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Lopez KJ, Cross-Najafi AA, Farag K, Obando B, Thadasina D, Isidan A, Park Y, Zhang W, Ekser B, Li P. Strategies to induce natural killer cell tolerance in xenotransplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941880. [PMID: 36072599 PMCID: PMC9441937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliminating major xenoantigens in pig cells has drastically reduced human antibody-mediated hyperacute xenograft rejection (HXR). Despite these advancements, acute xenograft rejection (AXR) remains one of the major obstacles to clinical xenotransplantation, mediated by innate immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells play an ‘effector’ role by releasing cytotoxicity granules against xenogeneic cells and an ‘affecter’ role on other immune cells through cytokine secretion. We highlight the key receptor-ligand interactions that determine the NK cell response to target cells, focusing on the regulation of NK cell activating receptor (NKG2D, DNAM1) and inhibitory receptor (KIR2DL1-4, NKG2A, and LIR-1) signaling pathways. Inhibition of NK cell activity may protect xenografts from cytotoxicity. Recent successful approaches to reducing NK cell-mediated HXR and AXR are reviewed, including genetic modifications of porcine xenografts aimed at improving pig-to-human compatibility. Future directions to promote xenograft acceptance are discussed, including NK cell tolerance in pregnancy and NK cell evasion in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ping Li
- *Correspondence: Ping Li, ; Burcin Ekser,
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2
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Maeda A, Kogata S, Toyama C, Lo PC, Okamatsu C, Yamamoto R, Masahata K, Kamiyama M, Eguchi H, Watanabe M, Nagashima H, Okuyama H, Miyagawa S. The Innate Cellular Immune Response in Xenotransplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:858604. [PMID: 35418992 PMCID: PMC8995651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is very attractive strategy for addressing the shortage of donors. While hyper acute rejection (HAR) caused by natural antibodies and complement has been well defined, this is not the case for innate cellular xenogeneic rejection. An increasing body of evidence suggests that innate cellular immune responses contribute to xenogeneic rejection. Various molecular incompatibilities between receptors and their ligands across different species typically have an impact on graft outcome. NK cells are activated by direct interaction as well as by antigen dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanisms. Macrophages are activated through various mechanisms in xenogeneic conditions. Macrophages recognize CD47 as a "marker of self" through binding to SIRPα. A number of studies have shown that incompatibility of porcine CD47 against human SIRPα contributes to the rejection of xenogeneic target cells by macrophages. Neutrophils are an early responder cell that infiltrates xenogeneic grafts. It has also been reported that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) activate macrophages as damage-associated pattern molecules (DAMPs). In this review, we summarize recent insights into innate cellular xenogeneic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Maeda
- Department of Promotion for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kogata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Chiyoshi Toyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Pei-Chi Lo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Chizu Okamatsu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Riho Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazunori Masahata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kamiyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Eguchi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Okuyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shuji Miyagawa
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
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Wang HT, Maeda A, Sakai R, Lo PC, Takakura C, Jiaravuthisan P, Mod Shabri A, Matsuura R, Kodama T, Hiwatashi S, Eguchi H, Okuyama H, Miyagawa S. Human CD31 on porcine cells suppress xenogeneic neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity via the inhibition of NETosis. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12396. [PMID: 29635708 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotransplantation is one of the promising strategies for overcoming the shortage of organs available for transplant. However, many immunological obstructions need to be overcome for practical use. Increasing evidence suggests that neutrophils contribute to xenogeneic cellular rejection. Neutrophils are regulated by activation and inhibitory signals to induce appropriate immune reactions and to avoid unnecessary immune reactivity. Therefore, we hypothesized that the development of neutrophil-targeted therapies may have the potential for increased graft survival in xenotransplantation. METHODS A plasmid containing a cDNA insert encoding the human CD31 gene was transfected into swine endothelial cells (SEC). HL-60 cells were differentiated into neutrophil-like cells by culturing them in the presence of 1.3% dimethyl sulfoxide for 48 hours. The cytotoxicity of the differentiated HL-60 cells (dHL-60) and peripheral blood-derived neutrophils was evaluated by WST-8 assays. To investigate the mechanism responsible for hCD31-induced immunosuppression, citrullinated histone 3 (cit-H3) and phosphorylation of SHP-1 were detected by a cit-H3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS A significant decrease in dHL-60 and neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity in SEC/hCD31 compared with SEC was seen, as evidenced by a cytotoxicity assay. Furthermore, the suppression of NETosis and the induction of SHP-1 phosphorylation in neutrophils that had been co-cultured with SEC/CD31 were confirmed by cit-H3 ELISA and Western blotting with an anti-phosphorylated SHP-1. CONCLUSION These data suggest that human CD31 suppresses neutrophil-mediated xenogenic cytotoxicity via the inhibition of NETosis. As CD31 is widely expressed in a variety of inflammatory cells, human CD31-induced suppression may cover the entire xenogeneic cellular rejection, thus making the generation of human CD31 transgenic pigs very attractive for use in xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Tang Wang
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Akira Maeda
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Rieko Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Pei-Chi Lo
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Chihiro Takakura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Afifah Mod Shabri
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Rei Matsuura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tasuku Kodama
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shohei Hiwatashi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Okuyama
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shuji Miyagawa
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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French BM, Sendil S, Sepuru KM, Ranek J, Burdorf L, Harris D, Redding E, Cheng X, Laird C, Zhao Y, Cerel B, Rajarathnam K, Pierson RN, Azimzadeh AM. Interleukin-8 mediates neutrophil-endothelial interactions in pig-to-human xenogeneic models. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12385. [PMID: 29427404 PMCID: PMC5899681 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human neutrophils are sequestered by pig lung xenografts within minutes during ex vivo perfusion. This phenomenon is not prevented by pig genetic modifications that remove xeno-antigens or added human regulatory molecules intended to down-regulate activation of complement and coagulation pathways. This study investigated whether recipient and donor interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine known to attract and activate neutrophils during inflammation, is elaborated in the context of xenogeneic injury, and whether human or pig IL-8 promote the adhesion of human neutrophils in in vitro xenograft models. METHODS Plasma levels of pig, human or non-human primate (NHP) IL-8 from ex vivo pig lung perfusion experiments (n = 10) and in vivo pig-to-baboon lung transplantation in baboons (n = 22) were analysed by ELISA or Luminex. Human neutrophils stimulated with human or pig IL-8 were analysed for CD11b expression, CD18 activation, oxidative burst and adhesion to resting or TNF-activated endothelial cells (EC) evaluated under static and flow (Bioflux) conditions. For some experiments, human neutrophils were incubated with Reparixin (IL-8/CXCL8 receptor blocker) and then analysed as in the in vitro experiments mentioned above. RESULTS Plasma levels of pig IL-8 (~6113 pg/mL) increased more than human (~1235 pg/mL) between one and four hours after initiation of ex vivo lung perfusion. However, pig IL-8 levels remained consistently low (<60 pg/mL) and NHP IL-8 plasma levels increased by ~2000 pg/mL after four hours in a pig-to-baboon lung xenotransplantation. In vitro, human neutrophils' CD11b expression, CD18 activation and oxidative burst all increased in a dose-dependent manner following exposure to either pig or human IL-8, which also were associated with increased adhesion to EC in both static and flow conditions. Reparixin inhibited human neutrophil activation by both pig and human IL-8 in a dose-dependent fashion. At 0.1 mg/mL, Reparixin inhibited the adhesion of IL-8-activated human neutrophils to pAECs by 84 ± 2.5%. CONCLUSIONS Pig IL-8 increased in an ex vivo model of pig-to-human lung xenotransplantation but is not detected in vivo, whereas human or NHP IL-8 is elevated to a similar degree in both models. Both pig and human IL-8 activate human neutrophils and increase their adhesion to pig aortic ECs, a process significantly inhibited by the addition of Reparixin to human neutrophils. This work implicates IL-8, whether of pig or human origin, as a possible factor mediating in lung xenograft inflammation and injury and supports the evaluation of therapeutic targeting of this pathway in the context of xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth M. French
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VAMC Baltimore, MD
| | - Selin Sendil
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VAMC Baltimore, MD
| | - Krishna Mohan Sepuru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Jolene Ranek
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VAMC Baltimore, MD
| | - Lars Burdorf
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VAMC Baltimore, MD
| | - Donald Harris
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VAMC Baltimore, MD
| | - Emily Redding
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VAMC Baltimore, MD
| | - Xiangfei Cheng
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VAMC Baltimore, MD
| | - Christopher Laird
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VAMC Baltimore, MD
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VAMC Baltimore, MD
| | - Benjamin Cerel
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VAMC Baltimore, MD
| | - Krishna Rajarathnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Richard N Pierson
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VAMC Baltimore, MD
| | - Agnes M. Azimzadeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VAMC Baltimore, MD
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The Role of NK Cells in Pig-to-Human Xenotransplantation. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:4627384. [PMID: 29410970 PMCID: PMC5749293 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4627384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of human NK cells to porcine tissues has been demonstrated in pig organs perfused ex vivo with human blood in the early 1990s. Subsequently, the molecular mechanisms leading to adhesion and cytotoxicity in human NK cell-porcine endothelial cell (pEC) interactions have been elucidated in vitro to identify targets for therapeutic interventions. Specific molecular strategies to overcome human anti-pig NK cell responses include (1) blocking of the molecular events leading to recruitment (chemotaxis, adhesion, and transmigration), (2) expression of human MHC class I molecules on pECs that inhibit NK cells, and (3) elimination or blocking of pig ligands for activating human NK receptors. The potential of cell-based strategies including tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC) and regulatory T cells (Treg) and the latest progress using transgenic pigs genetically modified to reduce xenogeneic NK cell responses are discussed. Finally, we present the status of phenotypic and functional characterization of nonhuman primate (NHP) NK cells, essential for studying their role in xenograft rejection using preclinical pig-to-NHP models, and summarize key advances and important perspectives for future research.
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Qiao WH, Liu P, Hu D, Al Shirbini M, Zhou XM, Dong NG. Sequential hydrophile and lipophile solubilization as an efficient method for decellularization of porcine aortic valve leaflets: Structure, mechanical property and biocompatibility study. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e828-e840. [PMID: 27957807 DOI: 10.1002/term.2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Antigenicity of xenogeneic tissues is the major obstacle to increased use of these materials in clinical medicine. Residual xenoantigens in decellularized tissue elicit the immune response after implantation, causing graft failure. With this in mind, the potential use is proposed of three protein solubilization-based protocols for porcine aortic valve leaflets decellularization. It was demonstrated that hydrophile solubilization alone achieved incomplete decellularization; lipophile solubilization alone (LSA) completely removed all cells and two most critical xenoantigens - galactose-α(1,3)-galactose (α-Gal) and major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) - but caused severe alterations of the structure and mechanical properties; sequential hydrophile and lipophile solubilization (SHLS) resulted in a complete removal of cells, α-Gal and MHC I, and good preservation of the structure and mechanical properties. In contrast, a previously reported method using Triton X-100, sodium deoxycholate and IGEPAL CA-630 resulted in a complete removal of all cells and MHC I, but with remaining α-Gal epitope. LSA- and SHLS-treated leaflets showed significantly reduced leucocyte activation (polymorphonuclear elastase) upon interaction with human blood in vitro. When implanted subdermally in rats for 6 weeks, LSA- or SHLS-treated leaflets were presented with more biocompatible implants and all four decellularized leaflets were highly resistant to calcification. These findings illustrate that the SHLS protocol could be considered as a promising decellularization method for the decellularization of xenogeneic tissues in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Qiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Cardiovascular Disease Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mahmoud Al Shirbini
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Ming Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nian-Guo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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7
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Zheng GH, Xiong SQ, Chen HY, Mei LJ, Wang T. Association of platelet-activating factor receptor gene rs5938 (G/T) and rs313152 (T/C) polymorphisms with coronary heart disease and blood stasis syndrome in a Chinese Han population. Chin J Integr Med 2017; 23:893-900. [PMID: 28197937 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the association of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) gene rs5938, rs313152 and rs76744145 polymorphisms with coronary heart disease (CHD) and blood stasis syndrome (BSS) of CHD in Chinese Han population. METHODS A total of 570 CHD patients (299 with BSS and 271 with non-BSS) and 317 controls were enrolled. The PAFR gene rs5938, rs313152 and rs76744145 polymorphisms were genotyped using the multiplex SNaPshot technology. The statistical analysis was conducted using a multiple variable logistic regression model. RESULTS Significant differences were detected in the genotypes frequency distributions of the rs5938 (P<0.01), but not the rs313152 (P>0.05), between the controls and CHD patients. Individuals with an rs5938 or rs313152 mutated allele had a low risk for CHD [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=0.35, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.23 to 0.56, P<0.01; aOR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.46 to 0.91, P<0.05, respectively]. After the CHD patients were stratified as BSS or non-BSS according to their Chinese medicine patterns, the rs5938 polymorphism mutated alleles had a significant association with a low risk for BSS of CHD (aOR=0.32, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.57, P<0.01) and non-BSS of CHD (aOR=0.31, 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.55, P<0.01). The rs313152 polymorphism was associated with a low risk for BSS (aOR=0.51, 95% CI: 0.33 to 0.79, P<0.01), but not for non-BSS (aOR=1.22, 95% CI: 0.81 to 1.85, P<0.05). Furthermore, the interaction effect of the rs5938 and rs313152 polymorphisms for BSS of CHD was significantly based on an aOR value associated with the combination of the rs5938 GT genotype with the rs313152 TC genotype of 0.27 (95% CI: 0.1 to 0.7, P<0.01). CONCLUSION The PAFR gene rs5938 or rs313152 polymorphisms might be a potential biomarker for susceptibility to CHD, especially to BSS of CHD in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Zheng
- College of Health Information Technology and Management, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China.
| | - Shang-Quan Xiong
- Department of Cardiologic Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Hai-Ying Chen
- The Second Clinic of Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Li-Juan Mei
- The Second Clinic of Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Cardiologic Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350007, China
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Chemoattractant Signals and Adhesion Molecules Promoting Human Regulatory T Cell Recruitment to Porcine Endothelium. Transplantation 2016; 100:753-62. [PMID: 26720299 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (huTreg) suppress CD4+ T cell-mediated antipig xenogeneic responses in vitro and might therefore be used to induce xenograft tolerance. The present study investigated the role of the adhesion molecules, their porcine ligands, and the chemoattractant factors that may promote the recruitment of huTreg to porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC) and their capacity to regulate antiporcine natural killer (NK) cell responses. METHODS Interactions between ex vivo expanded huTreg and PAEC were studied by static chemotaxis assays and flow-based adhesion and transmigration assays. In addition, the suppressive function of huTreg on human antiporcine NK cell responses was analyzed. RESULTS The TNFα-activated PAEC released factors that induce huTreg chemotaxis, partially inhibited by antihuman CXCR3 blocking antibodies. Coating of PAEC with human CCL17 significantly increased the transmigration of CCR4+ huTreg under physiological shear stress. Under static conditions, transendothelial Treg migration was inhibited by blocking integrin sub-units (CD18, CD49d) on huTreg, or their respective porcine ligands intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (CD102) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (CD106). Finally, huTreg partially suppressed xenogeneic human NK cell adhesion, NK cytotoxicity and degranulation (CD107 expression) against PAEC; however, this inhibition was modest, and there was no significant change in the production of IFNγ. CONCLUSIONS Recruitment of huTreg to porcine endothelium depends on particular chemokine receptors (CXCR3, CCR4) and integrins (CD18 and CD49d) and was increased by CCL17 coating. These results will help to develop new strategies to enhance the recruitment of host huTreg to xenogeneic grafts to regulate cell-mediated xenograft rejection including NK cell responses.
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Martin BM, Samy KP, Lowe MC, Thompson PW, Cano J, Farris AB, Song M, Dove CR, Leopardi FV, Strobert EA, Jenkins JB, Collins BH, Larsen CP, Kirk AD. Dual islet transplantation modeling of the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:1241-52. [PMID: 25702898 PMCID: PMC4631614 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Islet xenotransplantation is a potential treatment for diabetes without the limitations of tissue availability. Although successful experimentally, early islet loss remains substantial and attributed to an instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR). This syndrome of islet destruction has been incompletely defined and characterization in pig-to-primate models has been hampered by logistical and statistical limitations of large animal studies. To further investigate IBMIR, we developed a novel in vivo dual islet transplant model to precisely characterize IBMIR as proof-of-concept that this model can serve to properly control experiments comparing modified xenoislet preparations. WT and α1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GTKO) neonatal porcine islets were studied in nonimmunosuppressed rhesus macaques. Inert polyethylene microspheres served as a control for the effects of portal embolization. Digital analysis of immunohistochemistry targeting IBMIR mediators was performed at 1 and 24 h after intraportal islet infusion. Early findings observed in transplanted islets include complement and antibody deposition, and infiltration by neutrophils, macrophages and platelets. Insulin, complement, antibody, neutrophils, macrophages and platelets were similar between GTKO and WT islets, with increasing macrophage infiltration at 24 h in both phenotypes. This model provides an objective and internally controlled study of distinct islet preparations and documents the temporal histology of IBMIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- BM Martin
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - KP Samy
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - MC Lowe
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - PW Thompson
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - J Cano
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - AB Farris
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - M Song
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - CR Dove
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - FV Leopardi
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - EA Strobert
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - JB Jenkins
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - BH Collins
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - CP Larsen
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - AD Kirk
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
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10
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Zheng GH, Xiong SQ, Mei LJ, Chen HY, Wang T, Chu JF. Elevated Plasma Platelet Activating Factor, Platelet Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase Levels and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease or Blood Stasis Syndrome of Coronary Heart Disease in Chinese: A Case Control Study. Inflammation 2012; 35:1419-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Murphy H, Cogan T, Hughes R, Humphrey T. Porcine intestinal epithelial responses to Campylobacter infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 34:489-95. [PMID: 21944733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter infection is estimated to cause diarrhoea in 1% of the population of developed countries every year, but our understanding of this disease has been hampered by a lack of a suitable animal model. Colostrum-deprived piglets have been suggested as models since they produce similar clinical signs to humans when infected but little information currently exists regarding the response of this species to Campylobacter at cellular and molecular level. This study shows that intestinal epithelial cells from both species respond in a similar manner to Campylobacter infection regarding invasion, induction of innate immune response and effect on barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Murphy
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Immunity, School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, BS40 5DU, UK.
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12
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Ekser B, Cooper DKC. Overcoming the barriers to xenotransplantation: prospects for the future. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 6:219-30. [PMID: 20402385 PMCID: PMC2857338 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cross-species transplantation (xenotransplantation) has immense potential to solve the critical need for organs, tissues and cells for clinical transplantation. The increasing availability of genetically engineered pigs is enabling progress to be made in pig-to-nonhuman primate experimental models. Potent pharmacologic immunosuppressive regimens have largely prevented T-cell rejection and a T-cell-dependent elicited antibody response. However, coagulation dysfunction between the pig and primate is proving to be a major problem, and this can result in life-threatening consumptive coagulopathy. This complication is unlikely to be overcome until pigs expressing a human 'antithrombotic' or 'anticoagulant' gene, such as thrombomodulin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor or CD39, become available. Progress in islet xenotransplantation has been more encouraging, and diabetes has been controlled in nonhuman primates for periods in excess of 6 months, although this has usually been achieved using immunosuppressive protocols that might not be clinically applicable. Further advances are required to overcome the remaining barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Ekser
- Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, and Department of Surgery and Organ Transplantation, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - David KC Cooper
- Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, W1543, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA, Tel.: +1 412 383 6961, Fax: +1 412 624 1172,
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Human CMV Infection of Porcine Endothelial Cells Increases Adhesion Receptor Expression and Human Leukocyte Recruitment. Transplantation 2009; 87:1792-800. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181a75a41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Human leukocyte transmigration across Galalpha(1,3)Gal-negative porcine endothelium is regulated by human CD18 and CD99. Transplantation 2009; 87:491-9. [PMID: 19307784 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318195fb8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pig-to-human xenotransplantation cross-species receptor interactions mediate cellular infiltration and rejection of porcine grafts. However, the mechanisms responsible for recruitment of human leukocyte subsets across porcine endothelial cells (EC) remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of CD99, CD18, and Galalpha(1,3)Gal (Gal) in this process. METHODS Adhesion and transmigration of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subsets on Gal and Gal porcine EC (pEC) and on human EC was analyzed using a two-compartment system separated by a permeable membrane. The mechanisms of human PBMC recruitment to pEC were investigated by blocking cell surface receptors and by differentially measuring adhesion and transendothelial migration (TEM). RESULTS Blocking of CD18, but not CD99, decreased human PBMC adhesion on pEC, whereas blocking of CD18 or CD99 strongly reduced the subsequent human PBMC TEM across pEC. The inhibitory effect of CD99 blockade was slightly stronger across pEC as compared with human EC. A critical role for Gal in TEM of human monocytes, B, natural killer (NK), NK/T, and T cells was excluded by evaluating TEM across pEC derived from Gal and Gal pigs. CONCLUSIONS CD99 and CD18, but not Gal, play a critical role in human monocyte and lymphocyte TEM across pEC, and their respective porcine ligands may serve as targets to specifically inhibit human leukocyte recruitment in pig-to-human xenotransplantation.
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Saethre M, Schneider MKJ, Lambris JD, Magotti P, Haraldsen G, Seebach JD, Mollnes TE. Cytokine secretion depends on Galalpha(1,3)Gal expression in a pig-to-human whole blood model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6346-53. [PMID: 18424758 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.6346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transplants from alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (Gal) gene-knockout pigs to nonhuman primates are largely protected from hyperacute but not acute humoral xenograft rejection. The present study investigates the role of Gal in cytokine responses using a novel pig-to-human whole blood in vitro model, developed for species-specific analysis of porcine and human cytokines. Porcine (n = 7) and human (n = 27) cytokines were measured using ELISA or multiplex technology, respectively. Porcine aortic endothelial cells from control (Gal(+/+)) and Gal-deficient (Gal(-/-)) pigs were incubated with human lepirudin anticoagulated whole blood from healthy donors. E-selectin expression was measured by flow cytometry. The C3 inhibitor compstatin and a C5aR antagonist were used to study the role of complement. Cytokine species specificity was documented, enabling detection of 2 of 7 porcine cytokines and 13 of 27 human cytokines in one single sample. Gal(+/+) porcine aortic endothelial cells incubated with human whole blood showed a marked complement C5b-9 dependent up-regulation of E-selectin and secretion of porcine IL-6 and IL-8. In contrast, Gal(-/-) cells responded with E-selectin and cytokine expression which was so weak that the role of complement could not be determined. Human IL-6, IL-8, IFN-gamma, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, eotaxin, and RANTES were detected in the Gal(+/+) system, but virtually no responses were seen in the Gal(-/-) system (p = 0.03). The increase in human cytokine release was largely complement dependent and, in contrast to the porcine response, mediated through C5a. Species-specific analysis of cytokine release revealed a marked, complement-dependent response when Gal(+/+) pig cells were incubated with human whole blood, compared with Gal(-/-) cells which induced virtually no cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Saethre
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Current cellular innate immune hurdles in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2008; 13:171-7. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3282f88a30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Stern JNH, Keskin DB, Barteneva N, Zuniga J, Yunis EJ, Ahmed AR. Possible role of natural killer cells in pemphigus vulgaris - preliminary observations. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:472-81. [PMID: 18373702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune blistering disease that affects the skin and multiple mucous membranes, and is caused by antibodies to desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and 3. Natural killer (NK) cells have a role in autoimmunity, but their role in PV is not known. NK cells in the peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) of 15 untreated Caucasian patients with active PV were studied and compared with healthy controls for the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and co-stimulatory molecules. CD56+ CD16- CD3- NK or CD56+ CD16+ CD3- NK cells from the PBL of PV patients co-express MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecule B7-H3 without exogenous stimulation. CD4+ T cells from the PBL and perilesional skin of PV patients were co-cultured with CD56+ CD3- NK cells from the PBL of the same patients; in the presence of Dsg3 peptides underwent statistically significant proliferation, indicating that NK cells functioned as antigen-presenting cells. Supernatants from these co-cultures and serum of the same patients with active PV had statistically significantly elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and interferon-gamma, compared with controls indicating that the NK cells stimulated CD4+ T cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines. In these experiments, we present preliminary evidence that NK cells may play a role in the pathobiology of PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N H Stern
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Ehrnfelt C, He Z, Holgersson J. No role of alpha-Gal in human monocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vitro. Scand J Immunol 2006; 62:445-52. [PMID: 16305641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Vascularized organ xenografts undergoing acute vascular rejection (AVR) are infiltrated by innate immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages. Herein, human monocyte static and dynamic adhesion to, and migration across, human and porcine aortic endothelial cells (HAEC and PAEC) were investigated. To elucidate the role of Gal alpha1,3Gal (alpha-Gal) epitopes in these processes in the absence of anti-Gal antibodies (Ab), this determinant was aberrantly expressed in HAEC. HAEC were transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding the porcine alpha1,3 galactosyltransferase to express alpha-Gal at high frequencies (75-95%). Alpha-Gal expression on HAEC did not increase their ability to support monocyte transendothelial migration or adhesion under either static or flow conditions. Porcine and human endothelium supported static adhesion and migration of monocytes equally well. However, human monocytes adhered less to PAEC than to HAEC (P = 0.03) under flow following human, but not porcine, tumour necrosis factor-alpha stimulation. In the absence of anti-Gal Ab, the alpha-Gal epitope does not contribute to increased monocyte adhesion to, or migration across, endothelium. Thus, inhibiting adhesion receptor-ligand interactions essential for the adhesion of human monocytes to porcine endothelium may be more important than carbohydrate remodelling of donor pigs to prevent adhesion/infiltration of monocytes into organ xenografts during AVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ehrnfelt
- Division of Clinical Immunology F79, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital in Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto M Baertschiger
- Surgical Research Unit, Xenotransplantation, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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