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Gao J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Wu X, Huang L, Gao W. Triptolide: pharmacological spectrum, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis and derivatives. Theranostics 2021; 11:7199-7221. [PMID: 34158845 PMCID: PMC8210588 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide, an abietane-type diterpenoid isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F., has significant pharmacological activity. Research results show that triptolide has obvious inhibitory effects on many solid tumors. Therefore, triptolide has become one of the lead compounds candidates for being the next "blockbuster" drug, and multiple triptolide derivatives have entered clinical research. An increasing number of researchers have developed triptolide synthesis methods to meet the clinical need. To provide new ideas for researchers in different disciplines and connect different disciplines with researchers aiming to solve scientific problems more efficiently, this article reviews the research progress made with analyzes of triptolide pharmacological activity, biosynthetic pathways, and chemical synthesis pathways and reported in toxicological and clinical studies of derivatives over the past 20 years, which have laid the foundation for subsequent researchers to study triptolide in many ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xihong Liu
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiayi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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Wang Y, Wang B, Yang X. The Study of Cellular Mechanism of Triptolide in the Treatment of Cancer, Bone Loss and Cardiovascular Disease and Triptolide's Toxicity. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:18-23. [PMID: 30834841 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666190301155810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (TPL), the active component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (Twhf) has been used to treat cancer and bone loss conditions for over two hundred years in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In this paper, we reviewed the specific molecular mechanisms in the treatment of cancer, bone loss and cardiovascular disease. In addition, we analyze the toxicity of TPL and collect some optimized derivatives extracted from TPL. Although positive results were obtained in most cell culture and animal studies, further studies are needed to substantiate the beneficial effects of TPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhan Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xian Yang, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Kim JY, Kina T, Iwanaga Y, Noguchi H, Matsumura K, Hyon SH. Tea Polyphenol Inhibits Allostimulation in Mixed Lymphocyte Culture. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea polyphenols are known to protect allogenic donor tissues from acute rejection by their recipients. This immunosuppressive effect may be generated by a unique chemical property of the major component, epigallocatechin-o-gallate (EGCG), which can block specific cell surface molecules of the donor tissues. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of EGCG on the murine mixed lymphocyte reactions. EGCG treatment of stimulator cells significantly attenuated the proliferation of responder T cells. The proliferation did not recover upon the secondary stimulations by fresh untreated cells or exogenous IL-2. Flow cytometric analyses showed that EGCG treatment decreased the staining intensities of various cell surface molecules including MHC II, which plays a major role in antigen presentation, and B7.1, B7.2, and their ligand, CD28, which are required for costimulatory signals in T-cell activation. These results suggest that an anergic state of alloreactive T cells may be induced by either weakening of antigen signaling or blockage of costimulatory signals with EGCG. Other possible mechanisms behind the immunosuppressive effect and a potential use of EGCG treatment of donor tissues in transplantation medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yoon Kim
- Department of Simulation Medical Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8507, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kina
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iwanaga
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606–8507, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Noguchi
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606–8507, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsumura
- Department of Simulation Medical Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8507, Japan
| | - Suong-Hyu Hyon
- Department of Simulation Medical Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8507, Japan
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Tang W, Zuo JP. Immunosuppressant discovery from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f: the novel triptolide analog (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8). Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1112-8. [PMID: 22922344 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese traditional herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f (TwHF) has been widely used in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Over the past few decades, great efforts have been made to explore modern preparations of TwHF with higher efficacy, solubility, and lower toxicity. In this study, we reviewed several examples both of naturally occurring compounds and their derivatives in TwHF, and summarized the preclinical evaluations with regard to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. All of the candidate compounds described herein have been or are currently in clinical trials. Although some studies encountered problems, the data still provided valuable references for future studies. (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8, Leitengshu) is a novel triptolide derivative with potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activities developed at Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica. Indeed, a Phase I clinical trial for this compound has been completed in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The results will provide the basis for the further exploration of this ancient herb and encourage the research and development of valuable traditional Chinese medicine.
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Kanamune J, Iwanaga Y, Kina T, Noguchi H, Matsumura K, Uemoto S, Hyon SH. Attenuation of Murine Graft-Versus-Host Disease by a Tea Polyphenol. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:909-18. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x623934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since donor T-cells' allorecognition of host antigens is a prerequisite for the onset of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), blocking their cellular signaling pathways can decrease the severity of GVHD. We hypothesized that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), due to its strong affinity to macromolecules, would adhere to surface molecules of donor T cells, inhibit their allorecognition, and attenuate GVHD in the recipient. We tested the hypothesis by treating donor splenocytes with EGCG in both in vitro and in vivo murine GVHD models. EGCG treatment decreased the proliferation of donor cells in MLR cultures and secretion of IL-2 and INF-γ. It also reduced the epitope detection of CD3∊, CD4, and CD28 but did not downregulate the protein expression of these molecules, suggesting blockage of cell surface stimulatory signals. Similarly, EGCG treatment did not decrease mRNA expression for some of these molecules but decreased mitogen-induced cell proliferation, indicating that EGCG did not interfere the transcription of these genes but affected cell proliferation pathways. Furthermore, EGCG-treated donor splenocytes, when transplanted into immunocompromized recipient mice, decreased of proliferation, and the treatment extended the recipients' survival at least during the early stage of GVHD. These results strongly suggest that EGCG attenuates GVHD by both blocking specific cell surface molecules and affecting the donor T-cell proliferation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kanamune
- Transplant Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuo Kina
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Noguchi
- Baylor All Saints Medical Center, Baylor Research Institute, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | - Shinji Uemoto
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suong-Hyu Hyon
- Department of Simulation Medical Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Complexation of triptolide and its succinate derivative with cyclodextrins: Affinity capillary electrophoresis, isothermal titration calorimetry and 1H NMR studies. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8708-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wong KF, Chan JK, Chan KL, Tam P, Yang D, Fan ST, Luk JM. IMMUNOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL CONSTITUENTS OFTRIPTERYGIUM WILFORDIICONTRIBUTING TO ITS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTY. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:55-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zheng Q, Ye L, Gao R, Han J, Xiong M, Zhao D, Gong T, Zhang Z. Kinetic release of triptolide after injection of renal-targeting 14-succinyl triptolide-lysozyme in a rat kidney study by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:724-9. [PMID: 17370252 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is one of the most important biologically active components of the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f (TWHf). A novel high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method was developed to study the kinetic release of TP after intravenous injection of the newly synthesized 14-succinyl triptolide-lysozyme (TPS-LZM). The method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 0.5-400.0 ng/g. The mean recovery of triptolide from spiked samples, in a concentration range of 0.5-400.0 ng/g, was 91.84% (RSD = 3.69%, n = 3). The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were less than 6.38%. The method with simple sample pretreatment and being highly specific and precise, can be used for analysis of triptolide release in rat kidney after intravenous injection of renal-targeting TPS-LZM conjugate. The results showed that, as compared with free TP, TPS-LZM could significantly increase the concentration and prolong the action time of TP in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Chen G, Sun H, Arp J, Garcia B, Wang X, Wise Y, Liu W, Ramcharran S, Huang X, Xiang Y, Yang H, Fang Z, Madrenas J, Madenas J, Sudo Y, Tamura K, Zhong R. A synergistic effect between PG490-88 and tacrolimus prolongs renal allograft survival in monkeys. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:714-23. [PMID: 16539628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine if PG490-88 and tacrolimus (Tac) act synergistically to prevent renal allograft rejection in monkeys and to explore possible mechanisms of synergy between these agents. MHC-mismatched renal allografts were transplanted into cynomolgus monkeys after bilateral nephrectomy. Recipients were divided into the following groups: (i) no treatment; (ii) PG490-88 (0.03 mg/kg); (iii) Tac (1 mg/kg); (iv) PG490-88 (0.01 mg/kg) + Tac (1 mg/kg) and (v) PG490-88 (0.03 mg/kg) + Tac (1 mg/kg). Through synergy PG490-88 and Tac inhibited anti-CD3/PMA-induced T-cell proliferation and IFN-gamma expression in vitro. Tac monotherapy only marginally prolonged survival (27 +/- 3.2 days), while the combination of PG490-88 and Tac significantly prolonged graft survival to a median of 99 days (PG490-88 at 0.03 mg) and 38.5 days (PG490-88 at 0.01 mg/kg). Prolonged survival correlated with inhibited IgM production as well as reduced T-cell infiltration, IL-2 protein expression and NF-AT/NF-kappaB activity. We conclude that PG490-88 and a subtherapeutic dose of Tac significantly prolong renal allograft survival in monkeys through the synergistic inhibition of T-cell activation and a decrease in IFN-gamma production and NF-AT/NF-kappaB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Chen Y, Zhang J, Li J, Zhao T, Zou L, Tang Y, Zhang X, Wu Y. Triptolide inhibits B7-H1 expression on proinflammatory factor activated renal tubular epithelial cells by decreasing NF-kappaB transcription. Mol Immunol 2005; 43:1088-98. [PMID: 16129490 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide has been used extensively in China for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and tumor for many centuries. Nevertheless, little is known about its exact immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. Increasing recognition of the importance of renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) in renal diseases raises the question whether triptolide can regulate TEC activity. In this study, various cultured human and murine TECs were exposed to tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and triptolide, followed to examine the expression of B7-H1 and B7-DC. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that B7-H1 but not B7-DC constitutively expresses on TECs, and the B7-H1 protein expression was profoundly up-regulated by the stimulation of TNF-alpha with a dose-dependent manner. However, triptolide under non-cytotoxic concentration could down-regulate B7-H1 expression on activated TECs at both mRNA and protein level. This effect was transcription factor NF-kappaB dependent. Interestingly, the significant damping effect of triptolide on B7-H1 signal could promote interleukin-2 production by T cell hybridoma (C10) after antigen presentation and enhance cytokine (IFN-gamma and IL-2) secretion by anti-CD3 activated T cells. Our results indicated that triptolide could regulate TEC activity via B7-H1, in addition to previously reported it directly affects the production of some inflammatory factors by T cells, tumor cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwen Chen
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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