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Thompson P, Badell IR, Lowe M, Turner A, Cano J, Avila J, Azimzadeh A, Cheng X, Pierson R, Johnson B, Robertson J, Song M, Leopardi F, Strobert E, Korbutt G, Rayat G, Rajotte R, Larsen CP, Kirk AD. Alternative immunomodulatory strategies for xenotransplantation: CD40/154 pathway-sparing regimens promote xenograft survival. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:1765-75. [PMID: 22458586 PMCID: PMC3387302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive therapies that block the CD40/CD154 costimulatory pathway have proven to be uniquely effective in preclinical xenotransplant models. Given the challenges facing clinical translation of CD40/CD154 pathway blockade, we examined the efficacy and tolerability of CD40/CD154 pathway-sparing immunomodulatory strategies in a pig-to-nonhuman primate islet xenotransplant model. Rhesus macaques were rendered diabetic with streptozocin and given an intraportal infusion of ≈ 50 000 islet equivalents/kg wild-type neonatal porcine islets. Base immunosuppression for all recipients included maintenance therapy with belatacept and mycophenolate mofetil plus induction with basiliximab and LFA-1 blockade. Cohort 1 recipients (n = 3) were treated with the base regimen alone; cohort 2 recipients (n = 5) were additionally treated with tacrolimus induction and cohort 3 recipients (n = 5) were treated with alefacept in place of basiliximab, and more intense LFA-1 blockade. Three of five recipients in both cohorts 2 and 3 achieved sustained insulin-independent normoglycemia (median rejection-free survivals 60 and 111 days, respectively), compared to zero of three recipients in cohort 1. These data show that CD40/CD154 pathway-sparing regimens can promote xenoislet survival. Further optimization of these strategies is warranted to aid the clinical translation of islet xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thompson
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - IR Badell
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - M Lowe
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - A Turner
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - J Cano
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - J Avila
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - A Azimzadeh
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - X Cheng
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - R Pierson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - B Johnson
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - J Robertson
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - M Song
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - F Leopardi
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - E Strobert
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - G Korbutt
- Surgical-Medical Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2N8, Canada
| | - G Rayat
- Surgical-Medical Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2N8, Canada
| | - R Rajotte
- Surgical-Medical Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2N8, Canada
| | - CP Larsen
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - AD Kirk
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
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Priyadharshini B, Greiner DL, Brehm MA. T-cell activation and transplantation tolerance. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2012; 26:212-22. [PMID: 22074786 PMCID: PMC3294261 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of allogeneic or "nonself" tissues stimulates a robust immune response leading to graft rejection, and therefore, most recipients of allogeneic organ transplants require the lifelong use of immune suppressive agents. Excellent outcomes notwithstanding, contemporary immunosuppressive medications are toxic, are often not taken by patients, and pose long-term risks of infection and malignancy. The ultimate goal in transplantation is to develop new treatments that will supplant the need for general immunosuppression. Here, we will describe the development and application of costimulation blockade to induce transplantation tolerance and discuss how the diverse array of signals that act on T cells will determine the balance between graft survival and rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Priyadharshini
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Biotech 2, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Dale L. Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Biotech 2, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Michael A. Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Biotech 2, Worcester, MA 01605
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Abstract
The therapy of type 1 diabetes is an open challenging problem. The restoration of normoglycemia and insulin independence in immunosuppressed type 1 diabetic recipients of islet allotransplantation has shown the potential of a cell-based diabetes therapy. Even if successful, this approach poses a problem of scarce tissue supply. Xenotransplantation can be the answer to this limited donor availability and, among possible candidate tissues for xenotransplantation, porcine islets are the closest to a future clinical application. Xenotransplantation, with pigs as donors, offers the possibility of using healthy, living, and genetically modified islets from pathogen-free animals available in unlimited number of islets. Several studies in the pig-to-nonhuman primate model demonstrated the feasibility of successful preclinical islet xenotransplantation and have provided insights into the critical events and possible mechanisms of immune recognition and rejection of xenogeneic islet grafts. Particularly promising results in the achievement of prolonged insulin independence were obtained with newly developed, genetically modified pigs islets able to produce immunoregulatory products, using different implantation sites, and new immunotherapeutic strategies. Nonetheless, further efforts are needed to generate additional safety and efficacy data in nonhuman primate models to safely translate these findings into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marigliano
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 6th floor, Room 6126, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA
- Regional Center for Diabetes in Children and Adolescents, Salesi’s Hospital, Via Corridoni 11, 60123 Ancona, Italy
| | - Suzanne Bertera
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 6th floor, Room 6126, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA
| | - Maria Grupillo
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 6th floor, Room 6126, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA
- RiMeD Foundation, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 6th floor, Room 6126, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA
| | - Rita Bottino
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 6th floor, Room 6126, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA
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Hering BJ, Walawalkar N. Pig-to-nonhuman primate islet xenotransplantation. Transpl Immunol 2009; 21:81-6. [PMID: 19427901 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes continues to present a therapeutic challenge. The restoration of normoglycemia and insulin independence in immunosuppressed type 1 diabetic recipients of human islet allografts has highlighted the potential of cell-based diabetes therapy. The unlimited and on-demand availability of pig islets from healthy, young, living, designated pathogen-free, and potentially genetically modified donors presents unique opportunities for improving the availability and outcomes of islet replacement therapies in diabetes. One of the fundamental prerequisites for initiating clinical research is a favorable benefit-over-harm determination in the stringent preclinical transplant model in nonhuman primates. To date, xenotransplants of pig islet cell therapy products have been reported by 15 institutions in 181 NHPs, including xenotransplants in 72 non-diabetic and 109 diabetic recipients. These studies have demonstrated the feasibility of successful preclinical islet xenotransplantation and have provided insights into the critical events operative in the immune recognition and destruction of islet xenografts in nonhuman primates. Particularly promising is the recent achievement of prolonged insulin independence in this model by means of several distinct islet xenotransplantation products, implantation sites, and immunotherapeutic strategies. Further progress appears likely and the development of suitable source pigs will position the scientific community to translate these findings safely to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard J Hering
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Tredget EB, Arefanian H, Gill RG, Rajotte RV, Rayat GR. Monotherapy with anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibody promotes long-term survival of rat islet xenografts. Cell Transplant 2008; 17:599-608. [PMID: 18819248 DOI: 10.3727/096368908786092757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that anti-LFA-1 monoclonal (mAb) could promote long-term survival of discordant porcine islet xenografts in mice. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine whether a shortterm administration of anti-LFA-1 mAb would promote long-term survival of concordant rat islet xenografts in mice, and whether combining short-term administration of anti-LFA-1 mAb therapy with an immunosuppressive drug, rapamycin, would facilitate islet xenograft survival. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic BALB/c mice were transplanted with 500 Wistar-Furth rat islets under the kidney capsule and were either left untreated or treated with short-term administration of rapamycin (0.2 mg/kg) alone, anti-LFA-1 mAb (0.2 mg/ dose) alone, or a combination of rapamycin and anti-LFA-1 mAb using the same doses. All untreated mice rejected their grafts by 24 days posttransplantation with a mean graft survival time of 18.8 +/- 2.5 days posttransplantation (n = 5). All mice treated with rapamycin alone had prolonged islet graft survival but eventually rejected their islet grafts by 81 days posttransplantation. In contrast, the majority of the mice (27/ 28) treated with anti-LFA-1 mAb alone maintained long-term normoglycemia (>100 days). Rapamycin in combination with anti-LFA-1 mAb proved equally effective with 29 of 30 mice maintaining normoglycemia for more than 100 days posttransplantation. Low levels of mouse anti-rat antibodies, as well as a decrease in the degree of mononuclear cell infiltration of the islet graft, closely correlated with long-term islet xenograft survival. These results demonstrate that monotherapy with anti-LFA-1 mAb is highly effective in promoting long-term survival of rat islet xenografts and that combination of anti-LFA-1 mAb with rapamycin does not facilitate nor abrogate the induction of long-term xenograft survival by anti-LFA-1 mAb therapy in BALB/c mice. Our study indicates that immunomodulation through mAb therapy could form a significant component of future antirejection therapies in clinical islet xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Tredget
- Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Islet xenotransplantation: current status of preclinical studies in the pig-to-nonhuman primate model. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2008; 13:155-8. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3282f97842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Veld PI, Pavlovic D, Bogdani M, Pipeleers-Marichal M, Pipeleers D. Xenotransplantation of purified pre-natal porcine beta cells in mice normalizes diabetes when a short anti-CD4-CD8 antibody treatment is combined with transient insulin injections. Xenotransplantation 2007; 13:415-22. [PMID: 16925665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-natal porcine endocrine islet cell grafts were recently shown to contain immature beta cells with a marked potential for growth and differentiation following transplantation, and hence for a progressive and long-term correction of diabetes in immune-incompetent mice. The present study investigates whether these grafts are also capable of correcting hyperglycemia in immune-competent mice receiving a short treatment with anti-CD4-CD8 antibodies. METHODS Pure endocrine islet cell grafts with 0.5 to 1.0 million beta cells were prepared from pre-natal pigs and transplanted under the kidney capsule of alloxan-diabetic CBA/Ca mice. Survival, growth and function of implanted beta cells were followed by measuring plasma porcine C-peptide and glucose, and graft insulin content at start and at post-transplant (PT) week 35. The effect was studied of a 5-day treatment with non-depleting anti-CD4 YTS177 and depleting anti-CD8 YTS169 antibody, either without or with transient insulin injections. RESULTS Without antibody treatment, all graft recipients remained porcine C-peptide negative and died. Antibody treatment decreased CD4-expression and percentage CD8 cells for 10 and 18 weeks respectively. It resulted in a 30 week-survival of nine out of 14 graft recipients; all nine had progressively become C-peptide positive but only one proceeded to normoglycemia. When antibody treatment was combined with transient insulin injections, 11 out of 14 graft recipients survived long-term, eight became C-peptide positive and six were normoglycemic at PT week 30. In both groups, surviving recipients exhibited a graft insulin content that was 6- to 9-fold higher than at implantation. CONCLUSIONS Pre-natal porcine beta cells grow and differentiate when transplanted in diabetic immune-competent mice that have been transiently immune suppressed with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies. They develop metabolic control when recipients are also transiently treated with insulin injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter In't Veld
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University - VUB and JDRF Center for Beta Cell Therapy in Diabetes, Brussels, Belgium.
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Jung DY, Lee HJ, Lee EN, Lee J, Kim EY, Park HJ, Chang CY, Lee SK, Joh JW, Kwon GY, Kim SJ. Beneficial effects of simultaneous treatment with 15-deoxyspergualin and monoclonal antibodies to CD45RB and CD154 on murine islet transplantation recipients. Transplantation 2006; 82:188-95. [PMID: 16858281 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000226175.94546.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of transplant recipients with either 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG) or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to T-cell proteins CD45RB and CD154 (a two-signal blockade) has been shown to prolong islet graft survival. Therefore, we investigated the combined effect of DSG, anti-CD45RB, and anti-CD154 in murine islet model. METHODS Chemically induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice underwent allografting with islets from BALB/c mice or xenografting with rat islets. After transplantation, they were treated with either DSG, the two-signal blockade, or both (the triple treatment). The tolerogenic effects of the posttransplant treatments were measured with an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), immunohistology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Blood glucose profiles measured after glucose challenges were improved in all islet recipients. Enhancement of xenograft survival in triple-treated groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.08), compared to graft survival in group received only the two-signal blockade. However, 15 days after transplantation, xenografts in the triple-treated group showed a significant decrease in the proportion of CD4, CD8, and CD4CD45RB T-cells, and in the expression of interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma, relative to grafts in the other treatment groups. In addition, reduced infiltration of the xenografts by CD3 T-cells was observed in groups that had received either the two-signal blockade or the triple treatment. With long-term (>248 days) xenografts, only those in the triple-treated group were free of inflammatory infiltrates. These grafts also exhibited larger islet clusters and contained more insulin- and glucagon-positive cells, relative to grafts in the other treatment groups. CONCLUSION Triple treatment has a beneficial effect in murine islet xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Yeon Jung
- Transplantation Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
T1DM (Type I diabetes mellitus) results from selective destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells of the pancreas by the immune system, and is characterized by hyperglycaemia and vascular complications arising from suboptimal control of blood glucose levels. The discovery of animal models of T1DM in the late 1970s and early 1980s, particularly the NOD (non-obese diabetic) mouse and the BB (BioBreeding) diabetes-prone rat, had a fundamental impact on our ability to understand the genetics, aetiology and pathogenesis of this disease. NOD and BB diabetes-prone rats spontaneously develop a form of diabetes that closely resembles the human counterpart. Early studies of these animals quickly led to the realization that T1DM is caused by autoreactive T-lymphocytes and revealed that the development of T1DM is controlled by numerous polymorphic genetic elements that are scattered throughout the genome. The development of transgenic and gene-targeting technologies during the 1980s allowed the generation of models of T1DM of reduced genetic and pathogenic complexity, and a more detailed understanding of the immunogenetics of T1DM. In this review, we summarize the contribution of studies in animal models of T1DM to our current understanding of four fundamental aspects of T1DM: (i) the nature of genetic elements affording T1DM susceptibility or resistance; (ii) the mechanisms underlying the development and recruitment of pathogenic autoreactive T-cells; (iii) the identity of islet antigens that contribute to the initiation and/or progression of islet inflammation and beta-cell destruction; and (iv) the design of avenues for therapeutic intervention that are rooted in the knowledge gained from studies of animal models. Development of new animal models will ensure continued progress in these four areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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Beaudette-Zlatanova BC, Whalen B, Zipris D, Yagita H, Rozing J, Groen H, Benjamin CD, Hunig T, Drexhage HA, Ansari MJ, Leif J, Mordes JP, Greiner DL, Sayegh MH, Rossini AA. Costimulation and autoimmune diabetes in BB rats. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:894-902. [PMID: 16611325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Costimulatory signals regulate T-cell activation. To investigate the role of costimulation in autoimmunity and transplantation, we studied the BB rat model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes-prone BB (BBDP) rats spontaneously develop disease when 55-120 days of age. We observed that two anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with different functional activities completely prevented diabetes in BBDP rats. Anti-CD154 mAb delayed diabetes, whereas treatment with CTLA4-Ig or anti-CD80 mAb accelerated disease. Anti-CD86 or anti-CD134L mAbs had no effect. Diabetes resistant BB (BBDR) rats are disease-free, but >95% of them develop diabetes after treatment with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and an mAb that depletes Treg cells. In the induced BBDR model, anti-CD154 mAb delayed onset of diabetes, whereas CTLA4-Ig, anti-CD134L or either of the anti-CD28 mAbs had little or no effect. In contrast, blockade of the CD134-CD134L pathway was highly effective for preventing autoimmune recurrence against syngeneic islet grafts in diabetic BBDR hosts. Blockade of the CD40-CD154 pathway was also effective, but less so. These data suggest that the effectiveness of costimulation blockade in the treatment of type 1 diabetes is dependent on both the costimulatory pathway targeted and the mechanism of induction, stage, intensity and duration of the pathogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Beaudette-Zlatanova
- Department of Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, and Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chen W, Zhou D, Torrealba JR, Waddell TK, Grant D, Zhang L. Donor Lymphocyte Infusion Induces Long-Term Donor-Specific Cardiac Xenograft Survival through Activation of Recipient Double-Negative Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3409-16. [PMID: 16116235 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that pretransplant donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) can enhance xenograft survival. However, the mechanism by which DLI induces xenograft survival remains obscure. Using T cell subset-deficient mice as recipients we show that CD4+, but not CD8+, T cells are necessary to mediate the rejection of concordant cardiac xenografts. Adoptive transfer of naive CD4+ T cells induces rejection of accepted cardiac xenografts in CD4-/- mice. This rejection can be prevented by pretransplant DLI in the absence of any other treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DLI activates alphabeta-TCR+CD3+CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) regulatory T (Treg) cells in xenograft recipients, and that DLI-activated DN Treg cells can inhibit the proliferation of donor-specific xenoreactive CD4+ T cells in vitro. More importantly, adoptive transfer of DLI-activated DN Treg cells from xenograft recipients can suppress the proliferation of xenoreactive CD4+ T cells and their ability to produce IL-2 and IFN-gamma in vivo. Adoptive transfer of DLI-activated DN Treg cells also prevents CD4+ T cell-mediated cardiac xenograft rejection in an Ag-specific fashion. These data provide direct evidence that DLI can activate recipient DN Treg cells, which can induce donor-specific long-term cardiac xenograft survival by suppressing the proliferation and function of donor-specific CD4+ T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Multi Organ Transplantation Program, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
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Rayat GR, Gill RG. Indefinite survival of neonatal porcine islet xenografts by simultaneous targeting of LFA-1 and CD154 or CD45RB. Diabetes 2005; 54:443-51. [PMID: 15677502 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.2.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A variety of transient therapies directed against molecules involved in T-cell activation and function result in long-term islet allograft survival. However, there are relatively few examples of durable islet xenograft survival using similar short-term approaches, especially regarding highly phylogenetically disparate xenograft donors. Previous studies demonstrate that combined anti-lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) plus anti-CD154 therapy results in a robust form of islet allograft tolerance not observed with either individual monotherapy. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether the perturbation of anti-LFA-1, either alone or in combination with targeting CD154 or CD45RB, would promote neonatal porcine islet (NPI) xenograft survival in mice. NPI xenografts are rapidly rejected in wild-type C57BL/6 mice but reproducibly mature and restore durable euglycemia in diabetic, immune-deficient C57BL/6 rag-1(-/-) recipients. A short course of individual anti-LFA-1, anti-CD154, or anti-CD45RB therapy resulted in long-term (>100 days) survival in a moderate proportion of C57BL/6 recipients. However, simultaneous treatment with anti-LFA-1 plus either anti-CD154 or anti-CD45RB therapy could achieve indefinite xenograft function in the majority of recipient animals. Importantly, prolongation of islet xenograft survival using combined anti-LFA-1/anti-CD154 therapy was associated with little mononuclear cell infiltration and greatly reduced anti-porcine antibody levels. Taken together, results indicate that therapies simultaneously targeting differing pathways impacting T-cell function can show marked efficacy for inducing long-term xenograft survival and produce a prolonged state of host hyporeactivity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina R Rayat
- Surgical-Medical Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Gordon EJ, Wicker LS, Peterson LB, Serreze DV, Markees TG, Shultz LD, Rossini AA, Greiner DL, Mordes JP. Autoimmune diabetes and resistance to xenograft transplantation tolerance in NOD mice. Diabetes 2005; 54:107-15. [PMID: 15616017 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.1.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Costimulation blockade induces prolonged rat islet and skin xenograft survival in C57BL/6 mice. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, which are used to model human autoimmune diabetes, are resistant to costimulation blockade-induced allograft tolerance. We tested the hypothesis that NOD mice would also be resistant to costimulation blockade-induced rat xenograft tolerance. We report that rat islet xenograft survival is short in spontaneously diabetic NOD mice treated with a tolerizing regimen of donor-specific transfusion and anti-CD154 antibody. Rat islet xenograft survival is only marginally longer in chemically diabetic NOD mice treated with costimulation blockade but is prolonged further in NOD Idd congenic mice bearing C57-derived chromosome 3 loci. Reciprocally, the presence of NOD-derived chromosome 3 loci shortens islet xenograft survival in tolerized C57BL/6 mice. Islet xenograft survival is longer in tolerized NOD.CD4a(-/-) and (NOD x C57BL/6)F1 mice than in NOD mice but still much shorter than in C57BL/6 mice. Skin xenograft survival in (NOD x C57BL/6)F1 mice treated with costimulation blockade is short, suggesting a strong genetic resistance to skin xenograft tolerance induction. We conclude that the resistance of NOD mice to xenograft tolerance induction involves some mechanisms that also participate in the expression of autoimmunity and other mechanisms that are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel J Gordon
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, 373 Plantation St., Biotech 2, Suite 218, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto M Baertschiger
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Unit, University Hospital Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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