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Richard OK, Liens A, Muirhead D, Weber K. Tissue response following implantation with the posterior dynamic distraction device (PDDD) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 33:2512-2521. [PMID: 38584244 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-024-08200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The PDDD is a ratchet-based, unidirectional expandable rod to treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), primarily by correcting scoliotic deformity without full spinal fusion. We hypothesized that the device will be fully tolerated by the host and, if aseptic screw loosening occurs, it will be unrelated to wear particle formation. METHODS This study comprised tissue samples from seven patients from a prospective study (NCT04296903) to assess the PDDD's safety and benefits, reoperated due to complications. Host response was assessed from histological slides (four levels/implant) in accordance with GLP and ISO10993-6:2016. The elementary chemical composition of wear particles present in tissue sections was quantified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). RESULTS Host reaction was minor, characterized by low levels of diverse inflammatory cells, mild fibrosis, occasional small necrotic foci, neovascularization, hemorrhage, and, rarely, small bone fragments. Twenty-four of 28 tissue sections displayed varying degrees of wear particles (black discoloration), and most sections (17) were scored as 1 (< 25% of the sample). The discoloration observed corresponded to black-appearing, fine granular pigment. EDX analysis confirmed particles were composed of titanium, aluminum, and vanadium. Twenty-six of 28 samples were scored zero for necrosis and 2/28 were scored 1. Eleven samples were scored zero for fibrosis, 12 as 1, and five as 2. No aseptic screw loosening occurred. CONCLUSION The PDDD induced minimal host reaction with little or no degeneration, inflammation or fibrosis. No changes present could be expected to promote device failure. The PDDD implant for treating AIS is well-tolerated and locally safe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Klaus Weber
- AnaPath Services GmbH, Liestal, Switzerland.
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Jiang H, Li L, Li Z, Chu X. Metal-based nanoparticles in antibacterial application in biomedical field: Current development and potential mechanisms. Biomed Microdevices 2024; 26:12. [PMID: 38261085 PMCID: PMC10806003 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-023-00686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The rise in drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria greatly endangers public health in the post-antibiotic era, and drug-resistant bacteria currently pose a great challenge not only to the community but also to clinical procedures, including surgery, stent implantation, organ transplantation, and other medical procedures involving any open wound and compromised human immunity. Biofilm-associated drug failure, as well as rapid resistance to last-resort antibiotics, necessitates the search for novel treatments against bacterial infection. In recent years, the flourishing development of nanotechnology has provided new insights for exploiting promising alternative therapeutics for drug-resistant bacteria. Metallic agents have been applied in antibacterial usage for several centuries, and the functional modification of metal-based biomaterials using nanotechnology has now attracted great interest in the antibacterial field, not only for their intrinsic antibacterial nature but also for their ready on-demand functionalization and enhanced interaction with bacteria, rendering them with good potential in further translation. However, the possible toxicity of MNPs to the host cells and tissue still hinders its application, and current knowledge on their interaction with cellular pathways is not enough. This review will focus on recent advances in developing metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), including silver, gold, copper, and other metallic nanoparticles, for antibacterial applications, and their potential mechanisms of interaction with pathogenic bacteria as well as hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopaedic Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingzhi Li
- Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopaedic Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopaedic Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Emergency, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
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Campoccia D, Ravaioli S, Mirzaei R, Bua G, Daglia M, Arciola CR. Interactions of Neutrophils with the Polymeric Molecular Components of the Biofilm Matrix in the Context of Implant-Associated Bone and Joint Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17042. [PMID: 38069365 PMCID: PMC10707472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of orthopedic implants, opportunistic pathogens can easily colonize the biomaterial surfaces, forming protective biofilms. Life in biofilm is a central pathogenetic mechanism enabling bacteria to elude the host immune response and survive conventional medical treatments. The formation of mature biofilms is universally recognized as the main cause of septic prosthetic failures. Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to be recruited at the site of infection. They are highly efficient in detecting and killing planktonic bacteria. However, the interactions of these fundamental effector cells of the immune system with the biofilm matrix, which is the true interface of a biofilm with the host cells, have only recently started to be unveiled and are still to be fully understood. Biofilm matrix macromolecules consist of exopolysaccharides, proteins, lipids, teichoic acids, and the most recently described extracellular DNA. The latter can also be stolen from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by bacteria, who use it to strengthen their biofilms. This paper aims to review the specific interactions that neutrophils develop when they physically encounter the matrix of a biofilm and come to interact with its polymeric molecular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Campoccia
- Laboratorio di Patologia Delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (S.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Stefano Ravaioli
- Laboratorio di Patologia Delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (S.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Gloria Bua
- Laboratorio di Patologia Delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (S.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Arciola CR, Ravaioli S, Mirzaei R, Dolzani P, Montanaro L, Daglia M, Campoccia D. Biofilms in Periprosthetic Orthopedic Infections Seen through the Eyes of Neutrophils: How Can We Help Neutrophils? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16669. [PMID: 38068991 PMCID: PMC10706149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in our knowledge of neutrophil responses to planktonic bacteria during acute inflammation, much remains to be elucidated on how neutrophils deal with bacterial biofilms in implant infections. Further complexity transpires from the emerging findings on the role that biomaterials play in conditioning bacterial adhesion, the variety of biofilm matrices, and the insidious measures that biofilm bacteria devise against neutrophils. Thus, grasping the entirety of neutrophil-biofilm interactions occurring in periprosthetic tissues is a difficult goal. The bactericidal weapons of neutrophils consist of the following: ready-to-use antibacterial proteins and enzymes stored in granules; NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS); and net-like structures of DNA, histones, and granule proteins, which neutrophils extrude to extracellularly trap pathogens (the so-called NETs: an allusive acronym for "neutrophil extracellular traps"). Neutrophils are bactericidal (and therefore defensive) cells endowed with a rich offensive armamentarium through which, if frustrated in their attempts to engulf and phagocytose biofilms, they can trigger the destruction of periprosthetic bone. This study speculates on how neutrophils interact with biofilms in the dramatic scenario of implant infections, also considering the implications of this interaction in view of the design of new therapeutic strategies and functionalized biomaterials, to help neutrophils in their arduous task of managing biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Renata Arciola
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ravaioli
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (S.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Paolo Dolzani
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Lucio Montanaro
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Davide Campoccia
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (S.R.); (D.C.)
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Huang S, Zhong Y, Fu Y, Zheng X, Feng Z, Mo A. Graphene and its derivatives: "one stone, three birds" strategy for orthopedic implant-associated infections. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:380-399. [PMID: 36453143 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01507b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Orthopedic implants provide an avascular surface for microbial attachment and biofilm formation, impeding the entry of immune cells and the diffusion of antibiotics. The above is an important cause of dental and orthopedic implant-associated infection (IAI). For the prevention and treatment of IAI, the drawbacks of antibiotic resistance and surgical treatment are increasingly apparent. Due to their outstanding biological properties such as biocompatibility, immunomodulatory effects, and antibacterial properties, graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) have been applied to bone tissue engineering to deal with IAI, and in particular have great potential application in drug/gene carriers, multi-functional platforms, and coating forms. Here we review the latest research progress and achievements in GBNs for the prevention and treatment of IAI, mainly including their biomedical applications for antibacterial and immunomodulation effects, and for inducing osteogenesis. Furthermore, the biosafety of graphene family materials in bone tissue regeneration and the feasibility of clinical application are critically analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongjin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaofei Zheng
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zeru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Anchun Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Dong J, Wang W, Zhou W, Zhang S, Li M, Li N, Pan G, Zhang X, Bai J, Zhu C. Immunomodulatory biomaterials for implant-associated infections: from conventional to advanced therapeutic strategies. Biomater Res 2022; 26:72. [PMID: 36471454 PMCID: PMC9721013 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Implant-associated infection (IAI) is increasingly emerging as a serious threat with the massive application of biomaterials. Bacteria attached to the surface of implants are often difficult to remove and exhibit high resistance to bactericides. In the quest for novel antimicrobial strategies, conventional antimicrobial materials often fail to exert their function because they tend to focus on direct bactericidal activity while neglecting the modulation of immune systems. The inflammatory response induced by host immune cells was thought to be a detrimental force impeding wound healing. However, the immune system has recently received increasing attention as a vital player in the host's defense against infection. Anti-infective strategies based on the modulation of host immune defenses are emerging as a field of interest. This review explains the importance of the immune system in combating infections and describes current advanced immune-enhanced anti-infection strategies. First, the characteristics of traditional/conventional implant biomaterials and the reasons for the difficulty of bacterial clearance in IAI were reviewed. Second, the importance of immune cells in the battle against bacteria is elucidated. Then, we discuss how to design biomaterials that activate the defense function of immune cells to enhance the antimicrobial potential. Based on the key premise of restoring proper host-protective immunity, varying advanced immune-enhanced antimicrobial strategies were discussed. Finally, current issues and perspectives in this field were offered. This review will provide scientific guidance to enhance the development of advanced anti-infective biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Dong
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Siming Zhang
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China ,grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Medical College, Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- grid.440785.a0000 0001 0743 511XInstitute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xianzuo Zhang
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Medical College, Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhu
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
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Chen P, Liu Y, Lin X, Yu B, Chen B, Lin F. The Underlying Molecular Basis and Mechanisms of Venous Thrombosis in Patients with Osteomyelitis: A Data-Driven Analysis. Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2022:5672384. [PMID: 35711689 PMCID: PMC9192329 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5672384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Osteomyelitis (OM) is one of the most risky and challenging diseases. Emerging evidence indicates OM is a risk factor for increasing incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) development. However, the mechanisms have not been intensively investigated. Methods The OM-related dataset GSE30119 and VTE-related datasets GSE19151 and GSE48000 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (OMGs1 and VTEGs1, respectively). Functional enrichment analyses of Gene Ontology (GO) terms were performed. VTEGs2 and OMGs2 sharing the common GO biological process (GO-BP) ontology between OMGs1 and VTEGs1 were detected. The TRRUST database was used to identify the upstream transcription factors (TFs) that regulate VTEGs2 and OMGs2. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network between VTEGs2 and OMGs2 was constructed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database and then visualized in Cytoscape. Topological properties of the PPI network were calculated by NetworkAnalyzer. The Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) plugin was utilized to perform module analysis and choose the hub modules of the PPI network. Results A total of 587 OMGs1 and 382 VTEGs1 were identified from the related dataset, respectively. GO-BP terms of OMGs1 and shared DGEs1 were mainly enriched in the neutrophil-related immune response process, and the shared GO-BP terms of OMGs1 and VTEGs1 seemed to be focused on cell activation, immune, defense, and inflammatory response to stress or biotic stimulus. 230 VTEGs2, 333 OMGs2, and 13 shared DEGs2 were detected. 3 TF-target gene pairs (SP1-LSP1, SPI1-FCGR1A, and STAT1-FCGR1A) were identified. The PPI network contained 1611 interactions among 467 nodes. The top 10 hub proteins were TP53, IL4, MPO, ELANE, FOS, CD86, HP, SOCS3, ICAM1, and SNRPG. Several core nodes (such as MPO, ELANE, and CAMP) were essential components of the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) network. Conclusion This is the first data-mining study to explore shared signatures between OM and VTE by the integrated bioinformatic approach, which can help uncover potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of OM-related VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital, The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for First Aid and Rehabilitation in Orthopaedic Trauma, Fuzhou Trauma Medical Center, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yinhuan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou Second Hospital, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Fuzhou Second Hospital, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Division of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital, The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for First Aid and Rehabilitation in Orthopaedic Trauma, Fuzhou Trauma Medical Center, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Fengfei Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital, The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for First Aid and Rehabilitation in Orthopaedic Trauma, Fuzhou Trauma Medical Center, Fuzhou 350007, China
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Colonization and Infection of Indwelling Medical Devices by Staphylococcus aureus with an Emphasis on Orthopedic Implants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115958. [PMID: 35682632 PMCID: PMC9180976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of indwelling medical devices has constantly increased in recent years and has revolutionized the quality of life of patients affected by different diseases. However, despite the improvement of hygiene conditions in hospitals, implant-associated infections remain a common and serious complication in prosthetic surgery, mainly in the orthopedic field, where infection often leads to implant failure. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of biomaterial-centered infection. Upon binding to the medical devices, these bacteria proliferate and develop dense communities encased in a protective matrix called biofilm. Biofilm formation has been proposed as occurring in several stages-(1) attachment; (2) proliferation; (3) dispersal-and involves a variety of host and staphylococcal proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous factors. Moreover, biofilm formation is strictly regulated by several control systems. Biofilms enable staphylococci to avoid antimicrobial activity and host immune response and are a source of persistent bacteremia as well as of localized tissue destruction. While considerable information is available on staphylococcal biofilm formation on medical implants and important results have been achieved on the treatment of biofilms, preclinical and clinical applications need to be further investigated. Thus, the purpose of this review is to gather current studies about the mechanism of infection of indwelling medical devices by S. aureus with a special focus on the biochemical factors involved in biofilm formation and regulation. We also provide a summary of the current therapeutic strategies to combat biomaterial-associated infections and highlight the need to further explore biofilm physiology and conduct research for innovative anti-biofilm approaches.
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Hong Q, Huo S, Tang H, Qu X, Yue B. Smart Nanomaterials for Treatment of Biofilm in Orthopedic Implants. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:694635. [PMID: 34589470 PMCID: PMC8473796 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.694635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms refer to complex bacterial communities that are attached to the surface of animate or inanimate objects, which highly resist the antibiotics or the host immune defense mechanisms. Pathogenic biofilms in medicine are general, chronic, and even costly, especially on medical devices and orthopedic implants. Bacteria within biofilms are the cause of many persistent infections, which are almost impossible to eradicate. Though some progress has been made in comprehending the mechanisms of biofilm formation and persistence, novel alternative compounds or strategies and effective anti-biofilm antibiotics are still lacking. Smart materials of nano size which are able to respond to an external stimulus or internal environment have a great range of applications in clinic. Recently, smart nanomaterials with or without carriage of antibiotics, targeting specific bacteria and biofilm under some stimuli, have shown great potential for pathogenic biofilm and resident bacteria eradication. First, this review briefly summarizes and describes the significance of biofilms and the process of biofilm formation. Then, we focus on some of the latest research studies involving biofilm elimination, which probably could be applied in orthopedic implants. Finally, some outstanding challenges and limitations that need to be settled urgently in order to make smart nanomaterials effectively target and treat implant biofilms are also discussed. It is hoped that there will be more novel anti-biofilm strategies for biofilm infection in the prospective future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xinhua Qu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Yue
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Van Belkum A, Gros MF, Ferry T, Lustig S, Laurent F, Durand G, Jay C, Rochas O, Ginocchio CC. Novel strategies to diagnose prosthetic or native bone and joint infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 20:391-405. [PMID: 34384319 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1967745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone and Joint Infections (BJI) are medically important, costly and occur in native and prosthetic joints. Arthroplasties will increase significantly in absolute numbers over time as well as the incidence of Prosthetic Joint Infections (PJI). Diagnosis of BJI and PJI is sub-optimal. The available diagnostic tests have variable effectiveness, are often below standard in sensitivity and/or specificity, and carry significant contamination risks during the collection of clinical samples. Improvement of diagnostics is urgently needed. AREAS COVERED We provide a narrative review on current and future diagnostic microbiology technologies. Pathogen identification, antibiotic resistance detection, and assessment of the epidemiology of infections via bacterial typing are considered useful for improved patient management. We confirm the continuing importance of culture methods and successful introduction of molecular, mass spectrometry-mediated and next-generation genome sequencing technologies. The diagnostic algorithms for BJI must be better defined, especially in the context of diversity of both disease phenotypes and clinical specimens rendered available. EXPERT OPINION Whether interventions in BJI or PJI are surgical or chemo-therapeutic (antibiotics and bacteriophages included), prior sensitive and specific pathogen detection remains a therapy-substantiating necessity. Innovative tests for earlier and more sensitive and specific detection of bacterial pathogens in BJI are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Van Belkum
- bioMérieux, Open Innovation and Partnerships, 3 Route De Port Michaud, La Balme Les Grottes, France
| | | | - Tristan Ferry
- Service Des Maladies Infectieuses Et Tropicales, Hospices Civils De Lyon, Hôpital De La Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France.,Maladies Infectieuses, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,Centre Interrégional De Référence Pour La Prise En Charge Des Infections Ostéo-articulaires Complexes (Crioac Lyon), Hôpital De La Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France.,Ciri - Centre International De Recherche En Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université́ Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure De Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sebastien Lustig
- Maladies Infectieuses, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,Service De Chirurgie Orthopédique, Hôpital De La Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Laurent
- Service Des Maladies Infectieuses Et Tropicales, Hospices Civils De Lyon, Hôpital De La Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France.,Ciri - Centre International De Recherche En Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université́ Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure De Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Corinne Jay
- bioMérieux, BioFire Development Emea, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Rochas
- Corporate Business Development, bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
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11
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Alsassa S, Lefèvre T, Laugier V, Stindel E, Ansart S. Modeling Early Stages of Bone and Joint Infections Dynamics in Humans: A Multi-Agent, Multi-System Based Model. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:26. [PMID: 32226790 PMCID: PMC7080862 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis and management of bone and joint infections (BJI) is a challenging task. The high intra and inter patient's variability in terms of clinical presentation makes it impossible to rely on a systematic description or classical statistical analysis for its diagnosis. Advances can be achieved through a better understanding of the system behavior that results from the interactions between the components at a micro-scale level, which is difficult to mastered using traditional methods. Multiple studies from the literature report factors and interactions that affect the dynamics of the BJI system. The objectives of this study were (i) to perform a systematic review to identify relevant interactions between agents (cells, pathogens) and parameters values that characterize agents and interactions, and (ii) to develop a two dimensional computational model of the BJI system based on the results of the systematic review. The model would simulate the behavior resulting from the interactions on the cellular and molecular levels to explore the BJI dynamics, using an agent-based modeling approach. The BJI system's response to different microbial inoculum levels was simulated. The model succeeded in mimicking the dynamics of bacteria, the innate immune cells, and the bone mass during the first stage of infection and for different inoculum levels in a consistent manner. The simulation displayed the destruction in bone tissue as a result of the alteration in bone remodeling process during the infection. The model was used to generate different patterns of system behaviors that could be analyzed in further steps. Simulations results suggested evidence for the existence of latent infections. Finally, we presented a way to analyze and synthesize massive simulated data in a concise and comprehensive manner based on the semi-supervised identification of ordinary differential equations (ODE) systems. It allows to use the known framework for temporal and structural ODE analyses and therefore summarize the whole simulated system dynamical behavior. This first model is intended to be validated by in vivo or in vitro data and expected to generate hypotheses to be challenged by real data. Step by step, it can be modified and complexified based on the test/validation iteration cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Alsassa
- Laboratory of Medical Information Processing (LaTIM - UMR 1101 INSERM), IBRS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Department of Medicine, Brest, France.,Tekliko SARL, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Lefèvre
- Iris UMR 8156 CNRS - U997 Inserm - EHESS - UP 13, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Jean Verdier Teaching Hospital, Department of Legal and Social Medicine, Bondy, France
| | | | - Eric Stindel
- Laboratory of Medical Information Processing (LaTIM - UMR 1101 INSERM), IBRS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Department of Medicine, Brest, France.,La Cavale Blanche University Hospital, Infection Diseases Unit, Brest, France
| | - Séverine Ansart
- Laboratory of Medical Information Processing (LaTIM - UMR 1101 INSERM), IBRS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Department of Medicine, Brest, France.,La Cavale Blanche University Hospital, Infection Diseases Unit, Brest, France
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12
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Lüthje FL, Jensen LK, Jensen HE, Skovgaard K. The inflammatory response to bone infection - a review based on animal models and human patients. APMIS 2020; 128:275-286. [PMID: 31976582 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone infections are difficult to diagnose and treat, especially when a prosthetic joint replacement or implant is involved. Bone loss is a major complication of osteomyelitis, but the mechanism behind has mainly been investigated in cell cultures and has not been confirmed in human settings. Inflammation is important in initiating an appropriate immune response to invading pathogens. However, many of the signaling molecules used by the immune system can also modulate bone remodeling and contribute to bone resorption during osteomyelitis. Our current knowledge of the inflammatory response relies heavily on animal models as research based on human samples is scarce. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of bone infections and is the pathogen of choice in animal models. The regulation of inflammatory genes during prosthetic joint infections and implant-associated osteomyelitis has only been studied in rodent models. It is important to consider the validity of an animal model when results are extrapolated to humans, and both bone composition and the immune system of pigs has been shown to be more similar to humans, than to rodents. Here in vivo studies on the inflammatory response to prosthetic joint infections and implant-associated osteomyelitis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freja Lea Lüthje
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise Kruse Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Infection-induced innate antimicrobial response disorders: from signaling pathways and their modulation to selected biomarkers. Cent Eur J Immunol 2020; 45:104-116. [PMID: 32425688 PMCID: PMC7226557 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2020.94712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe infections are a major public health problem responsible for about 40-65% of hospitalizations in intensive care units (ICU). The high mortality (30-50%) of persons diagnosed with severe infection is caused by largely unknown mechanisms of sepsis-induced immune system response. Severe infections with dynamic progress are accompanied with SIRS (systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome) and CARS (compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome), and require a biological treatment appropriate to the phase of immune response. The mechanisms responsible for severe infection related to immune system response particularly attract extensive interest of non-specific defense mechanisms, including signaling pathways of Toll-like receptors (mainly TLR4 and TLR2) that recognize distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and play a critical role in innate immune response. There are attempts of treatment, followed by blocking ligand binding with TLR or modulation of intracellular signaling pathways, to inhibit signal transduction. Moreover, researches regarding new and more efficient diagnostics biomarkers were mostly focused on indicators related to innate response to infection as well as connections of pro-inflammatory response with anti-inflammatory response.According to these studies, in case of ICU septic patients with high-risk of mortality, the solution for the problem will require mainly early immune and genetic diagnostics (e.g. cytokines, microRNA, cluster of differentiation-64 [CD64], triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 [TREM-1], and high mobility group box 1 protein [HMGB1]).
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14
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Seebach E, Kubatzky KF. Chronic Implant-Related Bone Infections-Can Immune Modulation be a Therapeutic Strategy? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1724. [PMID: 31396229 PMCID: PMC6664079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic implant-related bone infections are a major problem in orthopedic and trauma-related surgery with severe consequences for the affected patients. As antibiotic resistance increases in general and because most antibiotics have poor effectiveness against biofilm-embedded bacteria in particular, there is a need for alternative and innovative treatment approaches. Recently, the immune system has moved into focus as the key player in infection defense and bone homeostasis, and the targeted modulation of the host response is becoming an emerging field of interest. The aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge of impaired endogenous defense mechanisms that are unable to prevent chronicity of bone infections associated with a prosthetic or osteosynthetic device. The presence of foreign material adversely affects the immune system by generating a local immune-compromised environment where spontaneous clearance of planktonic bacteria does not take place. Furthermore, the surface structure of the implant facilitates the transition of bacteria from the planktonic to the biofilm stage. Biofilm formation on the implant surface is closely linked to the development of a chronic infection, and a misled adaption of the immune system makes it impossible to effectively eliminate biofilm infections. The interaction between the immune system and bone cells, especially osteoclasts, is extensively studied in the field of osteoimmunology and this crosstalk further aggravates the course of bone infection by shifting bone homeostasis in favor of bone resorption. T cells play a major role in various chronic diseases and in this review a special focus was therefore set on what is known about an ineffective T cell response. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), anti-inflammatory macrophages, regulatory T cells (Tregs) as well as osteoclasts all suppress immune defense mechanisms and negatively regulate T cell-mediated immunity. Thus, these cells are considered to be potential targets for immune therapy. The success of immune checkpoint inhibition in cancer treatment encourages the transfer of such immunological approaches into treatment strategies of other chronic diseases. Here, we discuss whether immune modulation can be a therapeutic tool for the treatment of chronic implant-related bone infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Seebach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina F Kubatzky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Haugaard AK, Marquart HV, Kolte L, Ryder LP, Kehrer M, Krogstrup M, Dragsted UB, Dahl B, Gjørup IE, Andersen ÅB, Garred P, Nielsen SD. Quantitative B-lymphocyte deficiency and increased TCRγδ T-lymphocytes in acute infectious spondylodiscitis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15174. [PMID: 30310085 PMCID: PMC6181974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute infectious spondylodiscitis (AIS) is a serious infection of the spine with rising incidence and a mortality of 3–6%. The role of the immune system in AIS is largely unknown. We performed extensive B and T-lymphocyte phenotyping in patients with AIS at diagnosis and after treatment cessation. In this prospective multicentre study, flow cytometric analysis of T and B-lymphocyte subsets was performed in 35 patients at diagnosis and 3 months after treatment cessation. We additionally analysed levels of immunoglobulins and IgG subclasses, serum level and genetic variants of mannose-binding lectin, and somatic hypermutation. A total of 22 (61%) patients had B-lymphocytes below reference limit at baseline, persisting in 7 (30%) patients at follow-up. We found a lower proportion of CD19 + CD27 + IgD+ marginal zone B-lymphocytes and a higher proportion of γδ+ T-lymphocyte receptors compared with controls at both time points. Immunoglobulin levels were elevated at baseline compared to follow-up, and not associated with absolute B-lymphocyte count. In conclusion, a large proportion of AIS patients presented with profound B-lymphocyte deficiency, only partly reversible at follow-up. Identification of immune dysfunction related to AIS may allow for future targeted therapeutic interventions to restore host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Haugaard
- Viro-Imunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hanne V Marquart
- Department of Clinical Immunology Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lilian Kolte
- Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Lars Peter Ryder
- Department of Clinical Immunology Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michala Kehrer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Krogstrup
- Department of Infectious Disease, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ulrik B Dragsted
- Department of Infectious Disease, Roskilde University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Benny Dahl
- Spine Unit, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ida E Gjørup
- Department of Infectious Disease, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Åse B Andersen
- Viro-Imunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Department of Clinical Immunology Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne D Nielsen
- Viro-Imunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Abstract
Over half of the nearly two million healthcare-associated infections can be attributed to indwelling medical devices. In this review, we highlight the difficulty in diagnosing implantable device-related infection and how this leads to a likely underestimate of the prevalence. We then provide a length-scale conceptualization of device-related infection pathogenesis. Within this conceptualization we focus specifically on biofilm formation and the role of host immune and coagulation systems. Using this framework, we describe how current and developing preventative strategies target specific processes along the entire length-scale. In light of the significant time horizon for the development and translation of new preventative technologies, we also emphasize the need for parallel development of in situ treatment strategies. Specific examples of both preventative and treatment strategies and how they align with the length-scale conceptualization are described.
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17
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Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) on implant-associated osteitis in a femur fracture model in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191594. [PMID: 29377928 PMCID: PMC5788341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) is applied very successfully in treatment of various diseases such as chronic wounds. It has been already suggested as adjunctive treatment option for osteitis by immune- and fracture modulating effects. This study evaluates the importance of HBO in an early implant-associated localized osteitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus (SA) compared to the standard therapy. In a standardized murine model the left femur of 120 BALB/c mice were osteotomized and fixed by a titanium locking plate. Osteitis has been induced with a defined amount of SA into the fracture gap. Debridément and lavages were progressed on day 7, 14, 28 and 56 to determine the local bacterial growth and the immune reaction. Hyperbaric oxygen (2 ATA, 90%) was applied for 90 minutes on day 7 to 21 for those mice allocated to HBO therapy. To evaluate the effect of HBO therapy the following groups were analyzed: Two sham-groups (12 mice / group) with and without HBO therapy, two osteotomy groups (24 mice / group) with plate osteosynthesis of the femur with and without HBO therapy, and two osteotomy SA infection groups (24 mice / group) with and without HBO therapy. Fracture healing was also quantified on day 7, 14, 28 and 56 by a.p. x-ray and bone healing markers from blood samples. Progression of infection was assessed by estimation of colony-forming units (CFU) and immune response was analyzed by determination of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), Interleukin (IL) - 6, and the circulating free DNA (cfDNA) in lavage samples. Osteitis induced significantly higher IL-6, cfDNA- and PMN-levels in the lavage samples (on day 7 and 14, each p < 0.05). HBO-therapy did not have a significant influence on the CFU and immune response compared to the standard therapy (each p > 0.05). At the same time HBO-therapy was associated with a delayed bone healing assessed by x-ray radiography and a higher rate of non-union until day 28. In conclusion, osteitis led to significantly higher bacterial count and infection parameters. HBO-therapy neither had a beneficial influence on local infection nor on immune response or fracture healing compared to the standard therapy in an osteitis mouse model.
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18
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Arciola CR. Host Defense Against Implant Infection: The Ambivalent Role of Phagocytosis. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 33:565-7. [DOI: 10.1177/039139881003300901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria embedded in biofilms resist both antibiotics and host defense mechanisms. However, biofilms are not inherently protected against the attack of phagocytic cells. The weapons that polymorphonuclear neutrophils employ against implant infection are phagocytosis, degranulation, with release of antimicrobial molecules, and formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). NETs contain DNA, histones, and neutrophil elastase, which enable neutrophils to fulfill their role of limiting both microbial spread and the collateral damage from granular contents. It is not yet clear whether the DNA released by neutrophils would support biofilm formation by adding to bacterial extracellular DNA (eDNA), an integral part of the biofilm extracellular matrix. In spite of the evidence of somewhat effective phagocytosis around an implant infection, biofilm-embedded staphylococci persist, tissue destruction occurs and, in the case of orthopedic implant infection, osteolysis prevails. The mechanism for tissue destruction is based on the infiltration and persistence at the site of infection of neutrophils which are unable to effectively perform phagocytosis, but able to inflict tissue damage and cause osteolysis by the release of proteolytic and collagenolytic enzymes. Phagocytosis thus has an ambiguous and ambivalent role: it carries out an antibacterial strategy and at the same time is responsible for osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna - Italy
- Experimental Pathology Department, University of Bologna, Bologna - Italy
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19
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Meyle E, Stroh P, GüNther F, Hoppy-Tichy T, Wagner C, HäNsch GM. Destruction of Bacterial Biofilms by Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils: Relative contribution of Phagocytosis, DNA Release, and Degranulation. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 33:608-20. [DOI: 10.1177/039139881003300906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria organized in biofilms are a common cause of relapsing or persistent infections, and the ultimate cause of implant-associated osteomyelitis. In these patients, biofilms of staphylococci are prevalent. Bacteria organized as biofilms are relatively resistant towards antibiotics and biocides, and it is also assumed that they may escape host defense mechanisms. In this context, we have studied how polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), the “first line of defense” against bacterial infection, interact with biofilms generated in vitro. We found that PMN recognize biofilms and activate defense-associated reactions, including phagocytosis, degranulation of lactoferrin and elastase, and DNA release as well. Destruction of biofilms ensues, showing that biofilms are not inherently protected against the attack by phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Meyle
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg - Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg - Germany
| | - Petra Stroh
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg - Germany
| | - Frank GüNther
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg - Germany
| | | | - Christof Wagner
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery, BG Trauma Clinic Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen - Germany
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20
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Wagner C, Obst U, Hänsch GM. Implant-Associated Posttraumatic Osteomyelitis: Collateral Damage by Local Host Defense? Int J Artif Organs 2018; 28:1172-80. [PMID: 16353124 DOI: 10.1177/039139880502801115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Infections following osteosynthesis or total joint replacement, also known as “implant-associated posttraumatic osteomyelitis”, represent a major complication in orthopedic and trauma surgery. While the formation of bacterial biofilms on the implanted osteosynthesis materials is generally accepted as cause of the persistent infection, the molecular mechanisms leading to the progressive and destructive local inflammatory process and eventually to bone degradation, the osteolysis, have not been delineated. Here we provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that it is not the infection per se that causes tissue degradation and osteolysis, but rather the cytotoxic, proteolytic, and proinflammatory effector functions of cells of the host defense, particularly of the infiltrating polymorphonuclear neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wagner
- Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Clinic for Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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21
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Arciola CR, Balaban N, Baldassarri L, Fromm K, HÄnsch GM, Obst U, Presterl E, Stefani S, Verran J, Visai L, Arciola CR, Balaban N, Baldassarri L, Fromm K, Hänsch GM, Obst U, Presterl E, Stefani S, Verran J, Visai L. Combating Implant Infections. Remarks by a Women's Team. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 31:858-64. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880803100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Research on implant infections requires cooperative efforts and integration between basic and clinical expertises. An international group of women scientists is acting together in this field. The main research topics of the participants of this group are described. Formation of bacterial biofilms, antibiotic resistance and production of virulence factors like adhesins and toxins are investigated. New biomaterials, coatings and drugs designed to inhibit microbial adhesion are evaluated, and infection-resistant biomaterials are under study, such as a novel heparinizable polycarbonate-urethane (Bionate) or incorporation of diamino-diamide-diol (PIME) to reduce bacterial attachment. The correlation between biofilm production and the accessory-gene-regulator (agr) is investigated in Staphylococcus aureus. The ability to form biofilm has also been shown to be one of the important virulence factors of Enterococcus faecalis, favouring colonization of inert and biological surfaces. The study of quorum sensing has led to the discovery of a quorum sensing inhibitor termed RIP that suppresses staphylococcal biofilm and infections. The immune response and the local defence mechanisms of the host against implant-associated infections, activation and infiltration of immunocompetent cells into the sites of infection have been studied in patients with implant-associated osteomyelitis. Production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as possible vaccines against the staphylococcal collagen-binding MSCRAMMs is in progress. (Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 858–64)
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute and Experimental Pathology Department, University of Bologna, Bologna - Italy
| | - N. Balaban
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts - USA
| | - L. Baldassarri
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome - Italy
| | - K. Fromm
- Chemistry Department, University of Fribourg, Fribourg - Switzerland
| | - G. M. HÄnsch
- Institute for Immunology of the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg - Germany
| | - U. Obst
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Technical Chemistry-Water Technology and Geotechnology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen - Germany
| | - E. Presterl
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Vienna, Vienna - Austria
| | - S. Stefani
- Department of Microbiological and Gynecological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania - Italy
| | - J. Verran
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester - United Kingdom
| | - L. Visai
- University of Pavia, Department of Biochemistry, Pavia - Italy
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22
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The Extracellular Polymer Substance of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Too slippery for Neutrophils to Migrate On? Int J Artif Organs 2018; 31:796-803. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880803100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Biofilm formation is increasingly recognized as the cause of persistent infections and there is evidence that P. aeruginosa organized into biofilms are quite resistant toward host defence mechanisms, particularly against an attack by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). Apparently, the migration of PMN through the biofilms is impaired, and thus the bactericidal activity remains highly localized. The aim of this study was to directly investigate the interaction of PMN with the biofilm and the extracted extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of P. aeruginosa. Material and Methods Chemotaxis and random migration of PMN through P. aeruginosa biofilms was tested, as was their migration through and along the EPS. Results We found that the EPS and mature biofilms, but not immature or developing ones, reduced the chemotactic migration of PMN. On EPS, rather than immobilize the cells, their random, spontaneous migration was enhanced. Conclusion We propose that on EPS, the PMN lose their capacity to sense the direction and just slide over the EPS in a disoriented manner. (Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 796–803)
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23
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Forestier C, Billard E, Milon G, Gueirard P. Unveiling and Characterizing Early Bilateral Interactions between Biofilm and the Mouse Innate Immune System. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2309. [PMID: 29209305 PMCID: PMC5702342 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A very substantial progress has been made in our understanding of infectious diseases caused by invasive bacteria. Under their planktonic forms, bacteria transiently reside in the otherwise sterile mammal body tissues, as the physiological inflammation insures both their clearance and repair of any tissue damage. Yet, the bacteria prone to experience planktonic to biofilm developmental transition still need to be studied. Of note, sessile bacteria not only persist but also concur preventing the effectors and regulators of the physiological inflammation to operate. Thus, it is urgent to design biologically sound experimental approaches aimed to extract, at the earliest stage, immune signatures of mono-bacteria planktonic to biofilm developmental transition in vivo and ex vivo. Indeed, the transition is often the first event to which succeeds the “chronicization” process whereby classical bacteria-targeting therapies are no more efficacious. An in vivo model of micro-injection of Staphylococcus aureus planktonic or biofilm cells in the ear pinna dermis of laboratory transgenic mice with fluorescent immune cells is proposed. It allows visualizing, in real time, the range of the early interactions between the S. aureus and myeloid cell subsets- the resident macrophages and dendritic cells, the recruited neutrophil granulocytes/polymorphonuclear neutrophils, monocytes otherwise known to differentiate as macrophages or dendritic cells. One main objective is to extract contrasting immune signatures of the modulation of the physiological inflammation with respect to the two bacterial lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Forestier
- CNRS UMR 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elisabeth Billard
- INRA USC 2018, Inserm U1071, Laboratoire Microbes Intestin Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Pascale Gueirard
- CNRS UMR 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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24
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Abstract
The staphylococci comprise a diverse genus of Gram-positive, nonmotile commensal organisms that inhabit the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other mammals. In general, staphylococci are benign members of the natural flora, but many species have the capacity to be opportunistic pathogens, mainly infecting individuals who have medical device implants or are otherwise immunocompromised. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are major sources of hospital-acquired infections and are the most common causes of surgical site infections and medical device-associated bloodstream infections. The ability of staphylococci to form biofilms in vivo makes them highly resistant to chemotherapeutics and leads to chronic diseases. These biofilm infections include osteomyelitis, endocarditis, medical device infections, and persistence in the cystic fibrosis lung. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of our current understanding of staphylococcal biofilm formation, with an emphasis on adhesins and regulation, while also addressing how staphylococcal biofilms interact with the immune system. On the whole, this review will provide a thorough picture of biofilm formation of the staphylococcus genus and how this mode of growth impacts the host.
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Gries CM, Kielian T. Staphylococcal Biofilms and Immune Polarization During Prosthetic Joint Infection. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2017; 25 Suppl 1:S20-S24. [PMID: 27922945 PMCID: PMC5640443 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal species are a leading cause of community- and nosocomial-acquired infections, where the placement of foreign materials increases infection risk. Indwelling medical devices and prosthetic implants are targets for staphylococcal cell adherence and biofilm formation. Biofilm products actively suppress proinflammatory microbicidal responses, as evident by macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype and the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. With the rise in prosthetic hip and knee arthroplasty procedures, together with the recalcitrance of biofilm infections to antibiotic therapy, it is imperative to better understand the mechanism of crosstalk between biofilm-associated bacteria and host immune cells. This review describes the current understanding of how staphylococcal biofilms evade immune-mediated clearance to establish persistent infections. The findings described herein may facilitate the identification of novel treatments for these devastating biofilm-mediated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M. Gries
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Dapunt U, Giese T, Stegmaier S, Moghaddam A, Hänsch GM. The osteoblast as an inflammatory cell: production of cytokines in response to bacteria and components of bacterial biofilms. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:243. [PMID: 27250617 PMCID: PMC4890488 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implant infections are a major complication in the field of orthopaedics. Bacteria attach to the implant-surface and form biofilm-colonies which makes them difficult to treat. Not only immune cells exclusively respond to bacterial challenges, but also local tissue cells are capable of participating in defense mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of osteoblasts in the context of implant infections. METHODS Primary osteoblasts were cultivated and stimulated with free-swimming bacteria at 4 °C and 37 °C. Supernatants were harvested for ELISA and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines evaluated by RT-PCR. Bacterial binding to osteoblasts was evaluated using cytofluorometry and uptake was investigated by (3)H thymidine-labelling of bacteria. Osteoblasts were additionally stimulated with the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms, as well as components of the EPS; the bacterial heat shock protein GroEL in particular. RESULTS We demonstrated that binding of bacteria to the osteoblast cell surface leads to an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Bacteria are capable of surviving intracellular. Furthermore, osteoblasts do not only respond to free-swimming, planktonic bacteria, but also to components of the EPS, including lipoteichoic acid and the heat shock protein GroEL. CONCLUSION In conclusion, local tissue cells, specifically osteoblasts, might contribute to the persistence of the inflammatory response associated with implant-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Dapunt
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg, 69118, Germany.
| | - Thomas Giese
- Institute for Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Sabine Stegmaier
- Institute for Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Arash Moghaddam
- HTRG Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg, 69118, Germany
| | - Gertrud Maria Hänsch
- Institute for Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
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Dapunt U, Hänsch GM, Arciola CR. Innate Immune Response in Implant-Associated Infections: Neutrophils against Biofilms. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9050387. [PMID: 28773509 PMCID: PMC5503022 DOI: 10.3390/ma9050387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm has been recognized as a well-protected form of living for bacteria, contributing to bacterial pathogenicity, particularly for opportunistic species. Biofilm-associated infections are marked by their persistence. Extensive research has been devoted to the formation and composition of biofilms. The immune response against biofilms remains rather unexplored, but there is the notion that bacteria within a biofilm are protected from host defences. Here we glance at the mechanisms by which neutrophils recognize and face biofilms in implant infections and discuss the implications of this interplay, as well as speculate on its significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Dapunt
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany.
| | - Gertrud Maria Hänsch
- Institute for Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna 40136, Italy.
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
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Dapunt U, Gaida MM, Meyle E, Prior B, Hänsch GM. Activation of phagocytic cells by Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms: effects of extracellular matrix proteins and the bacterial stress protein GroEL on netosis and MRP-14 release. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw035. [PMID: 27109773 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition and phagocytosis of free-swimming (planktonic) bacteria by polymorphonuclear neutrophils have been investigated in depth. However, less is known about the neutrophil response towards bacterial biofilms. Our previous work demonstrated that neutrophils recognize activating entities within the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of biofilms (the bacterial heat shock protein GroEL) and that this process does not require opsonization. Aim of this study was to evaluate the release of DNA by neutrophils in response to biofilms, as well as the release of the inflammatory cytokine MRP-14. Neutrophils were stimulated with Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms, planktonic bacteria, extracted EPS and GroEL. Release of DNA and of MRP-14 was evaluated. Furthermore, tissue samples from patients suffering from biofilm infections were collected and evaluated by histology. MRP-14 concentration in blood samples was measured. We were able to show that biofilms, the EPS and GroEL induce DNA release. MRP-14 was only released after stimulation with EPS, not GroEL. Histology of tissue samples revealed MRP-14 positive cells in association with neutrophil infiltration and MRP-14 concentration was elevated in blood samples of patients suffering from biofilm infections. Our data demonstrate that neutrophil-activating entities are present in the EPS and that GroEL induces DNA release by neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Dapunt
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias M Gaida
- Institute for Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Meyle
- Institute for Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Prior
- Institute for Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gertrud M Hänsch
- Institute for Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Mechanisms of Bacterial Colonization of Implants and Host Response. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 971:15-27. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Wagner C, Hänsch G. Pathophysiologie der implantatassoziierten Infektion. DER ORTHOPADE 2015; 44:967-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00132-015-3183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Al-Ishaq R, Armstrong J, Gregory M, O'Hara M, Phiri K, Harris LG, Rohde H, Siemssen N, Frommelt L, Mack D, Wilkinson TS. Effects of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) in an ex vivo model of whole blood killing and in prosthetic joint infection (PJI): A role for C5a. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:948-56. [PMID: 26365169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major complication of using medical devices is the development of biofilm-associated infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis where polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) is a major mechanism of biofilm accumulation. PIA affects innate and humoral immunity in isolated cells and animal models. Few studies have examined these effects in prosthetic joint infection (PJI). METHODS This study used ex vivo whole blood modelling in controls together with matched-serum and staphylococcal isolates from patients with PJI. RESULTS Whole blood killing of PIA positive S. epidermidis and its isogenic negative mutant was identical. Differences were unmasked in immunosuppressed whole blood pre-treated with dexamethasone where PIA positive bacteria showed a more resistant phenotype. PIA expression was identified in three unique patterns associated with bacteria and leukocytes, implicating a soluble form of PIA. Purified PIA reduced whole blood killing while increasing C5a levels. In clinically relevant staphylococcal isolates and serum samples from PJI patients; firstly complement C5a was increased 3-fold compared to controls; secondly, the C5a levels were significantly higher in serum from PJI patients whose isolates preferentially formed PIA-associated biofilms. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate for the first time that the biological effects of PIA are mediated through C5a in patients with PJI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand Al-Ishaq
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Armstrong
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Gregory
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam O'Hara
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Kudzai Phiri
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Llinos G Harris
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Siemssen
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Frommelt
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Mack
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom; Bioscientia Labor Ingelheim, Institut für Medizinische Diagnostik GmbH, Mikrobiologie Konrad-Adenauer-Straße 17, 55218 Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Thomas S Wilkinson
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.
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Khemiri A, Jouenne T, Cosette P. Proteomics dedicated to biofilmology: What have we learned from a decade of research? Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 205:1-19. [PMID: 26068406 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Advances in proteomics techniques over the past decade, closely integrated with genomic and physicochemical approach, have played a great role in developing knowledge of the biofilm lifestyle of bacteria. Despite bacterial proteome versatility, many studies have demonstrated the ability of proteomics approaches to elucidating the biofilm phenotype. Though these investigations have been largely used for biofilm studies in the last decades, they represent, however, a very low percentage of proteomics works performed up to now. Such approaches have offered new targets for combating microbial biofilms by providing a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative overview of their protein cell content. Herein, we summarized the state of the art in knowledge about biofilm physiology after one decade of proteomic analysis. In a second part, we highlighted missing research tracks for the next decade, emphasizing the emergence of posttranslational modifications in proteomic studies stemming from recent advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbia Khemiri
- CNRS, UMR 6270, Laboratory "Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces", 76820, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
- University of Normandy, UR, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
- PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB, 76820, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Thierry Jouenne
- CNRS, UMR 6270, Laboratory "Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces", 76820, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- University of Normandy, UR, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB, 76820, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Pascal Cosette
- CNRS, UMR 6270, Laboratory "Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces", 76820, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- University of Normandy, UR, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB, 76820, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Lysostaphin-coated titan-implants preventing localized osteitis by Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115940. [PMID: 25536060 PMCID: PMC4275259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of implant-associated infections induced by Staphylococcus aureus (SA) in combination with growing resistance to conventional antibiotics requires novel therapeutic strategies. In the current study we present the first application of the biofilm-penetrating antimicrobial peptide lysostaphin in the context of bone infections. In a standardized implant-associated bone infection model in mice beta-irradiated lysostaphin-coated titanium plates were compared with uncoated plates. Coating of the implant was established with a poly(D,L)-lactide matrix (PDLLA) comprising lysostaphin formulated in a stabilizing and protecting solution (SPS). All mice were osteotomized and infected with a defined count of SA. Fractures were fixed with lysostaphin-coated locking plates. Plates uncoated or PDLLA-coated served as controls. All mice underwent debridement and lavage on Days 7, 14, 28 to determine the bacterial load and local immune reaction. Fracture healing was quantified by conventional radiography. On Day 7 bacterial growth in the lavages of mice with lysostaphin-coated plates showed a significantly lower count to the control groups. Moreover, in the lysostaphin-coated plate groups complete fracture healing were observed on Day 28. The fracture consolidation was accompanied by a diminished local immune reaction. However, control groups developed an osteitis with lysis or destruction of the bone and an evident local immune response. The presented approach of terminally sterilized lysostaphin-coated implants appears to be a promising therapeutic approach for low grade infection or as prophylactic strategy in high risk fracture care e.g. after severe open fractures.
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Foreign Body Infection Models to Study Host-Pathogen Response and Antimicrobial Tolerance of Bacterial Biofilm. Antibiotics (Basel) 2014; 3:378-97. [PMID: 27025752 PMCID: PMC4790362 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics3030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of implanted medical devices is steadily increasing and has become an effective intervention improving life quality, but still carries the risk of infection. These infections are mainly caused by biofilm-forming staphylococci that are difficult to treat due to the decreased susceptibility to both antibiotics and host defense mechanisms. To understand the particular pathogenesis and treatment tolerance of implant-associated infection (IAI) animal models that closely resemble human disease are needed. Applications of the tissue cage and catheter abscess foreign body infection models in the mouse will be discussed herein. Both models allow the investigation of biofilm and virulence of various bacterial species and a comprehensive insight into the host response at the same time. They have also been proven to serve as very suitable tools to study the anti-adhesive and anti-infective efficacy of different biomaterial coatings. The tissue cage model can additionally be used to determine pharmacokinetics, efficacy and cytotoxicity of antimicrobial compounds as the tissue cage fluid can be aspirated repeatedly without the need to sacrifice the animal. Moreover, with the advance in innovative imaging systems in rodents, these models may offer new diagnostic measures of infection. In summary, animal foreign body infection models are important tools in the development of new antimicrobials against IAI and can help to elucidate the complex interactions between bacteria, the host immune system, and prosthetic materials.
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Kumar G, Roger PM, Ticchioni M, Trojani C, Bernard de Dompsur R, Bronsard N, Carles M, Bernard E. T cells from chronic bone infection show reduced proliferation and a high proportion of CD28⁻ CD4 T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:49-57. [PMID: 24298980 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic bone infection is associated with bone resorption. From animal studies, CD3/CD28-activated T cells are known to enhance osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Because CD28 is expressed constitutively on T cells and its expression is down-regulated by chronic exposure to the inflammatory environment, we characterized co-stimulatory molecule expression on T cells from chronically infected patients. We used cytofluorometric techniques to phenotypically characterize T cells, its co-stimulatory molecules and perforin secretion from infected and non-infected human bones. Chronic bone infection was defined as infection lasting for more than a month. We show a higher T cell activation [human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR⁺)] in infected compared to non-infected bones: median being 16 versus 7%, P = 0·009 for CD4 T cells, and 33 versus 15%, P = 0·038 for CD8 T cells, respectively. However, T cell proliferation (Ki67⁺) was lower for CD8 T cells in infected bones: 26 versus 34%, P = 0·045. In contrast, we detected no difference in apoptosis and regulatory T cells. In infected bone, we found higher CD28-negative CD4⁺ T cells compared to non-infected bone: 20 versus 8%, respectively (P = 0·005); this T cell subset had higher CD11b expression and perforin secretion. Chronically infected human bones are characterized by an increase of CD28-negative CD4⁺ T cells, indicating long-term activated cells with cytotoxic ability. Therefore, this alteration of co-stimulatory molecules may modify interactions with osteoclasts and impact bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kumar
- Unité 576, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hopital L'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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The macrophage inflammatory proteins MIP1α (CCL3) and MIP2α (CXCL2) in implant-associated osteomyelitis: linking inflammation to bone degradation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:728619. [PMID: 24795505 PMCID: PMC3984830 DOI: 10.1155/2014/728619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections of bones remain a serious complication of endoprosthetic surgery. These infections are difficult to treat, because many bacterial species form biofilms on implants, which are relatively resistant towards antibiotics. Bacterial biofilms elicit a progressive local inflammatory response, resulting in tissue damage and bone degradation. In the majority of patients, replacement of the prosthesis is required. To address the question of how the local inflammatory response is linked to bone degradation, tissue samples were taken during surgery and gene expression of the macrophage inflammatory proteins MIP1α (CCL3) and MIP2α (CXCL2) was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. MIPs were expressed predominantly at osteolytic sites, in close correlation with CD14 which was used as marker for monocytes/macrophages. Colocalisation of MIPs with monocytic cells could be confirmed by histology. In vitro experiments revealed that, aside from monocytic cells, also osteoblasts were capable of MIP production when stimulated with bacteria; moreover, CCL3 induced the differentiation of monocytes to osteoclasts. In conclusion, the multifunctional chemokines CCL3 and CXCL2 are produced locally in response to bacterial infection of bones. In addition to their well described chemokine activity, these cytokines can induce generation of bone resorbing osteoclasts, thus providing a link between bacterial infection and osteolysis.
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On the inflammatory response in metal-on-metal implants. J Transl Med 2014; 12:74. [PMID: 24650243 PMCID: PMC3994416 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metal-on-metal implants are a special form of hip endoprostheses that despite many advantages can entail serious complications due to release of wear particles from the implanted material. Metal wear particles presumably activate local host defence mechanisms, which causes a persistent inflammatory response with destruction of bone followed by a loosening of the implant. To better characterize this inflammatory response and to link inflammation to bone degradation, the local generation of proinflammatory and osteoclast-inducing cytokines was analysed, as was systemic T cell activation. Methods By quantitative RT-PCR, gene expression of cytokines and markers for T lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages and osteoclasts, respectively, was analysed in tissue samples obtained intraoperatively during exchange surgery of the loosened implant. Peripheral T cells were characterized by cytofluorometry before surgery and 7 to 10 days thereafter. Results At sites of osteolysis, gene expression of cathepsin K, CD14 and CD3 was seen, indicating the generation of osteoclasts, and the presence of monocytes and of T cells, respectively. Also cytokines were highly expressed, including CXCL8, IL-1ß, CXCL2, MRP-14 and CXCL-10. The latter suggest T cell activation, a notion that could be confirmed by detecting a small, though conspicuous population of activated CD4+ cells in the peripheral blood T cells prior to surgery. Conclusion Our data support the concept that metallosis is the result of a local inflammatory response, which according to histomorphology and the composition of the cellular infiltrate classifies as an acute phase of a chronic inflammatory disease. The proinflammatory environment, particularly the generation of the osteoclast-inducing cytokines CXCL8 and IL1-ß, promotes bone resorption. Loss of bone results in implant loosening, which then causes the major symptoms of metallosis, pain and reduced range of motion.
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Dapunt U, Giese T, Lasitschka F, Lehner B, Ewerbeck V, Hänsch G. Osteoclast Generation and Cytokine Profile at Prosthetic Interfaces: A Study on Tissue of Patients with Aseptic Loosening or Implant-Associated Infections. EUR J INFLAMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1401200114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aseptic loosening of implants or loosening due to persistent bacterial infection remains a severe complication in orthopaedic surgery. To investigate underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, particularly with regard to bone loss, tissue samples of patients requiring surgery were examined. By histological methods and by quantitative RT-PCR, respectively, infiltration of leukocytes, expression of osteoclast-typical genes and of proinflammatory cytokines was determined. Samples were taken directly from osteolytic sites and for comparison from adjacent sites, distant sites and from muscle. At osteolytic sites, cathepsin K and the metalloproteinases MMP1 and MMP9 were found, as was expression of inflammation-related cytokines, particularly of interleukin (IL)-1β, CXCL8, S100A9 and a very moderate expression of receptor activator of NfκB ligand (RANKL) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) a. Of note, expression of these parameters gradually decreased from sites of osteolysis to adjacent tissue, to distant tissue to muscle. In patients with infection and osteolysis, expression of cytokines, notably of CXCL8, was markedly enhanced, especially in adjacent and distant tissues, where expression was 10- to 20-fold higher compared to tissue of aseptic patients. A possible source of CXCL8 could be infiltrated cells, particularly neutrophils, because they were found in infected tissue only. Histological examination of the biopsies revealed an additional CXCL8 source, namely endothelial cells of small blood vessels. In conclusion, aseptic loosening and implant-associated infection are associated with osteoclast generation and a local inflammatory response. The proinflammatory environment could promote the differentiation of precursor cells to osteoclasts, thereby linking inflammation to bone resorption. The higher expression of cytokines, particularly of CXCL8 in tissue of patients with bacterial infection, could explain the accelerated time course of bone resorption as it occurs in infection compared to aseptic loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Dapunt
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T. Giese
- Institutefor Immunology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F. Lasitschka
- Institute for Pathology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B. Lehner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V. Ewerbeck
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G.M. Hänsch
- Institutefor Immunology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Esmonde-White KA, Esmonde-White FWL, Holmes CM, Morris MD, Roessler BJ. Alterations to bone mineral composition as an early indication of osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:3652-4. [PMID: 23920085 PMCID: PMC3816922 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot is a major risk factor for amputation, but there is a limited understanding of early-stage infection, impeding limb-preserving diagnoses. We hypothesized that bone composition measurements provide insight into the early pathophysiology of diabetic osteomyelitis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Compositional analysis by Raman spectroscopy was performed on bone specimens from patients with a clinical diagnosis of osteomyelitis in the foot requiring surgical intervention as either a biopsy (n = 6) or an amputation (n = 11). RESULTS An unexpected result was the discovery of pathological calcium phosphate minerals in addition to normal bone mineral. Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, also called brushite, and uncarbonated apatite were found to be exclusively associated with infected bone. CONCLUSIONS Compositional measurements provided a unique insight into the pathophysiology of osteomyelitis in diabetic foot ulcers. At-patient identification of pathological minerals by Raman spectroscopy may serve as an early-stage diagnostic approach.
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Abstract
Sepsis is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, even with the current availability of extended-spectrum antibiotics and advanced medical care. Biomarkers offer a tool in facilitating early diagnosis, in identifying patient populations at high risk of complications, and in monitoring progression of the disease, which are critical assessments for appropriate therapy and improvement in patient outcomes. Several biomarkers are already available for clinical use in sepsis; however, their effectiveness in many instances is limited by the lack of specificity and sensitivity to characterize the presence of an infection and the complexity of the inflammatory and immune processes and to stratify patients into homogenous groups for specific treatments. Current advances in molecular techniques have provided new tools facilitating the discovery of novel biomarkers, which can vary from metabolites and chemical products present in body fluids to genes and proteins in circulating blood cells. The purpose of this review was to examine the current status of sepsis biomarkers, with special emphasis on emerging markers, which are undergoing validation and may transition into clinical practice for their informative value in diagnosis, prognosis, or response to therapy. We will also discuss the new concept of combination biomarkers and biomarker risk models, their existing challenges, and their potential use in the daily management of patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Samraj
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Immune defense against S. epidermidis biofilms: components of the extracellular polymeric substance activate distinct bactericidal mechanisms of phagocytic cells. Int J Artif Organs 2013; 35:700-12. [PMID: 23065886 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria, organized in biofilms, are a common cause of relapsing or persistent infections and the ultimate cause of implant-associated osteomyelitis. Bacterial biofilms initiate a prominent local inflammatory response with infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), the main protagonists of the local innate host defense against bacteria. In our previous work we found that PMN recognize and adhere to biofilms, and that phagocytosis and degranulation of bactericidal substances, such as lactoferrin, were initiated. In contrast to the situation with planktonic bacteria, opsonization of biofilms with immunoglobulin and complement was not required for PMN activation, suggesting that biofilms contain signaling components for PMN. In the present study we identified in the bacteria-free extracellular substance of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms protein fractions that activated PMN in vitro.
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Ferreira GF, Moraes C, Silveira AMSD, Correa-Oliveira R, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Moreno EC, do Carmo LS, Fraga LADO, Malaquias LCC. Distinct cytokine profiles of circulating mononuclear cells stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A in vitro during early and late episodes of chronic osteomyelitis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:348-55. [PMID: 22510830 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the cytokine profile of peripheral mononuclear cells from chronic osteomyelitis (OST) patients following in vitro stimulation with staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). We demonstrate that stimulation with SEA induced prominent lymphocyte proliferation and high levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 secretion in both OST and non-infected individuals (NI). Even though stimulation with SEA had no impact on IL-6 production in either patient group, the baseline level of IL-6 production by cells from OST patients was always significantly less than that produced by cells from NI. After classifying the osteomyelitic episodes based on the time after the last reactivation event as "early" (1-4 months) or "late" osteomyelitis (5-12 months), we found that increased levels of TNF-α and IL-4 in combination with decreased levels of IL-6 were observed in the early episodes. By contrast, increased levels of IL-10, IL-2 and IL-6 were hallmarks of late episodes. Our data demonstrate that early osteomyelitic episodes are accompanied by an increased frequency of "high producers" of TNF-α and IL-4, whereas late events are characterised by increased frequencies of "high producers" of IL-10, IL-6 and IL-2. These findings demonstrate the distinct cytokine profiles in chronic osteomyelitis, with a distinct regulation of IL-6 production during early and late episodes.
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Abstract
Even in recent traumatology and orthopedic surgery infectious diseases of the bone (i.e. osteomyelitis) and it's surrounding tissues remain serious complications. The therapy is demanding and oftenly does not lead to a complete restitutio ad integrum. In order to create the optimal treatment one has to have a profound knowledge about the "state of the art" therapy of bone infections and the basic phases: Reassurance of the local infection (bone and surrounding tissues) and reconstruction of the bone and surrounding tissues. The local infection treatment is based on the consequent surgical eradication of infected tissue. In addition (as a supportive therapy) antibiotics have to be applied according to the local and systemic response of the patient to the infection. Also further supportive methods like hyperbaric oxygenation may be taken into consideration. The following paper provides an overview of diagnostic features and the different surgical procedures as well as the current literature in order to reach the above mentioned goals.
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Abstract
Bacteria living as biofilms have been recognised as the ultimate cause of persistent and destructive inflammatory processes. Biofilm formation is a well-organised, genetically-driven process, which is well characterised for numerous bacteria species. In contrast, the host response to bacterial biofilms is less well analysed, and there is the general believe that bacteria in biofilms escape recognition or eradication by the immune defence. In this review the host response to bacterial biofilms is discussed with particular focus on the role of neutrophils because these phagocytic cells are the first to infiltrate areas of bacterial infection, and because neutrophils are equipped with a wide arsenal of bactericidal and toxic entities. I come to the conclusion that bacterial biofilms are not inherently protected against the attack by neutrophils, but that control of biofilm formation is possible depending on a timely and sufficient host response.
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Interactions of Staphylococci with Osteoblasts and Phagocytes in the Pathogenesis of Implant-Associated Osteomyelitis. Int J Artif Organs 2012; 35:713-26. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In spite of great advancements in the field of biomaterials and in surgical techniques, the implant of medical devices is still associated with a high risk of bacterial infection. Implant-associated osteomyelitis is a deep infection of bone around the implant. The continuous inflammatory destruction of bone tissues characterizes this serious bone infectious disease. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are the most prevalent etiologic agents of implant-associated infections, together with the emerging pathogen Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Various interactions between staphylococci, osteoblasts, and phagocytes occurring in the peri-prosthesis environment play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of implant-associated osteomyelitis. Here we focus on two main events: internalization of staphylococci into osteoblasts, and bacterial interactions with phagocytic cells.
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Abstract
Bacteria have been found to grow predominantly in biofilms. The initial stage includes the attachment of bacteria to the substratum. Bacterial growth and division then leads to the colonization of the surrounding area and the formation of the biofilm. The environment in a biofilm is not homogeneous; the bacteria in a multispecies biofilm are not randomly distributed, but rather are organized to best meet their needs. Although there is an initial understanding on the mechanisms of biofilm-associated antimicrobial resistance, this topic is still under investigation. A variety of approaches are being explored to overcome biofilm-associated antimicrobial resistance. A greater understanding of biofilm processes should lead to novel, effective control strategies for biofilm control and a resulting improvement in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides B Zoubos
- 1st Orthopaedic Department, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Gaida M, Mayer B, Stegmaier S, Schirmacher P, Wagner C, Hänsch G. Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in Osteomyelitis: Link to Osteoclast Generation and Bone Resorption. EUR J INFLAMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1201000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and persistent inflammatory processes in bones may lead to severe erosions with consequent functional impairment sometimes requiring amputation of the limb. To explore the relationship between inflammation and bone erosion, biopsies of patients with osteomyelitis due to arterial occlusive disease or to diabetes mellitus were examined (n=31). Histologically, inflammation and bone erosion were confirmed. In the eroded bones the number of osteoclasts correlated with the abundance of infiltrated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), which were highly activated as shown by expression of MHC class II. For functional characterisation of the infiltrating PMN, patients with implant-associated osteomyelitis, a condition associated with persistent bacterial infection and bone destruction, were recruited. The cells were recovered from infected sites and examined ex vivo. These PMN expressed MHC class II and produced interleukin (IL)-8, a further indication of PMN activation. To assess a possible link between infiltrating PMN and bone erosion, we tested the effect of IL-8 on osteoclast generation in vitro. CD14+ monocytes derived from the peripheral blood of healthy individuals were cultivated with monocyte colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and IL-8. Within 3 days, a translocation of the transcription factor NFATcl into the nucleus was seen, and by 10 to 20 days multinucleated cells with typical osteoclast morphology appeared that expressed tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K. Moreover, the cells were able to resorb bone, proving that IL-8 was able to induce the differentiation of monocytes to osteoclasts. Because IL-8 is a major cytokine produced by activated PMN, we propose that in the course of persistent infection infiltrating PMN contribute to induction of osteoclast formation, thus providing a link between inflammation and bone erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Gaida
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B. Mayer
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S. Stegmaier
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P. Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C. Wagner
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - G.M. Hänsch
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Biofilm formation in Staphylococcus implant infections. A review of molecular mechanisms and implications for biofilm-resistant materials. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5967-82. [PMID: 22695065 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Implant infections in orthopaedics, as well as in many other medical fields, are chiefly caused by staphylococci. The ability of growing within a biofilm enhances the chances of staphylococci to protect themselves from host defences, antibiotic therapies, and biocides. Advances in scientific knowledge on structural molecules (exopolysaccharide, proteins, teichoic acids, and the most recently described extracellular DNA), on the synthesis and genetics of staphylococcal biofilms, and on the complex network of signal factors that intervene in their control are here presented, also reporting on the emerging strategies to disrupt or inhibit them. The attitude of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages to infiltrate and phagocytise biofilms, as well as the ambiguous behaviour exhibited by these innate immune cells in biofilm-related implant infections, are here discussed. Research on anti-biofilm biomaterials is focused, reviewing materials loaded with antibacterial substances, or coated with anti-adhesive/anti-bacterial immobilized agents, or surfaced with nanostructures. Latter approaches appear promising, since they avoid the spread of antibacterial substances in the neighbouring tissues with the consequent risk of inducing bacterial resistance.
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Hanke ML, Kielian T. Deciphering mechanisms of staphylococcal biofilm evasion of host immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:62. [PMID: 22919653 PMCID: PMC3417388 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are adherent communities of bacteria contained within a complex matrix. Although host immune responses to planktonic staphylococcal species have been relatively well-characterized, less is known regarding immunity to staphylococcal biofilms and how they modulate anti-bacterial effector mechanisms when organized in this protective milieu. Previously, staphylococcal biofilms were thought to escape immune recognition on the basis of their chronic and indolent nature. Instead, we have proposed that staphylococcal biofilms skew the host immune response away from a proinflammatory bactericidal phenotype toward an anti-inflammatory, pro-fibrotic response that favors bacterial persistence. This possibility is supported by recent studies from our laboratory using a mouse model of catheter-associated biofilm infection, where S. aureus biofilms led to the accumulation of alternatively activated M2 macrophages that exhibit anti-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic properties. In addition, relatively few neutrophils were recruited into S. aureus biofilms, representing another mechanism that deviates from planktonic infections. However, it is important to recognize the diversity of biofilm infections, in that studies by others have demonstrated the induction of distinct immune responses during staphylococcal biofilm growth in other models, suggesting influences from the local tissue microenvironment. This review will discuss the immune defenses that staphylococcal biofilms evade as well as conceptual issues that remain to be resolved. An improved understanding of why the host immune response is unable to clear biofilm infections could lead to targeted therapies to reverse these defects and expedite biofilm clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, OmahaNE, USA
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Biofilm growth on implants: bacteria prefer plasma coats. Int J Artif Organs 2012; 34:811-7. [PMID: 22094560 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bacterial biofilm formation on prostheses or devices used for osteosynthesis is increasingly recognized as cause of persistent infections, an entity known as implant-associated posttraumatic osteomyelitis. Biofilm formation is a very complex, multistep process with adhesion as the first and decisive step. The most prevalent pathogens found are staphylococci species, especially S. aureus, presumably due to a preference to non-biological materials, such as metal. Adherence is influenced by several factors, including the microenvironment, in which blood proteins from serum or plasma might influence adhesion and maybe biofilm formation. The aim of the present study was to test and to compare adherence of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa to different biological and non-biological surfaces in vitro. The question was addressed if coating of the surface by plasma or serum proteins influences bacterial adherence. METHODS Adherence of radiolabeled bacteria to different surfaces in the presence or absence or serum/plasma proteins was measured over time. RESULTS When testing adherence of S. aureus to plastic, titanium or to monolayers of epithelial cells (A549) or fibroblasts (Colo800) a clear-cut preference for non-biological surfaces, especially for titanium was seen. Using P. aeruginosa species a similar pattern without a significant difference was revealed. When mimicking the in vivo situation by pre-coating of titanium with human serum or plasma adherence was increased, especially when titanium was coated ("opsonized") by plasma. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial adherence to surfaces is determined by a variety of factors such as temperature, the presence of nutrients, the absence of host defense systems and the configuration of the covered surface. In vivo, adherence to non-biological surfaces is also influenced by the microenvironment, especially plasma proteins, promoting biofilm formation.
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