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Dean A, Estévez O, Centella C, Sanjuan-Sanjuan A, Sánchez-Frías ME, Alamillos FJ. Surgical Navigation and CAD-CAM-Designed PEEK Prosthesis for the Surgical Treatment of Facial Intraosseous Vascular Anomalies. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4602. [PMID: 39200744 PMCID: PMC11354805 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13164602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Intraosseous vascular anomalies in the facial skeleton present significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to complex anatomy. These anomalies represent about 0.5-1% of bony neoplastic and tumor-like lesions, usually presenting as a firm, painless mass. Most described intraosseous vascular malformations are venous malformations (VMs) and, more rarely, arteriovenous malformations. Objectives: The objectives of this work are to show our experience, protocol and the applications of computer planning, virtual surgery, CAD-CAM design, surgical navigation, and computer-assisted navigated piezoelectric surgery in the treatment of facial intraosseous vascular anomalies and to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages. Methods: Three females and one male with periorbital intraosseous vascular anomalies were treated using en-block resection and immediate reconstruction with a custom-made PEEK prosthesis. One lesion was in the supraorbital rim and orbital roof, one in the frontal bone and orbital roof, and two in the zygomatic region. We accomplished the resection and reconstruction of the lesion using virtual planning, CAD-CAM design, surgical navigation and piezoelectric device navigation. Results: There were no complications related to the surgery assisted with navigation. With an accuracy of less than 1 mm, the procedure may be carried out in accordance with the surgical plan. The surgeon's degree of uncertainty during deep osteotomies and in locations with low visibility was decreased by the use of the navigated piezoelectric device. Conclusions: Resection and reconstruction of facial intraosseous vascular anomalies benefit from this new surgical strategy using CAD-CAM technologies, computer-assisted navigated piezoelectric surgery, and surgical navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Dean
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (O.E.); (C.C.); (F.J.A.)
| | - Orlando Estévez
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (O.E.); (C.C.); (F.J.A.)
| | - Concepción Centella
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (O.E.); (C.C.); (F.J.A.)
| | - Alba Sanjuan-Sanjuan
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV 25301, USA;
| | - Marina E. Sánchez-Frías
- Pathology Department, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain;
| | - Francisco J. Alamillos
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (O.E.); (C.C.); (F.J.A.)
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Oh J, Han SI, Lim SC. Intraosseous hemangioma with aneurysmal bone cyst-like changes of the hyoid bone: Case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37137. [PMID: 38335421 PMCID: PMC10860961 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Intraosseous hemangioma is a rare benign vascular tumor of the bone that can affect any body part; however, the most common site is the vertebra, followed by calvarial bones. PATIENT CONCERNS We present a case of intraosseous hemangioma in a 23-year-old male who presented a feeling of fullness in the throat for 3 months. The hyoid bone level had a hard mass of about 5 cm. Fine needle aspiration showed 5 mL dark bloody aspirates. Magnetic resonance image showed a 5.3 cm mixed signal intensity lesion in the hyoid body. DIAGNOSIS Histopathologic examination showed intraosseous hemangioma with aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC)-like changes in the hyoid bone. INTERVENTIONS The mass was completely removed without significant problems. OUTCOMES Complete mass excision and symptomatic improvements were achieved, and no subsequent relapses were observed. LESSONS The authors experienced a case of intraosseous hemangioma with ABC-like changes. There has been no case report of intraosseous hemangioma in the hyoid bone. This case showed a spectral pattern of the ABC-like changes developing from the underlying bone tumor as a secondary change. ABC-like changes in bone tumors can mislead the diagnosis. Careful examination of the tumor is essential for the correct diagnosis of ABC or ABC-like changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyun Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Song Iy Han
- Division of Premedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Lim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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Tovmasyan AS, Klimenko KE, Zelikovich EI, Kurilenkova AG, Filina EV, Kishinevskii AE, Ramazanov SR. [Sinonasal hemangiomas: principles of diagnosis and treatment. Literature review]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2024; 89:54-59. [PMID: 39171878 DOI: 10.17116/otorino20248904154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Hemangiomas of the nasal cavity are extremely rare in the practice of an otorhinolaryngologist and can be presented in various histopathological variants. Scientific data on hemangiomas of the sinonasal region are analyzed and systematized. The article describes the principles of diagnosis and choice of the method of surgical treatment of hemangiomas. An analysis of the literature data shows that with hemangiomas of the nasal cavity, a comprehensive examination of the patient is required, including collection of complaints and anamnesis, endoscopy of the nasal cavity and computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses, and with significant hemangiomas spreading to neighboring anatomical areas, magnetic resonance imaging with intravenous contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Tovmasyan
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - K E Klimenko
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
- Central State Medical Academy of Administrative Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic of Administrative Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Zelikovich
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A G Kurilenkova
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Filina
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Kishinevskii
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S R Ramazanov
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
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Deng Y, Shi Y, Chen X, Hu W, Xu W. Intraosseous Hemangioma of the Ethmoid Sinus: A Case Report. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2022:1455613221113794. [PMID: 35815647 DOI: 10.1177/01455613221113794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraosseous hemangiomas usually occur in the vertebrae and skull bones, whereas those arising within the nasal cavity are exceedingly rare. Here, we describe the case of a 40-year-old woman with nasal congestion who presented to our hospital with a tumor located in the left nasal cavity. Unenhanced paranasal computed tomography revealed an approximately 3 cm large mass originating from the anterior wall of the ethmoid sinus. Pre-operative imaging failed to reveal the etiology of the mass. The tumor was successfully resected using a trans-nasal endoscopic approach without pre-operative embolization. No complications occurred during the post-operative period, and there was no evidence of recurrence at the 3-month and 6-month follow-up. Histological examination of the resected specimen showed endothelium-lined blood-filled vascular spaces within the bony trabecule, suggesting a pattern typical of intraosseous cavernous hemangioma. Thus, although intraosseous hemangiomas of the nasal cavity are extremely rare, they must be considered when a bony mass is detected in the nasal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaocai Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqi Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Antúnez-Conde R, Navarro Cuéllar C, Salmerón Escobar JI, Díez-Montiel A, Navarro Cuéllar I, Dell’Aversana Orabona G, del Castillo Pardo de Vera JL, Navarro Vila C, Cebrián Carretero JL. Intraosseous Venous Malformation of the Zygomatic Bone: Comparison between Virtual Surgical Planning and Standard Surgery with Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194565. [PMID: 34640581 PMCID: PMC8509390 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraosseous venous malformations affecting the zygomatic bone are infrequent. Primary reconstruction is usually accomplished with calvarial grafts, although the use of virtual surgical planning, cutting guides and patient-specific implants (PSI) have had a major development in recent years. A retrospective study was designed and implemented in patients diagnosed with intraosseous venous malformation during 2006–2021, and a review of the scientific literature was also performed to clarify diagnostic terms. Eight patients were treated, differentiating two groups according to the technique: four patients were treated through standard surgery with resection and primary reconstruction of the defect with calvarial graft, and four patients underwent resection and primary reconstruction through virtual surgical planning (VSP), cutting guides, STL models developed with CAD-CAM technology and PSI (titanium or Polyether-ether-ketone). In the group treated with standard surgery, 75% of the patients developed sequelae or morbidity associated with this technique. The operation time ranged from 175 min to 210 min (average 188.7 min), the length of hospital ranged from 4 days to 6 days (average 4.75 days) and the postoperative CT scan showed a defect surface coverage of 79.75%. The aesthetic results were “excellent” in 25% of the patients, “good” in 50% and “poor” in 25%. In the VSP group, 25% presented sequelae associated with surgical treatment. The operation time ranged from 99 min to 143 min (average 121 min), the length of hospital stay ranged from 1 to 2 days (average of 1.75 days) and 75% of the patients reported “excellent” results. Postoperative CT scan showed 100% coverage of the defect surface in the VSP group. The multi-stage implementation of virtual surgical planning with cutting guides, STL models and patient-specific implants increases the reconstructive accuracy in the treatment of patients diagnosed with intraosseous venous malformation of the zygomatic bone, reducing sequelae, operation time and average hospital stay, providing a better cover of the defect, and improving the precision of the reconstruction and the aesthetic results compared to standard technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Antúnez-Conde
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (R.A.-C.); (J.I.S.E.); (A.D.-M.); (I.N.C.); (C.N.V.)
| | - Carlos Navarro Cuéllar
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (R.A.-C.); (J.I.S.E.); (A.D.-M.); (I.N.C.); (C.N.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - José Ignacio Salmerón Escobar
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (R.A.-C.); (J.I.S.E.); (A.D.-M.); (I.N.C.); (C.N.V.)
| | - Alberto Díez-Montiel
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (R.A.-C.); (J.I.S.E.); (A.D.-M.); (I.N.C.); (C.N.V.)
| | - Ignacio Navarro Cuéllar
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (R.A.-C.); (J.I.S.E.); (A.D.-M.); (I.N.C.); (C.N.V.)
| | | | | | - Carlos Navarro Vila
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (R.A.-C.); (J.I.S.E.); (A.D.-M.); (I.N.C.); (C.N.V.)
| | - José Luis Cebrián Carretero
- Maxilofacial Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.d.C.P.d.V.); (J.L.C.C.)
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Intraosseous Venous Malformation of the Zygomatic Bone: Virtual Surgical Planning and Reconstruction With Customized CAD-CAM Titanium Implant. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:e757-e759. [PMID: 34191769 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Zygomatic intraosseous vascular anomalies are uncommon. Most cases have been reported without a precise diagnosis. The prevalence is 3:1 women during the fourth decade of life. The study of these lesions includes clinical findings, radiological studies, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans, and a postoperative histological study of the specimen. Biopsy is not recommended because of the risk of bleeding. Complete surgical resection remains the gold standard elective treatment.The case of a patient with an intraosseous venous malformation of the zygomatic bone is presented, detailing the clinical, histological, and radiological characteristics and the surgical treatment with a primary reconstruction through Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing customized titanium implant guided by virtual surgical planning with a reduction of surgical time and morbidity in the donor area with optimal functional and aesthetic results.
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Koh SM, Choi JE, Chung SK, Kim HY. A Case of Intraosseous Hemangioma in the Nasal Cavity. JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.18787/jr.2020.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Osseous hemangioma typically occurs in the vertebral column or skull bones. It it is extremely rare in the nasal bone. Only nine cases originating in the turbinate and maxillary bone have been reported in the English and Korean literature. Herein, we present the case of a 51-year-old women with a dorsum mass to share our experience with intraosseous hemangioma successfully removed and reconstructed by an endonasal approach.
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Endoscopic open rhinoplasty enables a cosmetic approach for a rare case of intraosseous cavernous hemangioma in the nasal bone. Auris Nasus Larynx 2020; 47:1064-1069. [PMID: 31932073 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A rare case of intraosseous cavernous hemangioma was identified in the nasal root. Using a combination of endoscopic surgery and open rhinoplasty, an osteotomy was performed and resection of the hemangioma was successfully achieved with transcolumellar and infracartilaginous incisions and 2 stab incisions. No adverse side effects were observed after the procedure, no tumor recurrence was observed at the 16-month-postoperative follow-up. The preserved periosteum contributed to the osteogenesis and thus, a need for a reconstructive surgery was indicated. The favorable outcomes associated with this approach justify and authenticate the use of endoscopy-assisted open rhinoplasty in the treatment of intraosseous cavernous hemangiomas without leaving ventral surgical scarring.
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Temerek AT, Ali S, Shehab MF. Computer guided resection and reconstruction of intra-osseous zygomatic hemangioma: Case report and systematic review of literature. Int J Surg Case Rep 2019; 66:240-256. [PMID: 31874384 PMCID: PMC6931065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to systemically integrate the available data on various published treatment strategies for intraosseous hemangioma of the zygoma in an updated comprehensive systematic review, and to present a new case of treated resection and immediate reconstruction using computer guided patient specific composite graft. CASE PRESENTATION A 29 years old female patient with intraosseos zygomatic hemangioma treated using computer guided resection and immediate reconstruction. The resection was performed using a resection template constructed based on preoperative 3D planning. The reconstruction was performed using ramus bone graft and titanium mesh. The patient was followed up for 3 years with no complications. METHODS An electronic search was performed on 3 data bases; additional hand search of bibliographies of selected articles was performed. Eligibility criteria include human studies presenting intraosseous zygomatico-orbital hemangioma with clearly reported therapeutic strategies. RESULTS 53 articles with 73 cases were included. The lesion was highly prevalent in females compared to males (2.28:1). Fifth decade represents the highest prevalence with mean age of 44.1 ± 1.8 years. The main patient concern was swelling and facial deformity. Total tumor resection can assure no recurrence, while partial resection and curettage are associated with high recurrence rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Talaat Temerek
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
| | - Sherif Ali
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Farid Shehab
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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10
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Hemangioma of the Maxilla. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 31:501-503. [PMID: 31794454 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000006109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Osteofascial Radial Forearm Free Flap Reconstruction of Midface Defect After Resection of Intraosseous Hemangioma. J Craniofac Surg 2018; 29:754-756. [PMID: 29485562 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000004383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intraosseous hemangiomas of the midface are rare with few reported cases in the literature. Various reconstructive methods have been previously described, but none using vascularized bone graft secondary to the benign nature of the tumor and often relatively limited defect size. CLINICAL REPORT The authors present the case of a 47-year-old man with a biopsy proven enlarging right maxillary intraosseous cavernous hemangioma which was resected primarily, resulting in a large defect involving the entire zygomaticomaxillary buttress and a portion of the right orbital floor and malar prominence. Given the structural involvement and the significant bony defect size, this was simultaneously reconstructed using an osteofascial radial forearm free flap and orbital floor titanium implant with satisfactory outcome.
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Huang X, An J, Zhang Y, Cai Z. Intraosseous Venous Malformations of the Zygoma: Report of 4 Cases and Literature Review. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2017; 126:505-509. [PMID: 28376635 DOI: 10.1177/0003489417701934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As intraosseous venous malformations (IVMs) of the zygoma are very rare and clinical features are not typical, a correct preoperative diagnosis may be difficult to make. This study presents 4 cases of IVM of the zygoma and gives a review of their clinical manifestations, radiographic features, preoperative diagnosis, and differentials. METHODS The report of 4 cases was performed with an average 6-year follow-up. Medical records including clinical, radiographic, and histopathological information were reviewed. RESULTS All the patients were mid-aged women with a complaint of an enlarging mass over the midface. They all failed to receive a definite preoperative diagnosis, and the diagnoses of IVM in all patients were made via pathological evidence. Although they received different surgical treatments, all the follow-up results (2~12 years) were satisfactory. CONCLUSION Intraosseous venous malformations of the zygoma are benign lesions caused by abnormal vessel morphogenesis. Patients usually present in their 40s with a tender or painless swelling of the zygoma. The key to the diagnosis is the typical sunburst pattern of radiating trabeculae with intact cortices on computed tomographic scans. Intraosseous venous malformations should be differentiated from other lesions, including intraosseous meningioma, fibrous dysplasia, osteochondroma, osteosarcoma, and ossifying fibroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Huang
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jingang An
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Cai
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
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Powers DB, Fisher E, Erdmann D. Zygomatic Intraosseous Hemangioma: Case Report and Literature Review. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2016; 10:1-10. [PMID: 28210401 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1592087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraosseous hemangiomas are uncommon intrabony lesions, representing approximately 0.5 to 1% of all intraosseous tumors. Their description varies from "benign vasoformative neoplasms" to true hamartomatous proliferations of endothelial cells forming a vascular network with intermixed fibrous connective tissue stroma. These commonly present as a firm, painless swelling. Intraosseous hemangiomas present more commonly in females than in males and most likely occur in the fourth decade of life. The most common etiology of intraosseous hemangioma is believed to be prior trauma to the area. They have a tendency to bleed briskly upon removal or biopsy, making preoperative detection of the vascular nature of the lesion of significant importance. There are four variants: (1) capillary type, (2) cavernous type, (3) mixed variant, and (4) scirrhous type. Generally most common in the vertebral skeleton, they can also present in the calvarium and facial bones. In the head, the most common site is the parietal bone, followed by the mandible, and then malar and zygomatic regions. Intraosseous hemangiomas of the zygoma are rare entities with the first case reported in 1950 by Schoenfield. In this article, we review 49 case reports of intraosseous hemangioma of the zygoma, and also present a new case treated with excision followed by polyether-ether ketone implant placement for primary reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Powers
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Elda Fisher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Detlev Erdmann
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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A Case of Reconstruction of Surgical Defect after Removal of Intraosseous Hemangiomas on Nasal Dorsum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3342/kjorl-hns.2016.59.2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Theologie-Lygidakis N, Schoinohoriti O, Tzermpos F, Christopoulos P, Iatrou I. Management of Intraosseous Vascular Malformations of the Jaws in Children and Adolescents: Report of 6 Cases and Literature Review. EJOURNAL OF ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL RESEARCH 2015; 6:e5. [PMID: 26229584 PMCID: PMC4516857 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2015.6205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Intraosseous vascular malformations represent a rare clinical entity of the facial skeleton. The purpose of the current study was to present our experience in a Greek paediatric population and propose guidelines for the treatment of these jaws anomalies in children and adolescents. Methods A retrospective study (from 2009 to 2014) was performed to investigate the features and management of the intraosseous vascular anomalies in a Greek paediatric population. Results Six patients aged between 6 and 14 years were treated for intraosseous vascular malformations (4 venous and 2 arteriovenous) of the jaws. Five lesions were located in the mandible and one in the maxilla. In four lesions with pronounced vascularity superselective angiography, followed by embolization was performed. Individualized surgical treatment, depending on the size and vascularity of the lesions was applied in 4 patients. Conclusions The intraosseous vascular malformations of the jaws may escape diagnosis in paediatric patients. A multidisciplinary approach is important for their safe and efficient treatment. Embolization is recommended for extended high-flow lesions, either preoperatively or as a first-line treatment, when surgery is not feasible without significant morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Theologie-Lygidakis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, University of Athens Greece
| | - Ourania Schoinohoriti
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, University of Athens Greece
| | - Fotios Tzermpos
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, University of Athens Greece
| | - Panos Christopoulos
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, University of Athens Greece
| | - Ioannis Iatrou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, University of Athens Greece
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Matsumiya T, Nemoto H, Kasai Y, Maruyama N, Sumiya N. Intraosseous venous malformation of the zygoma: A case report and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep 2015; 12:132-6. [PMID: 26072005 PMCID: PMC4485688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Venous malformations of the zygoma are rare. Historically, venous malformations have been misrepresented as "hemangiomas". The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomaly (ISSVA) classification is a reasonable classification that leads to appropriate clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies. Collaboration between surgeons, radiologists, and pathologists is necessary for accurate diagnosis and management. PRESENTATION OF CASE We present here a case of an IOVM in a 59-year-old woman who was treated with a multidisciplinary approach. Superselective arteriography and embolization were effective for diagnosis as well as for prevention of large hemorrhage during surgery. En-bloc resection of the zygoma was performed within hours after embolization and autologous calvarial bone graft was used for primary reconstruction. DISCUSSION We performed a literature review consisting of reviewing 52 cases of IOVM of the zygoma discussing optimal material for reconstruction of the defect for intraosseous venous malformation of the zygoma nationally and internationally. CONCLUSION The combination of surgery and preoperative angiography makes it possible to prevent high risk of hemorrhage. For primary reconstruction of the zygoma, use of autologous calvarial bone can maintain the volume and reconstruct the natural malar contour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Matsumiya
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of Fujigaoka Hospital of Showa University, 1-30 Fujigaoka, Aobaku, Yokohamashi, Kanagawa 227-8501, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Nemoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of Fujigaoka Hospital of Showa University, 1-30 Fujigaoka, Aobaku, Yokohamashi, Kanagawa 227-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kasai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of Fujigaoka Hospital of Showa University, 1-30 Fujigaoka, Aobaku, Yokohamashi, Kanagawa 227-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Maruyama
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of Fujigaoka Hospital of Showa University, 1-30 Fujigaoka, Aobaku, Yokohamashi, Kanagawa 227-8501, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Sumiya
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of Fujigaoka Hospital of Showa University, 1-30 Fujigaoka, Aobaku, Yokohamashi, Kanagawa 227-8501, Japan
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Pati AK, Nayak BB, Choudhury AK, Rout DK. Primary intra osseous venous malformation of nasal bone: A rare case report. Indian J Plast Surg 2015; 47:423-6. [PMID: 25593433 PMCID: PMC4292125 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.146631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary intra osseous venous malformation with involvement of nasal bone is a rare phenomenon. Nasal bone intraosseous venous malformation on a back ground of port wine stain of face has not been reported in the available literature. We report the very rare case of intraosseous venous malformation of left nasal bone developing on a background of port wine stain of face, its diagnosis, pathology, management and review of literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar Pati
- Department of Plastic Surgery, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | | | | | - Debesh Kumar Rout
- Department of Plastic Surgery, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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Marcinow AM, Provenzano MJ, Gurgel RK, Chang KE. Primary Intraosseous Cavernous hemangioma of the Zygoma: A Case Report and Literature Review. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2012; 91:210, 212, 214-5. [DOI: 10.1177/014556131209100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraosseous hemangiomas are rare. We report the case of a 47-year-old man who presented with a gradually enlarging left zygomatic mass that had caused pain, deformity, and superficial soft-tissue swelling. Computed tomography revealed a well-circumscribed 2.0 × 2.5-cm mass with a ground-glass matrix in the left zygoma. Following surgical excision, the patient's symptoms resolved. Findings on pathologic examination of the excised tissue were consistent with an intraosseous cavernous hemangioma. We describe the features of this rare case, we discuss the pertinent radiologic features and pathophysiology of intraosseous hemangiomas, and we review the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Marcinow
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Matthew J. Provenzano
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Richard K. Gurgel
- Department of Otolaryngology (Head and Neck Surgery), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, Calif
| | - Kristi E. Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City
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Zhu C, Zhu HG, Zhang ZY, Wang LZ, Zheng JW, Ye WM, He Y, Wang YA. Intraosseous Venous Malformations of the Facial Bone: A Retrospective Study in 11 Patients. Phlebology 2012; 28:257-63. [DOI: 10.1258/phleb.2011.011115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the clinical symptoms, computed tomography (CT) features and treatments of intraosseous venous malformations (IVM) that occur in the facial bone. Methods and Results: Eleven patients with facial IVM were treated with two surgical techniques, excision ( n = 4) or curettage ( n = 7). No recurrence was encountered at follow-up (45.8 ± 16.0 months). Postoperative deformities were left in two paediatric patients who were treated with excision. Conclusions: The diagnosis of IVM can be difficult and is mainly based on clinical symptoms and CT features. IVM should be differentiated from other lesions, including ameloblastoma, odontogenic cysts, osteosarcoma, aneurysmal bone cysts and arteriovenous malformations, among others. Conventional block biopsy should be replaced by fine needle aspiration cytology for further diagnosis. Curettage is a more appropriate method for IVM compared with excessive en-bloc osteotomy, while transosseous embolo-sclerotherapy may be a promising alternative method. Finally, the terminological confusion between ‘intraosseous haemangioma’ and ‘intraosseous venous malformation’ should be avoided according to the binary classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
| | - H G Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
| | - Z Y Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
| | - L Z Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - J W Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
| | - W M Ye
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
| | - Y He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
| | - Y A Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
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Intraosseous cavernous hemangioma of inferior turbinate: a rare case report. Case Rep Otolaryngol 2011; 2011:431365. [PMID: 22937368 PMCID: PMC3420787 DOI: 10.1155/2011/431365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. To investigate hemangiomas in the differential diagnosis of the nasal cavity neoplasms, even though it is an extremely rare mesenchymal tumor of the nasal cavity, and the world literature was reviewed.
Case Report. A 57-year-old woman applied to our department with a 5-year history of left-sided nasal obstruction without history of epistaxis, nasal packaging, or facial trauma. Anterior rhinoscopic examination revealed a mass originating from inferior turbinate that completely obstructs the left nasal cavity. Paranasal computed tomography (CT) showed that the bony mass originated from the anterior part of the left inferior turbinate. Surrounding tissues were normal, and there was not any erosion or destruction. Mass was excised by the endoscopic approach. Histological diagnosis was reported as osseous cavernous hemangioma.
Conclusion. Hemangiomas are a rare cause of intranasal masses. Its unusual site and masked presentation makes the differential diagnosis difficult. When a bony hard, well-shaped mass was seen in the nasal cavity, the possibility of intraosseous hemangioma must be remembered.
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Hansen D, Goldstein G, Crews L, Snyder L, Speltz MC. Intraosseous maxillary hemangioma in an immature Bassett Hound. J Vet Dent 2011; 27:234-41. [PMID: 21322431 DOI: 10.1177/089875641002700405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 6-month-old Bassett Hound dog presented for evaluation of recurrent oral bleeding and a right maxillary swelling. Oral examination revealed right maxillary enlargement extending from the level of the right maxillary canine tooth to the area of the second and third premolar teeth. A discolored persistent right maxillary deciduous canine tooth and gingival inflammation was noted. Biopsies taken at the time of extraction of the persistent deciduous canine tooth resulted in significant hemorrhage and a biopsy report of reactive bone. The right maxillary enlargement did not resolve following the extraction procedure and empirical antimicrobial therapy. The owner elected euthanasia and post-mortem evaluation. Histopathologic assessment provided a diagnosis of maxillary hemangioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnell Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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23
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Intraosseous hemangioma of the inferior turbinate. Case Rep Med 2010; 2010:409429. [PMID: 20300428 PMCID: PMC2840378 DOI: 10.1155/2010/409429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasal cavity harbors an enormous variety of neoplasms, including epithelial and mesenchymal tumors. Hemangioma is an infrequent mesenchymal tumor of the nasal cavity, mostly arising in the mucosa and rarely in the bones. We describe the case of a 73-year-old woman who was referred to our hospital with a tumor in her left nasal cavity. The tumor originated from the left inferior turbinate. Histological examination subsequent to complete excision revealed that the tumor was an intraosseous cavernous hemangioma. To our knowledge, this is the second case of intraosseous hemangioma of the inferior turbinate reported in the English literature.
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Yu MS, Kim HC, Jang YJ. Removal of a nasal bone intraosseous venous malformation and primary reconstruction of the surgical defect using open rhinoplasty. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 39:394-6. [PMID: 20097542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary intraosseous venous malformations are rare benign tumors that account for approximately 1% of all primary osseous tumors. They are rarely found in the midface. The authors report a case of an intraosseous venous malformation in a 28-year-old woman who presented with a bony lesion in the nasal bone. Treatment involved surgical excision via open rhinoplasty. Histopathology indicated an intraosseous venous malformation. 16 months postoperatively, there was no evidence of recurrence, the functional and cosmetic results were good, and the patient was satisfied with the treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Neovius E, Engstrand T. Craniofacial reconstruction with bone and biomaterials: review over the last 11 years. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009; 63:1615-23. [PMID: 19577527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to compare bone grafts and different biomaterials for reconstruction of craniofacial bones in congenital defects, after trauma, and after tumour surgery. A Pubmed search was performed and publications over the last 11 years describing reconstructions of craniofacial bones in non-load-bearing areas were reviewed. Only human studies using bone grafts and biomaterials were included. Studies on skull base reconstruction, distraction osteogenesis, free and pedicled bone flaps and bone-anchored epithesis were excluded. Out of 83 studies, three were prospective, 65 retrospective and 15 studies were case reports. There were seven comparative studies found and some efforts on statistical analysis were made. Except for a few studies, the statistical significant differences in outcomes were found to be related to size and location of bone defects rather than reconstruction method and biomaterial used. An increasing number of alloplastic materials have been available as alternatives to the gold standard autologous bone transplantation for craniofacial bone repair. Comparative studies with statistical analyses on differences in success rates between different biomaterials or bone grafts for specific indications are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Neovius
- Stockholm Craniofacial Centre, Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Srinivasan B, Ethunandan M, Van der Horst C, Markus AF. Intraosseous 'haemangioma' of the zygoma: more appropriately termed a venous malformation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 38:1066-70. [PMID: 19574025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 11/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular anomalies often affect the soft tissues and primary intraosseous lesions are uncommon, with only 33 cases reported in the zygoma. Intraosseous vascular anomalies of the zygoma have traditionally been designated 'haemangiomas' with little attempt to clarify the specific type of the lesion. Recently, specific immunohistochemical markers such as erythrocyte type glucose transporter protein 1 (GLUT-1) have been described to differentiate haemangiomas and vascular malformations. The authors report a case of intraosseous venous malformation of the zygoma and provide supporting evidence to justify the nomenclature. The literature on zygomatic 'haemangiomas' is critically reviewed and the basis for their proper designation as venous malformations highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Srinivasan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Poole, Dorset, UK
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27
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Long-term results of craniofacial implantation: a return to methyl methacrylate. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-008-0262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Pedicled Mandibular Osteomuscular Flap for Zygomatic Reconstruction Through a Modified Weber-Ferguson Incision. J Craniofac Surg 2008; 19:235-40. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e31815ca211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Greene AK, Rogers GF, Mulliken JB. Intraosseous ???Hemangiomas??? Are Malformations and Not Tumors. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119:1949-1950. [PMID: 17440384 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000259768.59590.5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arin K Greene
- Children's Hospital, Division of Plastic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
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Abstract
Hemangiomas are vascular tumors, and are distinct from vascular malformations. The term "hemangioma" is frequently misapplied by various medical specialists. This article briefly summarizes the main types of hemangiomas: infantile, rapidly involuting, and noninvoluting types. More complex conditions are also reviewed, such as hemangiomas of the liver and PHACES. The discussion then focuses on common vascular misnomers and proper descriptive terminology for hemangiomas: solitary (small, large, or diffuse) and multifocal. It is concluded that the term "segmental hemangioma" is imprecise, ill-advised, misguided, and should be abandoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Torres-Carranza E, García-Perla A, Infante-Cossío P, Acosta-Feria M, Belmonte-Caro R, Gutiérrez-Pérez J. Hemangioma intraóseo primario de la órbita: a propósito de dos casos. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1473(07)70276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cohen MM. Vascular update: Morphogenesis, tumors, malformations, and molecular dimensions. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:2013-38. [PMID: 16958055 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This vascular review is organized under the following headings: vasculogenesis and angiogenesis; vascular endothelial growth factors, their receptors, TIE receptors, and angiopoietins; other factors in blood vessel formation; parallel patterning in blood vessels and nerves; physiological and pathological neovascularization; the role of VEGF receptors in metastasis; anti-angiogenic therapy for tumors; association of blood vessels with fat; vascular malformations and vascular tumors; infantile hemangiomas; congenital hemangiomas; lymphatic malformations; molecular characteristics of some disorders with vascular malformations; Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon; Sturge-Weber syndrome, Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, and Parkes Weber syndrome; diagnostic and laboratory studies; and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, 5981 University Ave., Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1W2.
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