1
|
Abstract
Tolerance has been defined as graft-specific survival in the absence of continued immunosuppression. The mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance are discussed in this review, as well as the barriers and limitations in achieving graft-specific tolerance. The need remains for definitive laboratory assays to determine the presence of a tolerant state. Genetic biomarker analysis pre-transplant may allow for better donor: recipient matching, lessening the need for immunosuppression, while post-transplant analysis of biomarkers, certain cytokines, and regulatory leukocytes may permit minimally invasive assessment of graft function and potentially, of graft-specific tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Brinkman
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Berman DM, Willman MA, Han D, Kleiner G, Kenyon NM, Cabrera O, Karl JA, Wiseman RW, O'Connor DH, Bartholomew AM, Kenyon NS. Mesenchymal stem cells enhance allogeneic islet engraftment in nonhuman primates. Diabetes 2010; 59:2558-68. [PMID: 20622174 PMCID: PMC3279532 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the graft-promoting effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a cynomolgus monkey model of islet/bone marrow transplantation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Cynomolgus MSCs were obtained from iliac crest aspirate and characterized through passage 11 for phenotype, gene expression, differentiation potential, and karyotype. Allogeneic donor MSCs were cotransplanted intraportally with islets on postoperative day (POD) 0 and intravenously with donor marrow on PODs 5 and 11. Recipients were followed for stabilization of blood glucose levels, reduction of exogenous insulin requirement (EIR), C-peptide levels, changes in peripheral blood T regulatory cells, and chimerism. Destabilization of glycemia and increases in EIR were used as signs of rejection; additional intravenous MSCs were administered to test the effect on reversal of rejection. RESULTS MSC phenotype and a normal karyotype were observed through passage 11. IL-6, IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor, TGF-β, hepatocyte growth factor, and galectin-1 gene expression levels varied among donors. MSC treatment significantly enhanced islet engraftment and function at 1 month posttransplant (n = 8), as compared with animals that received islets without MSCs (n = 3). Additional infusions of donor or third-party MSCs resulted in reversal of rejection episodes and prolongation of islet function in two animals. Stable islet allograft function was associated with increased numbers of regulatory T-cells in peripheral blood. CONCLUSIONS MSCs may provide an important approach for enhancement of islet engraftment, thereby decreasing the numbers of islets needed to achieve insulin independence. Furthermore, MSCs may serve as a new, safe, and effective antirejection therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dora M. Berman
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Melissa A. Willman
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Dongmei Han
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Gary Kleiner
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Norman M. Kenyon
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Over Cabrera
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Julie A. Karl
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Roger W. Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David H. O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Norma S. Kenyon
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Corresponding author: Norma S. Kenyon,
| |
Collapse
|