In the current review, the various effects of activation and inhibition of the WNT signaling pathways are summarized in the context of lung carcinogenesis. Recent evidence regarding WNT ligand transport mechanisms, the role of WNT signaling in lung cancer angiogenesis and drug transporter regulation and the importance of microRNA and posttranscriptional regulation of WNT signaling are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Rapp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Luca Jaromi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Krisztian Kvell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Miskei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Judit E. Pongracz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Abstract
Background Germline mutations in the coding sequence of the tumour suppressor APC gene give rise to familial adenomatous polyposis (which leads to colorectal cancer) and are associated with many other oncopathologies. The loss of APC function because of deletion of putative promoter 1A or 1B also results in the development of colorectal cancer. Since the regions of promoters 1A and 1B contain many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the aim of this study was to perform functional analysis of some of these SNPs by means of an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and a luciferase reporter assay. Results First, it was shown that both putative promoters of APC (1A and 1B) drive transcription in an in vitro reporter experiment. From eleven randomly selected SNPs of promoter 1A and four SNPs of promoter 1B, nine and two respectively showed differential patterns of binding of nuclear proteins to oligonucleotide probes corresponding to alternative alleles. The luciferase reporter assay showed that among the six SNPs tested, the rs75612255 C allele and rs113017087 C allele in promoter 1A as well as the rs138386816 T allele and rs115658307 T allele in promoter 1B significantly increased luciferase activity in the human erythromyeloblastoid leukaemia cell line K562. In human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells, none of the substitutions under study had any effect, with the exception of minor allele G of rs79896135 in promoter 1B. This allele significantly decreased the luciferase reporter’s activity Conclusion Our results indicate that many SNPs in APC promoters 1A and 1B are functionally relevant and that allele G of rs79896135 may be associated with the predisposition to colorectal cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-016-0460-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Marabelli M, Molinaro V, Abou Khouzam R, Berrino E, Panero M, Balsamo A, Venesio T, Ranzani GN. Colorectal Adenomatous Polyposis: Heterogeneity of Susceptibility Gene Mutations and Phenotypes in a Cohort of Italian Patients. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:777-785. [PMID: 27705013 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Colorectal adenomatous polyposis entailing cancer predisposition is caused by constitutional mutations in different genes. APC is associated with the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP/AFAP) and MUTYH with the MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP), while POLE and POLD1 mutations cause the polymerase proofreading-associated polyposis (PPAP). METHODS We screened for mutations in patients with multiple adenomas/FAP: 121 patients were analyzed for APC and MUTYH mutations, and 36 patients were also evaluated for POLE and POLD1 gene mutations. RESULTS We found 20 FAP/AFAP, 15 MAP, and no PPAP subjects: pathogenic mutations proved to be heterogeneous, and included 5 APC and 1 MUTYH novel mutations. The mutation detection rate was significantly different between patients with 5-100 polyps and those with >100 polyps (p = 8.154 × 10-7), with APC mutations being associated with an aggressive phenotype (p = 1.279 × 10-9). Mean age at diagnosis was lower in FAP/AFAP compared to MAP (p = 3.055 × 10-4). Mutation-negative probands showed a mean age at diagnosis that was significantly higher than FAP/AFAP (p = 3.46986 × 10-7) and included 45.3% of patients with <30 polyps and 70.9% of patients with no family history. CONCLUSIONS This study enlarges the APC and MUTYH mutational spectra, and also evaluated variants of uncertain significance, including the MUTYH p.Gln338His mutation. Moreover this study underscores the phenotypic heterogeneity and genotype-phenotype correlations in a cohort of Italian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Marabelli
- 1 Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Molinaro
- 1 Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy
| | - Raefa Abou Khouzam
- 1 Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Mara Panero
- 2 Candiolo Cancer Institute , FPO-IRCCS, Torino, Italy
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Lv L, Zhang J, Wang P, Meng Q, Liang W, Zhang L. Zinc finger protein 191 deficiency attenuates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and intimal hyperplasia after endovascular arterial injury. J Vasc Surg 2013; 59:500-9. [PMID: 23755975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Restenosis engenders surgical vascular intervention failure. Zinc finger protein 191 (ZFP191) is a novel member of the SCAN domain family of Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factors. Previous work reveals that ZFP191 is a pleiotropic factor that plays important roles in hematopoiesis, brain development, and tumor growth. Here, we sought to determine whether intimal hyperplasia was affected by the activity of ZFP191 and to investigate the molecular mechanisms that may underpin the process. METHODS Intimal hyperplasia was induced by guidewire injury in mouse femoral arteries. The arteries were harvested for morphometric assessment and determination of ZFP191 expression. Next, ZFP191 knockdown in cultured mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was achieved by lentiviral transduction of short-hairpin RNA. MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, [(3)H]thymidine incorporation assay, scratch assay, and transwell migration assay were used to evaluate the effects of ZFP191 knockdown on VSMC growth and migration. In addition, β-catenin, c-myc, cyclin D1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9, MMP2, and MMP7 were measured by Western blotting in the absence of ZFP191 in vitro and in vivo. Zymography was used to evaluate MMP activity in cell culture-conditioned media. Lastly, artery injury was performed in wild-type (WT) and heterozygous ZFP191 knockout (KO) mice, and morphometric analysis of the arteries was determined. RESULTS Guidewire injury was associated with development of intimal hyperplasia, and ZFP191 expression was enhanced by 51% in the injured arteries. Cultured primary VSMCs transfected with lentiviral shZFP191 displayed reduced proliferation and migration compared with controls. Mechanically, ZFP191 knockdown potently decreased the level of β-catenin and its downstream targets c-myc and cyclin D1. ZFP191 knockdown downregulated the expression of MMP9, MMP2, and MMP7, and zymography confirmed that ZFP191 knockdown reduced the activity of MMPs. Consistent with the in vitro data, elevated expression of β-catenin, c-myc, cyclin D1, MMP9, MMP2, and MMP7 accompanied upregulation of ZFP191 after injury in the femoral arteries of mice, and these levels were downregulated in ZFP191 KO vessels. Finally, intimal hyperplasia was greatly blocked in heterozygous ZFP191 KO mice compared with WT mice (intima/media ratio, 0.124 vs 0.412; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS ZFP191 played an essential role in aggressive proliferation and migration of VSMCs, which in turn facilitated intimal hyperplasia. Our findings offer the first genetic evidence of ZFP191 as a potential therapeutic target to prevent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lv
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiurong Meng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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APC Germline Mutations in Individuals Being Evaluated for Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. J Mol Diagn 2013; 15:31-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Risio M. Reprint of: the natural history of adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 24:397-406. [PMID: 20833344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that adenomas represent the morphologically categorised precursor of the vast majority of colorectal cancers. Only few adenomas actually develop invasive cancer (progressive adenomas), although every adenoma has the capacity of malignant evolution. Most adenomas stabilise their progression or even regress. Easily identifiable but widely ranged pathological features (size, architectural growth, type, grade and gross organisation of dysplasia) are predictive of their natural history in terms of potential of cancerisation and duration of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Knowledge of the biological machineries sustaining the progression rates and times could be crucial to refine the natural history assumptions in screening modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Risio
- Unit of Pathology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Strada Provinciale 142, Km. 3,95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
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8
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The natural history of adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 24:271-80. [PMID: 20510828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that adenomas represent the morphologically categorised precursor of the vast majority of colorectal cancers. Only few adenomas actually develop invasive cancer (progressive adenomas), although every adenoma has the capacity of malignant evolution. Most adenomas stabilise their progression or even regress. Easily identifiable but widely ranged pathological features (size, architectural growth, type, grade and gross organisation of dysplasia) are predictive of their natural history in terms of potential of cancerisation and duration of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Knowledge of the biological machineries sustaining the progression rates and times could be crucial to refine the natural history assumptions in screening modelling.
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RUNX3 inactivation in colorectal polyps arising through different pathways of colonic carcinogenesis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:426-36. [PMID: 19174785 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2008.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that RUNX3 inactivation by promoter hypermethylation in colorectal polyps is an early molecular event in colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS RUNX3 protein expression was analyzed immunohistochemically in 50 sporadic colorectal polyps comprising 19 hyperplastic polyps (HPs), 14 traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs), and 17 sporadic traditional adenomas (sTAs) as well as in 19 familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) samples from 10 patients showing aberrant crypt foci (ACF) (n=91), small adenomas (SmAds) (n=40), and large adenomas (LAds) (n=13). In addition, we assessed the frequency of promoter hypermethylation of RUNX3 by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) in all the 50 sporadic polyps as well as 38 microdissected FAP polyps comprising ACF, SmAds, and LAds obtained from 7 FAP samples. A total of 12 normal colon samples were also included for RUNX3 MSP analysis. RESULTS Compared to normal colon (2 of 12, 16%) and sTAs (3 of 17, 18%), HPs (15 of 19, 79%) and TSAs (8 of 14, 57%) displayed significant inactivation of RUNX3 (P<0.05). In FAP, RUNX3 inactivation was more frequently seen in ACF (78 of 91, 86%), SmAds (25 of 40, 62%), and LAds (6 of 13, 46%) compared to normal mucosa (0 of 19, 0%) in the same samples (all P<0.05). Promoter hypermethylation of RUNX3 was significantly higher in colorectal polyps (64 of 87, 74%) compared to normal colon (2 of 12, 16%) (P=0.001). Serrated polyps such as HPs (17 of 19, 89%) and TSAs (12 of 14, 86%) were significantly more methylated than sTAs (7 of 17, 44%) (P=0.004). RUNX3 hypermethylation was observed in 28 of the total 38 (74%) FAP polyps. Overall, RUNX3 promoter methylation correlated with inactivation of RUNX3 expression in sporadic (27 of 36, 75%) (P=0.022) and FAP (21 of 28, 75%) (P=0.021) polyps. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that RUNX3 inactivation due to promoter hypermethylation in colorectal polyps represents an early event in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. In addition, epigenetic RUNX3 inactivation is a frequent event in the serrated colonic polyps as well as in the ACF of FAP polyps.
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Ivaniutsin U, Chen Y, Mason JO, Price DJ, Pratt T. Adenomatous polyposis coli is required for early events in the normal growth and differentiation of the developing cerebral cortex. Neural Dev 2009; 4:3. [PMID: 19149881 PMCID: PMC2649069 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) is a large multifunctional protein known to be important for Wnt/β-catenin signalling, cytoskeletal dynamics, and cell polarity. In the developing cerebral cortex, Apc is expressed in proliferating cells and its expression increases as cells migrate to the cortical plate. We examined the consequences of loss of Apc function for the early development of the cerebral cortex. Results We used Emx1Cre to inactivate Apc specifically in proliferating cerebral cortical cells and their descendents starting from embryonic day 9.5. We observed reduction in the size of the mutant cerebral cortex, disruption to its organisation, and changes in the molecular identity of its cells. Loss of Apc leads to a decrease in the size of the proliferative pool, disrupted interkinetic nuclear migration, and increased apoptosis. β-Catenin, pericentrin, and N-cadherin proteins no longer adopt their normal high concentration at the apical surface of the cerebral cortical ventricular zone, indicating that cell polarity is disrupted. Consistent with enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signalling resulting from loss of Apc we found increased levels of TCF/LEF-dependent transcription and expression of endogenous Wnt/β-catenin target genes (Axin2 (conductin), Lef1, and c-myc) in the mutant cerebral cortex. In the Apc mutant cerebral cortex the expression of transcription factors Foxg1, Pax6, Tbr1, and Tbr2 is drastically reduced compared to normal and many cells ectopically express Pax3, Wnt1, and Wt1 (but not Wnt2b, Wnt8b, Ptc, Gli1, Mash1, Olig2, or Islet1). This indicates that loss of Apc function causes cerebral cortical cells to lose their normal identity and redirect to fates normally found in more posterior-dorsal regions of the central nervous system. Conclusion Apc is required for multiple aspects of early cerebral cortical development, including the regulation of cell number, interkinetic nuclear migration, cell polarity, and cell type specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uladzislau Ivaniutsin
- Genes and Development Group, Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Brocardo M, Lei Y, Tighe A, Taylor SS, Mok MT, Henderson BR. Mitochondrial Targeting of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein Is Stimulated by Truncating Cancer Mutations. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:5950-9. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708775200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Näthke I. Cytoskeleton out of the cupboard: colon cancer and cytoskeletal changes induced by loss of APC. Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6:967-74. [PMID: 17093505 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) is a common factor in most colorectal cancers. APC has many functions, the most prominent is its capacity to regulate beta-catenin-mediated gene transcription in response to Wnt signalling. Loss of APC leads to deregulated beta-catenin and this is intimately linked with tumour formation. However, recent evidence indicates that the interaction of APC with the cytoskeleton might also contribute to tumour initiation and progression. How does APC interact with the cytoskeleton and how could this play a part in colorectal tumorigenesis?
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Affiliation(s)
- Inke Näthke
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
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Pongracz JE, Stockley RA. Wnt signalling in lung development and diseases. Respir Res 2006; 7:15. [PMID: 16438732 PMCID: PMC1397816 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several signalling pathways involved in lung organogenesis including Notch, TGFbeta/BMP, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), FGF, EGF, and Wnt. Despite the widely acknowledged significance of Wnt signalling in embryonic lung development, the role of different Wnt pathways in lung pathologies has been slow to emerge. In this review, we will present a synopsis of current Wnt research with particular attention paid to the role of Wnt signals in lung development and in pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit E Pongracz
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Hanson CA, Miller JR. Non-traditional roles for the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) tumor suppressor protein. Gene 2005; 361:1-12. [PMID: 16185824 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) tumor suppressor is a multifunctional protein that is mutated in a majority of colon cancers. The role of APC as an antagonist of the Wnt signaling pathway is well known and it is widely accepted that inappropriate activation of this pathway through loss of APC function contributes to the progression of colon cancers. However, a body of evidence is growing to support the idea that APC plays non-traditional functions outside of the Wnt pathway with roles in cell migration, adhesion, chromosome segregation, spindle assembly, apoptosis, and neuronal differentiation. This review highlights the research into alternate functions for APC beyond its role in Wnt signaling and discusses the possible contributions for these non-traditional functions of APC in tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Hanson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Karim R, Tse G, Putti T, Scolyer R, Lee S. The significance of the Wnt pathway in the pathology of human cancers. Pathology 2004; 36:120-8. [PMID: 15203747 DOI: 10.1080/00313020410001671957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The wingless-type (Wnt) signalling transduction pathway is essentially a network of a number of separate but interacting pathways. Specific Wnt ligands bind to their target 'frizzled' membrane receptor and interfere with the multi-protein destruction complex, resulting in downstream activation of gene transcription by beta-catenin. Simplistically, the multi-protein destruction complex involves Axin and APC serving as scaffolds binding both beta-catenin and GSK3, to facilitate phosphorylation of beta-catenin by GSK-3beta. Phosphorylated beta-catenin is degraded in proteasomes by the ubiquination machinery. Unphosphorylated beta-catenin accumulates and associates with nuclear transcription factors leading to the eventual transcription and expression of target genes such as c-myc, c-jun, Fra and cyclin D1. There are several regulatory mechanisms for the down-regulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signal, perhaps reflecting the pivotal nature of the pathway and the detrimental consequences of inappropriate activation. There has been intense investigation into the role of Wnt genes in human cancer. Although no documentation is made of any mutation or amplification of genes encoding Wnt ligands or receptors linked to human cancer to date, several components of the Wnt pathway have been implicated in carcinogenesis, especially APC and beta-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rooshdiya Karim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney NSW Australia.
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