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Barajas MB, Brunner SD, Wang A, Griffiths KK, Levy RJ. Propofol toxicity in the developing mouse heart mitochondria. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:1341-1349. [PMID: 35173299 PMCID: PMC9378757 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-01985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a potentially lethal consequence of long-term propofol administration. Children are vulnerable and cardiac involvement is often prominent and associated with mortality. We aimed to determine the mechanism of propofol toxicity in newborn mice, hypothesizing that propofol would induce discrete defects within immature cardiac mitochondria. METHODS Newborn murine cardiac mitochondria were exposed to propofol or intralipid in vitro. Non-exposed mitochondria served as controls. Mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential (ΔΨ) were measured and respiratory chain complex kinetics were determined. RESULTS Propofol and intralipid exerted biological activity in isolated mitochondria. Although intralipid effects were a potential confounder, we found that propofol induced a dose-dependent increase in proton leak and caused a defect in substrate oxidation at coenzyme Q (CoQ). These impairments prevented propofol-exposed cardiomyocyte mitochondria from generating an adequate ΔΨ. The addition of the quinone analog, CoQ0, blocked propofol-induced leak and increased Complex II+III activity. CONCLUSIONS Propofol uncoupled immature cardiomyocyte mitochondria by inducing excessive CoQ-sensitive leak and interfered with electron transport at CoQ. The findings provide new insight into the mechanisms of propofol toxicity in the developing heart and may help explain why children are vulnerable to developing PRIS. IMPACT Propofol uncouples immature cardiomyocyte mitochondria by inducing excessive coenzyme Q (CoQ)-sensitive proton leak. Propofol also interferes with electron transport at the level of CoQ. These defects provide new insight into propofol toxicity in the developing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Barajas
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Sarah D. Brunner
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Aili Wang
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Keren K. Griffiths
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Richard J. Levy
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
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Depaoli MR, Karsten F, Madreiter-Sokolowski CT, Klec C, Gottschalk B, Bischof H, Eroglu E, Waldeck-Weiermair M, Simmen T, Graier WF, Malli R. Real-Time Imaging of Mitochondrial ATP Dynamics Reveals the Metabolic Setting of Single Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 25:501-512.e3. [PMID: 30304688 PMCID: PMC6456002 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of metabolic pathways determines cell functions and fate. In our work, we have used organelle-targeted ATP biosensors to evaluate cellular metabolic settings with high resolution in real time. Our data indicate that mitochondria dynamically supply ATP for glucose phosphorylation in a variety of cancer cell types. This hexokinase-dependent process seems to be reversed upon the removal of glucose or other hexose sugars. Our data further verify that mitochondria in cancer cells have increased ATP consumption. Similar subcellular ATP fluxes occurred in young mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). However, pancreatic beta cells, senescent MEFs, and MEFs lacking mitofusin 2 displayed completely different mitochondrial ATP dynamics, indicative of increased oxidative phosphorylation. Our findings add perspective to the variability of the cellular bioenergetics and demonstrate that live cell imaging of mitochondrial ATP dynamics is a powerful tool to evaluate metabolic flexibility and heterogeneity at a single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Depaoli
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Karsten
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Corina T Madreiter-Sokolowski
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christiane Klec
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; Division of Oncology, Research Unit for Long Non-coding RNAs and Genome Editing in Cancer, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Benjamin Gottschalk
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Bischof
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Emrah Eroglu
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Waldeck-Weiermair
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Malli
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Vaamonde-García C, Loureiro J, Valcárcel-Ares MN, Riveiro-Naveira RR, Ramil-Gómez O, Hermida-Carballo L, Centeno A, Meijide-Failde R, Blanco FJ, López-Armada MJ. The mitochondrial inhibitor oligomycin induces an inflammatory response in the rat knee joint. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:254. [PMID: 28606072 PMCID: PMC5469149 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent findings support a connection between mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of inflammatory pathways in articular cells. This study investigates in vivo in an acute model whether intra-articular administration of oligomycin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial function, induces an oxidative and inflammatory response in rat knee joints. Methods Oligomycin was injected into the rat left knee joint on days 0, 2, and 5 before joint tissues were obtained on day 6. The right knee joint served as control. Results were evaluated by macroscopy and histopathology and by measuring cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE, a marker of lipid peroxidation), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and CD68 (macrophages) and chemokine levels. The marker of mitochondrial mass COX-IV was also evaluated. Results The macroscopic findings showed significantly greater swelling in oligomycin-injected knees than in control knees. Likewise, the histological score of synovial damage was also increased significantly. Immunohistochemical studies showed high expression of IL-8, coinciding with a marked infiltration of polymorphonuclears and CD68+ cells in the synovium. Mitochondrial mass was increased in the synovium of oligomycin-injected joints, as well as cellular and mitochondrial ROS production, and 4-HNE. Relatedly, expression of the oxidative stress-related transcription factor Nrf2 was also increased. As expected, no histological differences were observed in the cartilage; however, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 mRNA and protein expression were up-regulated in this tissue. Conclusions Mitochondrial failure in the joint is able to reproduce the oxidative and inflammatory status observed in arthritic joints. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1621-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vaamonde-García
- Aging and Inflammation Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain.,Tissue Engineering and Cellular Therapy Group, INIBIC, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences- UDC, Campus Oza, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesús Loureiro
- Aging and Inflammation Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta N Valcárcel-Ares
- Aging and Inflammation Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Romina R Riveiro-Naveira
- Aging and Inflammation Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Olalla Ramil-Gómez
- Aging and Inflammation Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Laura Hermida-Carballo
- Aging and Inflammation Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Rosa Meijide-Failde
- Tissue Engineering and Cellular Therapy Group, INIBIC, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences- UDC, Campus Oza, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Osteoarticular and Aging Research Lab, Rheumatology Service, INIBIC, CHUAC, Sergas, UDC, A Coruña, Spain
| | - María J López-Armada
- Aging and Inflammation Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain.
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Zhdanov AV, Andreev DE, Baranov PV, Papkovsky DB. Low energy costs of F1Fo ATP synthase reversal in colon carcinoma cells deficient in mitochondrial complex IV. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 106:184-195. [PMID: 28189850 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial polarisation is paramount for a variety of cellular functions. Under ischemia, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and proton gradient (ΔpH) are maintained via a reversal of mitochondrial F1Fo ATP synthase (mATPase), which can rapidly deplete ATP and drive cells into energy crisis. We found that under normal conditions in cells with disassembled cytochrome c oxidase complex (COX-deficient HCT116), mATPase maintains ΔΨm at levels only 15-20% lower than in WT cells, and for this utilises relatively little ATP. For a small energy expenditure, mATPase enables mitochondrial ΔpH, protein import, Ca2+ turnover, and supports free radical detoxication machinery enlarged to protect the cells from oxidative damage. Whereas in COX-deficient cells the main source of ATP is glycolysis, the ΔΨm is still maintained upon inhibition of the adenine nucleotide translocators with bongkrekic acid and carboxyatractyloside, indicating that the role of ANTs is redundant, and matrix substrate level phosphorylation alone or in cooperation with ATP-Mg/Pi carriers can continuously support the mATPase activity. Intriguingly, we found that mitochondrial complex III is active, and it contributes not only to free radical production, but also to ΔΨm maintenance and energy budget of COX-deficient cells. Overall, this study demonstrates that F1Fo ATP synthase can support general mitochondrial and cellular functions, working in extremely efficient 'energy saving' reverse mode and flexibly recruiting free radical detoxication and ATP producing / transporting pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Zhdanov
- School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Dmitry E Andreev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V Baranov
- School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dmitri B Papkovsky
- School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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DeGracia DJ. Regulation of mRNA following brain ischemia and reperfusion. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2017; 8. [PMID: 28097803 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is growing appreciation that mRNA regulation plays important roles in disease and injury. mRNA regulation and ribonomics occur in brain ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) following stroke and cardiac arrest and resuscitation. It was recognized over 40 years ago that translation arrest (TA) accompanies brain I/R and is now recognized as part of the intrinsic stress responses triggered in neurons. However, neuron death correlates to a prolonged TA in cells fated to undergo delayed neuronal death (DND). Dysfunction of mRNA regulatory processes in cells fated to DND prevents them from translating stress-induced mRNAs such as heat shock proteins. The morphological and biochemical studies of mRNA regulation in postischemic neurons are discussed in the context of the large variety of molecular damage induced by ischemic injury. Open issues and areas of future investigation are highlighted. A sober look at the molecular complexity of ischemia-induced neuronal injury suggests that a network framework will assist in making sense of this complexity. The ribonomic network sits between the gene network and the various protein and metabolic networks. Thus, targeting the ribonomic network may prove more effective at neuroprotection than targeting specific molecular pathways, for which all efforts have failed to the present time to stop DND in stroke and after cardiac arrest. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1415. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1415 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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A partial pathway- and network-based transformation reveals the synergistic mechanism of JA and UA against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Protein Cell 2014; 5:873-7. [PMID: 25217044 PMCID: PMC4225461 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
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Ismailoglu I, Chen Q, Popowski M, Yang L, Gross SS, Brivanlou AH. Huntingtin protein is essential for mitochondrial metabolism, bioenergetics and structure in murine embryonic stem cells. Dev Biol 2014; 391:230-40. [PMID: 24780625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Huntington locus (htt) have devastating consequences. Gain-of-poly-Q repeats in Htt protein causes Huntington's disease (HD), while htt(-/-) mutants display early embryonic lethality. Despite its importance, the function of Htt remains elusive. To address this, we compared more than 3700 compounds in three syngeneic mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) lines: htt(-/-), extended poly-Q (Htt-Q140/7), and wild-type mESCs (Htt-Q7/7) using untargeted metabolite profiling. While Htt-Q140/7 cells did not show major differences in cellular bioenergetics, we find extensive metabolic aberrations in htt(-/-) mESCs, including (i) complete failure of ATP production despite preservation of the mitochondrial membrane potential; (ii) near-maximal glycolysis, with little or no glycolytic reserve; (iii) marked ketogenesis; (iv) depletion of intracellular NTPs; (v) accelerated purine biosynthesis and salvage; and (vi) loss of mitochondrial structural integrity. Together, our findings reveal that Htt is necessary for mitochondrial structure and function from the earliest stages of embryogenesis, providing a molecular explanation for htt(-/-) early embryonic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Ismailoglu
- Laboratory of Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Qiuying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Melissa Popowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Steven S Gross
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Ali H Brivanlou
- Laboratory of Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Naito H, Takeda Y, Danura T, Kass IS, Morita K. Effect of lidocaine on dynamic changes in cortical reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide fluorescence during transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neuroscience 2013; 235:59-69. [PMID: 23321540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rats were subjected to 90min of focal ischemia by occluding the left middle cerebral and both common carotid arteries. The dynamic changes in the formation of brain ischemic areas were analyzed by measuring the direct current (DC) potential and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence with ultraviolet irradiation. In the lidocaine group (n=10), 30min before ischemia, an intravenous bolus (1.5mg/kg) of lidocaine was administered, followed by a continuous infusion (2mg/kg/h) for 150min. In the control group (n=10), an equivalent amount of saline was administered. Following the initiation of ischemia, an area of high-intensity NADH fluorescence rapidly developed in the middle cerebral artery territory in both groups and the DC potential in this area showed ischemic depolarization. An increase in NADH fluorescence closely correlated with the DC depolarization. The blood flow in the marginal zone of both groups showed a similar decrease. Five minutes after the onset of ischemia, the area of high-intensity NADH fluorescence was significantly smaller in the lidocaine group (67% of the control; P=0.01). This was likely due to the suppression of ischemic depolarization by blockage of voltage-dependent sodium channels with lidocaine. Although lidocaine administration did not attenuate the number of peri-infarct depolarizations during ischemia, the high-intensity area and infarct volume were significantly smaller in the lidocaine group both at the end of ischemia (78% of the control; P=0.046) and 24h later (P=0.02). A logistic regression analysis demonstrated a relationship between the duration of ischemic depolarization and histologic damage and revealed that lidocaine administration did not attenuate neuronal damage when the duration of depolarization was identical. These findings indicate that the mechanism by which lidocaine decreases infarct volume is primarily through a reduction of the brain area undergoing NADH fluorescence increases which closely correlates with depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Naito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Okayama University Medical School, Japan
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Zhao Q, Zhang C, Wang X, Chen L, Ji H, Zhang Y. (S)-ZJM-289, a nitric oxide-releasing derivative of 3-n-butylphthalide, protects against ischemic neuronal injury by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction and associated cell death. Neurochem Int 2011; 60:134-44. [PMID: 22142531 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological compounds that release nitric oxide (NO) have been recognized as the potential therapeutic agents for acute stroke. (S)-ZJM-289 is a novel NO-releasing derivative of 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) with enhanced anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic actions. The present study was performed to investigate the neuroprotective effects and related mechanisms of (S)-ZJM-289 on ischemic neuronal injury in vitro and in vivo. Primary cortical neuronal cultures were exposured to oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by recovery (OGD/R), a model of ischemia-like injury, and treated with (S)-ZJM-289 before OGD. In vitro results showed that (S)-ZJM-289 attenuated OGD/R-induced neuronal injury, which was associated with the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and function by alleviating intracellular calcium overload and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, preventing mitochondrial membrane depolarization and preserving respiratory chain complexes activities. Moreover, (S)-ZJM-289 treatment suppressed mitochondrial release of cytochrome c (cyt c) and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), thereby blocking mitochondria-mediated cell death, which may be partially mediated by up-regulation of Hsp70. The neuroprotection by (S)-ZJM-289 was also studied using a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Oral administration of (S)-ZJM-289 at the onset of reperfusion for 3d significantly reduced the brain infarct size, improved neurological deficit and prevented neuronal loss and apoptosis. In current study, (S)-ZJM-289 appears to be more potent in ischemic neuroprotection than NBP, in particular at the lower doses, which may be due to the synergistic action of NBP and NO. These findings point to that (S)-ZJM-289 could be an attractive alternative to NBP in preventing the process of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
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Panickar KS, Anderson RA. Effect of polyphenols on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal death and brain edema in cerebral ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:8181-207. [PMID: 22174658 PMCID: PMC3233464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12118181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are natural substances with variable phenolic structures and are elevated in vegetables, fruits, grains, bark, roots, tea, and wine. There are over 8000 polyphenolic structures identified in plants, but edible plants contain only several hundred polyphenolic structures. In addition to their well-known antioxidant effects, select polyphenols also have insulin-potentiating, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-viral, anti-ulcer, and anti-apoptotic properties. One important consequence of ischemia is neuronal death and oxidative stress plays a key role in neuronal viability. In addition, neuronal death may be initiated by the activation of mitochondria-associated cell death pathways. Another consequence of ischemia that is possibly mediated by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction is glial swelling, a component of cytotoxic brain edema. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature on the contribution of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction to neuronal death, cell swelling, and brain edema in ischemia. A review of currently known mechanisms underlying neuronal death and edema/cell swelling will be undertaken and the potential of dietary polyphenols to reduce such neural damage will be critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Panickar
- Diet, Genomics, & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; E-Mail:
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Zachar Z, Marecek J, Maturo C, Gupta S, Stuart SD, Howell K, Schauble A, Lem J, Piramzadian A, Karnik S, Lee K, Rodriguez R, Shorr R, Bingham PM. Non-redox-active lipoate derivates disrupt cancer cell mitochondrial metabolism and are potent anticancer agents in vivo. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:1137-48. [PMID: 21769686 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the analysis of CPI-613, the first member of a large set of analogs of lipoic acid (lipoate) we have investigated as potential anticancer agents. CPI-613 strongly disrupts mitochondrial metabolism, with selectivity for tumor cells in culture. This mitochondrial disruption includes activation of the well-characterized, lipoate-responsive regulatory phosphorylation of the E1α pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) subunit. This phosphorylation inactivates flux of glycolysis-derived carbon through this enzyme complex and implicates the PDH regulatory kinases (PDKs) as a possible drug target. Supporting this hypothesis, RNAi knockdown of the PDK protein levels substantially attenuates CPI-613 cancer cell killing. In both cell culture and in vivo tumor environments, the observed strong mitochondrial metabolic disruption is expected to significantly compromise cell survival. Consistent with this prediction, CPI-613 disruption of tumor mitochondrial metabolism is followed by efficient commitment to cell death by multiple, apparently redundant pathways, including apoptosis, in all tested cancer cell lines. Further, CPI-613 shows strong antitumor activity in vivo against human non-small cell lung and pancreatic cancers in xenograft models with low side-effect toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Zachar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Krishnamurthy RG, Senut MC, Zemke D, Min J, Frenkel MB, Greenberg EJ, Yu SW, Ahn N, Goudreau J, Kassab M, Panickar KS, Majid A. Asiatic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene from Centella asiatica, is neuroprotective in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:2541-50. [PMID: 19382233 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Asiatic acid, a triterpenoid derivative from Centella asiatica, has shown biological effects such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and protection against glutamate- or beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity. We investigated the neuroprotective effect of asiatic acid in a mouse model of permanent cerebral ischemia. Various doses of asiatic acid (30, 75, or 165 mg/kg) were administered orally at 1 hr pre- and 3, 10, and 20 hr postischemia, and infarct volume and behavioral deficits were evaluated at day 1 or 7 postischemia. IgG (blood-brain barrier integrity) and cytochrome c (apoptosis) immunostaining was carried out at 24 hr postischemia. The effect of asiatic acid on stress-induced cytochrome c release was examined in isolated mitochondrial fractions. Furthermore, its effects on cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential were studied in HT-22 cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Asiatic acid significantly reduced the infarct volume by 60% at day 1 and by 26% at day 7 postischemia and improved neurological outcome at 24 hr postischemia. Our studies also showed that the neuroprotective properties of asiatic acid might be mediated in part through decreased blood-brain barrier permeability and reduction in mitochondrial injury. The present study suggests that asiatic acid may be useful in the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajanikant G Krishnamurthy
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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What can mitochondrial heterogeneity tell us about mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:1914-27. [PMID: 19549572 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence shows that mitochondria are heterogeneous in terms of structure and function. Increased heterogeneity has been demonstrated in a number of disease models including ischemia-reperfusion and nutrient-induced beta cell dysfunction and diabetes. Subcellular location and proximity to other organelles, as well as uneven distribution of respiratory components have been considered as the main contributors to the basal level of heterogeneity. Recent studies point to mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy as major regulators of mitochondrial heterogeneity. While mitochondrial fusion mixes the content of the mitochondrial network, fission dissects the mitochondrial network and generates depolarized segments. These depolarized mitochondria are segregated from the networking population, forming a pre-autophagic pool contributing to heterogeneity. The capacity of a network to yield a depolarized daughter mitochondrion by a fission event is fundamental to the generation of heterogeneity. Several studies and data presented here provide a potential explanation, suggesting that protein and membranous structures are unevenly distributed within the individual mitochondrion and that inner membrane components do not mix during a fusion event to the same extent as the matrix components do. In conclusion, mitochondrial subcellular heterogeneity is a reflection of the mitochondrial lifecycle that involves frequent fusion events in which components may be unevenly mixed and followed by fission events generating disparate daughter mitochondria, some of which may fuse again, others will remain solitary and join a pre-autophagic pool.
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Mitochondrial membrane potential in axons increases with local nerve growth factor or semaphorin signaling. J Neurosci 2008; 28:8306-15. [PMID: 18701693 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2614-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons concentrate mitochondria at sites in the cell that have a high demand for ATP and/or calcium buffering. To accomplish this, mitochondrial transport and docking are thought to respond to intracellular signaling pathways. However, the cell might also concentrate mitochondrial function by locally modulating mitochondrial activity. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the membrane potential of individual mitochondria throughout the axons of chick sensory neurons using the dye tetramethylrhodamine methylester (TMRM). We found no difference in the TMRM mitochondrial-to-cytoplasmic fluorescence ratio (F(m)/F(c)) among three functionally distinct regions: axonal branch points, distal axons, and the remaining axon shaft. In addition, we found no difference in F(m)/F(c) among stationary, retrogradely moving, or anterogradely moving mitochondria. However, F(m)/F(c) was significantly higher in the lamellipodia of growth cones, and among a small fraction of mitochondria throughout the axon. To identify possible signals controlling membrane potential, we used beads covalently coupled to survival and guidance cues to provide a local stimulus along the axon shaft. NGF- or semaphorin 3A-coupled beads caused a significant increase in F(m)/F(c) in the immediately adjacent region of axon, and this was diminished in the presence of the PI3 (phosphatidylinositol-3) kinase inhibitor LY294002 [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one] or the MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase inhibitor U0126 (1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis[2-amino-phenylthio]butadiene), demonstrating that signaling pathways downstream of both ligands affect the DeltaPsi(m) of mitochondria. In addition, general inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase activity produced a profound global decrease in F(m)/F(c). Thus, two guidance molecules that exert different effects on growth cone motility both elicit local, receptor-mediated increases in membrane potential.
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Wikstrom JD, Katzman SM, Mohamed H, Twig G, Graf SA, Heart E, Molina AJA, Corkey BE, de Vargas LM, Danial NN, Collins S, Shirihai OS. beta-Cell mitochondria exhibit membrane potential heterogeneity that can be altered by stimulatory or toxic fuel levels. Diabetes 2007; 56:2569-78. [PMID: 17686943 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE beta-Cell response to glucose is characterized by mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi) hyperpolarization and the production of metabolites that serve as insulin secretory signals. We have previously shown that glucose-induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization accompanies the concentration-dependent increase in insulin secretion within a wide range of glucose concentrations. This observation represents the integrated response of a large number of mitochondria within each individual cell. However, it is currently unclear whether all mitochondria within a single beta-cell represent a metabolically homogenous population and whether fuel or other stimuli can recruit or silence sizable subpopulations of mitochondria. This study offers insight into the different metabolic states of beta-cell mitochondria. RESULTS We show that mitochondria display a wide heterogeneity in Delta Psi and a millivolt range that is considerably larger than the change in millivolts induced by fuel challenge. Increasing glucose concentration recruits mitochondria into higher levels of homogeneity, while an in vitro diabetes model results in increased Delta Psi heterogeneity. Exploration of the mechanism behind heterogeneity revealed that temporary changes in Delta Psi of individual mitochondria, ATP-hydrolyzing mitochondria, and uncoupling protein 2 are not significant contributors to Delta Psi heterogeneity. We identified BAD, a proapoptotic BCL-2 family member previously implicated in mitochondrial recruitment of glucokinase, as a significant factor influencing the level of heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that mitochondrial Delta Psi heterogeneity in beta-cells reflects a metabolic reservoir recruited by an increased level of fuels and therefore may serve as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob D Wikstrom
- Tufts University, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Foster KA, Galeffi F, Gerich FJ, Turner DA, Müller M. Optical and pharmacological tools to investigate the role of mitochondria during oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2006; 79:136-71. [PMID: 16920246 PMCID: PMC1994087 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production; however, recent studies suggest that these organelles fulfill a much broader range of tasks. For example, they are involved in the regulation of cytosolic Ca(2+) levels, intracellular pH and apoptosis, and are the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Various reactive molecules that originate from mitochondria, such as ROS, are critical in pathological events, such as ischemia, as well as in physiological events such as long-term potentiation, neuronal-vascular coupling and neuronal-glial interactions. Due to their key roles in the regulation of several cellular functions, the dysfunction of mitochondria may be critical in various brain disorders. There has been increasing interest in the development of tools that modulate mitochondrial function, and the refinement of techniques that allow for real time monitoring of mitochondria, particularly within their intact cellular environment. Innovative imaging techniques are especially powerful since they allow for mitochondrial visualization at high resolution, tracking of mitochondrial structures and optical real time monitoring of parameters of mitochondrial function. The techniques discussed include classic imaging techniques, such as rhodamine-123, the highly advanced semi-conductor nanoparticles (quantum dots), and wide field microscopy as well as high-resolution multiphoton imaging. We have highlighted the use of these techniques to study mitochondrial function in brain tissue and have included studies from our laboratories in which these techniques have been successfully applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley A. Foster
- Research and Surgery Services Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3807, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Francesca Galeffi
- Research and Surgery Services Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3807, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Florian J. Gerich
- Zentrum für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abteilung Neuro- und Sinnesphysiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dennis A. Turner
- Research and Surgery Services Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3807, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael Müller
- DFG Center Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Zentrum für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abteilung Neuro- und Sinnesphysiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
We found that an ongoing application of nicotinamide to normal human fibroblasts not only attenuated expression of the aging phenotype but also increased their replicative lifespan, causing a greater than 1.6-fold increase in the number of population doublings. Although nicotinamide by itself does not act as an antioxidant, the cells cultured in the presence of nicotinamide exhibited reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage products associated with cellular senescence, and a decelerated telomere shortening rate without a detectable increase in telomerase activity. Furthermore, in the treated cells growing beyond the original Hayflick limit, the levels of p53, p21WAF1, and phospho-Rb proteins were similar to those in actively proliferating cells. The nicotinamide treatment caused a decrease in ATP levels, which was stably maintained until the delayed senescence point. Nicotinamide-treated cells also maintained high mitochondrial membrane potential but a lower respiration rate and superoxide anion level. Taken together, in contrast to its demonstrated pro-aging effect in yeast, nicotinamide extends the lifespan of human fibroblasts, possibly through reduction in mitochondrial activity and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Tae Kang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, Jeonnongdong, Seoul, Korea
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Richards EM, Rosenthal RE, Kristian T, Fiskum G. Postischemic hyperoxia reduces hippocampal pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:1960-70. [PMID: 16716897 PMCID: PMC2570699 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and represents the sole bridge between anaerobic and aerobic cerebral energy metabolism. Previous studies demonstrating loss of PDHC enzyme activity and immunoreactivity during reperfusion after cerebral ischemia suggest that oxidative modifications are involved. This study tested the hypothesis that hyperoxic reperfusion exacerbates loss of PDHC enzyme activity, possibly due to tyrosine nitration or S-nitrosation. We used a clinically relevant canine ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest model in which, after resuscitation and ventilation on either 100% O2 (hyperoxic) or 21-30% O2 (normoxic), animals were sacrificed at 2 h reperfusion and the brains removed for enzyme activity and immunoreactivity measurements. Animals resuscitated under hyperoxic conditions exhibited decreased PDHC activity and elevated 3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in the hippocampus but not the cortex, compared to nonischemic controls. These measures were unchanged in normoxic animals. In vitro exposure of purified PDHC to peroxynitrite resulted in a dose-dependent loss of activity and increased nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity. These results support the hypothesis that oxidative stress contributes to loss of hippocampal PDHC activity during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion and suggest that PDHC is a target of peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M. Richards
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Robert E. Rosenthal
- Program in Trauma, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tibor Kristian
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Gary Fiskum
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Fax: +1 410 706 2550. E-mail address: (G. Fiskum)
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Melani A, Turchi D, Vannucchi MG, Cipriani S, Gianfriddo M, Pedata F. ATP extracellular concentrations are increased in the rat striatum during in vivo ischemia. Neurochem Int 2005; 47:442-8. [PMID: 16029911 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Interest is growing in the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on P2 receptors during hypoxic/ischemic events in the brain. However, there is no direct evidence of an increase in extracellular ATP levels during cerebral ischemia in vivo. The aim of the present study was to evaluate ATP outflow from the rat striatum by the microdialysis technique associated with focal cerebral ischemia in vivo by intraluminal occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). Between 1 and 4h after ischemia, rats showed a clear turning behavior contralateral to the ischemic side. Twenty-four hour after MCA occlusion, ischemic rats had definite neurological deficit and striatal and cortical damage. The ATP concentration (mean+/-S.E.M.) in the striatum of normoxic rats (n = 8) was 3.10+/-0.34 nM. During 220 min after MCA occlusion, the extracellular ATP levels significantly increased two-fold, being 5.90+/-0.61 nM (p < 0.01 versus normoxic level). ATP outflow showed a tendency to increase over time during the 220 min of ischemia. Since extracellular ATP is rapidly metabolized to adenosine, we also assessed ATP outflow in the presence of the ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitor, alpha,beta-methylene-adenosine diphosphate (AOPCP, 1 mM) directly perfused into the striatum. The ATP concentration in normoxic rats (n = 8) was increased three-fold in the presence of the ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitor (9.57+/-0.26 nM). During 220 min of ischemia, extracellular ATP levels significantly increased 1.3-fold in AOPCP-treated rats (12.62+/-0.65 nM, p < 0.01 versus normoxic level). The present study confirms that ATP is continuously released in the brain and demonstrates for the first time that ATP outflow increases during ischemia in vivo. These results confirm that ATP may be an important mediator in brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Melani
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, V.le Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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