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A Multicenter Clinical Study To Demonstrate the Diagnostic Accuracy of the GenMark Dx ePlex Blood Culture Identification Gram-Negative Panel. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0248420. [PMID: 34232066 PMCID: PMC8373019 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02484-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteremia can progress to septic shock and death without appropriate medical intervention. Increasing evidence supports the role of molecular diagnostic panels in reducing the clinical impact of these infections through rapid identification of the infecting organism and associated antimicrobial resistance genes. We report the results of a multicenter clinical study assessing the performance of the GenMark Dx ePlex investigational-use-only blood culture identification Gram-negative panel (BCID-GN), a rapid diagnostic assay for detection of bloodstream pathogens in positive blood culture (PBC) bottles. Prospective, retrospective, and contrived samples were tested. Results from the BCID-GN were compared to standard-of-care bacterial identification methods. Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were identified using PCR and sequence analysis. The final BCID-GN analysis included 2,444 PBC samples, of which 926 were clinical samples with negative Gram stain results. Of these, 109 samples had false-negative and/or -positive results, resulting in an overall sample accuracy of 88.2% (817/926). After discordant resolution, overall sample accuracy increased to 92.9% (860/926). Pre- and postdiscordant resolution sample accuracy excludes 37 Gram-negative organisms representing 20 uncommon genera, 10 Gram-positive organisms, and 1 Candida species present in 5% of samples that are not targeted by the BCID-GN. The overall weighted positive percent agreement (PPA), which averages the individual PPAs from the 27 targets (Gram-negative and ARG), was 94.9%. The limit of detection ranged from 104 to 107 CFU/ml, except for one strain of Fusobacterium necrophorum at 108 CFU/ml.
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Infection prevention in the operating room anesthesia work area. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018; 40:1-17. [DOI: 10.1017/ice.2018.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Raphael E, Riley LW. Infections Caused by Antimicrobial Drug-Resistant Saprophytic Gram-Negative Bacteria in the Environment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:183. [PMID: 29164118 PMCID: PMC5670356 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug-resistance genes found in human bacterial pathogens are increasingly recognized in saprophytic Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) from environmental sources. The clinical implication of such environmental GNBs is unknown. Objectives We conducted a systematic review to determine how often such saprophytic GNBs cause human infections. Methods We queried PubMed for articles published in English, Spanish, and French between January 2006 and July 2014 for 20 common environmental saprophytic GNB species, using search terms “infections,” “human infections,” “hospital infection.” We analyzed 251 of 1,275 non-duplicate publications that satisfied our selection criteria. Saprophytes implicated in blood stream infection (BSI), urinary tract infection (UTI), skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), post-surgical infection (PSI), osteomyelitis (Osteo), and pneumonia (PNA) were quantitatively assessed. Results Thirteen of the 20 queried GNB saprophytic species were implicated in 674 distinct infection episodes from 45 countries. The most common species included Enterobacter aerogenes, Pantoea agglomerans, and Pseudomonas putida. Of these infections, 443 (66%) had BSI, 48 (7%) had SSTI, 36 (5%) had UTI, 28 (4%) had PSI, 21 (3%) had PNA, 16 (3%) had Osteo, and 82 (12%) had other infections. Nearly all infections occurred in subjects with comorbidities. Resistant strains harbored extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), carbapenemase, and metallo-β-lactamase genes recognized in human pathogens. Conclusion These observations show that saprophytic GNB organisms that harbor recognized drug-resistance genes cause a wide spectrum of infections, especially as opportunistic pathogens. Such GNB saprophytes may become increasingly more common in healthcare settings, as has already been observed with other environmental GNBs such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Raphael
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Lee W Riley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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van den Heever A, Scribante J, Perrie H, Lowman W. Microbial contamination and labelling of self-prepared, multi-dose phenylephrine solutions used at a teaching hospital. SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/22201181.2016.1251062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Grazziotin AL, Vidal NM, Palmeiro JK, Dalla-Costa LM, Venancio TM. Genome Sequencing of Four Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacter aerogenes Isolates from Hospitalized Patients in Brazil. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1649. [PMID: 27833588 PMCID: PMC5081556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Grazziotin
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy RibeiroCampos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Newton M. Vidal
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jussara K. Palmeiro
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Unidade Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do ParanáCuritiba, Brazil
- Faculdades e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno PríncipeCuritiba, Brazil
| | - Libera Maria Dalla-Costa
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Unidade Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do ParanáCuritiba, Brazil
- Faculdades e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno PríncipeCuritiba, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Venancio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy RibeiroCampos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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Bone and Joint Infections due to Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Case Report and Review of the Literature. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 2016:4503025. [PMID: 27516778 PMCID: PMC4969501 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4503025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a normal inhabitant of the human respiratory tract. However it is an increasingly recognized pathogen in invasive infections, particularly in the immunocompromised host and where there is disruption of the normal skin or mucosal barriers. We present a case of a 56-year-old female with a history of asplenia who developed H. parainfluenzae septic arthritis of the hip following an intra-articular steroid injection. We also summarize previously reported cases of bone and joint infections caused by H. parainfluenzae.
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Dolan SA, Arias KM, Felizardo G, Barnes S, Kraska S, Patrick M, Bumsted A. APIC position paper: Safe injection, infusion, and medication vial practices in health care. Am J Infect Control 2016; 44:750-7. [PMID: 27184207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of bloodborne viruses and other microbial pathogens to patients during routine health care procedures continues to occur because of the use of improper injection, infusion, medication vial, and point-of-care testing practices by health care personnel. These unsafe practices occur in various clinical settings and result in unacceptable and devastating events for patients. This document updates the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology 2010 position paper on safe injection, infusion, and medication vial practices in health care.
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The Second ASRA Practice Advisory on Neurologic Complications Associated With Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2015; 40:401-30. [DOI: 10.1097/aap.0000000000000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ritter JM, Muehlenbachs A, Blau DM, Paddock CD, Shieh WJ, Drew CP, Batten BC, Bartlett JH, Metcalfe MG, Pham CD, Lockhart SR, Patel M, Liu L, Jones TL, Greer PW, Montague JL, White E, Rollin DC, Seales C, Stewart D, Deming MV, Brandt ME, Zaki SR. Exserohilum infections associated with contaminated steroid injections: a clinicopathologic review of 40 cases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:881-92. [PMID: 23809916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
September 2012 marked the beginning of the largest reported outbreak of infections associated with epidural and intra-articular injections. Contamination of methylprednisolone acetate with the black mold, Exserohilum rostratum, was the primary cause of the outbreak, with >13,000 persons exposed to the potentially contaminated drug, 741 confirmed drug-related infections, and 55 deaths. Fatal meningitis and localized epidural, paraspinal, and peripheral joint infections occurred. Tissues from 40 laboratory-confirmed cases representing these various clinical entities were evaluated by histopathological analysis, special stains, and IHC to characterize the pathological features and investigate the pathogenesis of infection, and to evaluate methods for detection of Exserohilum in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Fatal cases had necrosuppurative to granulomatous meningitis and vasculitis, with thrombi and abundant angioinvasive fungi, with extensive involvement of the basilar arterial circulation of the brain. IHC was a highly sensitive method for detection of fungus in FFPE tissues, demonstrating both hyphal forms and granular fungal antigens, and PCR identified Exserohilum in FFPE and fresh tissues. Our findings suggest a pathogenesis for meningitis involving fungal penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid at the injection site, with transport through cerebrospinal fluid to the basal cisterns and subsequent invasion of the basilar arteries. Further studies are needed to characterize Exserohilum and investigate the potential effects of underlying host factors and steroid administration on the pathogenesis of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Ritter
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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KUNDRA S, SINGH RM, GREWAL A, GUPTA V, CHAUDHARY AK. Necrotizing fasciitis after spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2013; 57:257-61. [PMID: 23240648 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Regional anesthesia is the preferred technique for Cesarean delivery. Strict aseptic precautions should be taken; otherwise, infectious complications including abscess formation, meningitis and necrotizing fasciitis may result. We report a case of a 26-year-old post-partum female who presented with necrosis of the skin of back following spinal anesthesia, which was administered for Cesarean delivery 5 days prior at a private nursing home. On presentation, she was drowsy, appeared dehydrated and febrile. Examination of her back revealed necrosis of skin extending from just below the scapula to the gluteal region. Debridement of skin over the back was performed, and intravenous antibiotics started. After three debridements following which skin grafting was performed, she made complete recovery. Infectious complications following regional anesthesia are rare, and most of the literature focuses on colonization of epidural catheters or epidural abscess. There is no report of necrotizing fasciitis following spinal anesthesia so far. Sources of infection that are suspected in our case include: local anesthetic solution used for subcutaneous infiltration, nonadherence to aseptic precautions, skin flora of patient, endogenous source and nasopharyngeal flora of anesthesiologist. We considered each possibility, and the most likely cause in our case appears to be infection from an already-used vial of a local anesthetic agent. Local anesthetics have bacteriostatic properties, but infection may still be transmitted through contaminated solutions. The present case highlights the importance of maintaining strict aseptic precautions, avoiding reusing multidose vials and early recognition of this complication as timely intervention can be lifesaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. KUNDRA
- Department of Anesthesia; Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Ludhiana; India
| | - R. M. SINGH
- Department of Anesthesia; Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Ludhiana; India
| | - A. GREWAL
- Department of Anesthesia; Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Ludhiana; India
| | - V. GUPTA
- Department of Surgery; Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Ludhiana; India
| | - A. K. CHAUDHARY
- Department of Surgery; Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Ludhiana; India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Unsafe injection practices in health-care settings often result in notification of potentially affected patients, to disclose the error and recommend blood-borne pathogens testing. Few studies have assessed public perceptions and preferences for patient notification. METHODS Six focus groups were conducted during Fall 2009, with residents of Atlanta, GA, and New York City, NY. Questions focused on preferences for receiving health information, knowledge of safe injection practices, and responses to and preferences for a patient notification letter. A mixed-method analysis was performed for qualitative themes and descriptive statistics. RESULTS A total of 53 individuals participated; only 2 had ever heard of the term safe injection practices. After identification of unsafe injection practices, participants preferred to be notified via telephone, letter/mailing, email, or face-to-face from the facility where the incident occurred. More than 25 different types of information were mentioned as elements to be placed in a patient notification letter including: corrective actions by the facility, course of action for the patient, assurance of medical coverage, and how it happened/reason for the incident. Participants preferred that the tone of the letter be empathetic; nearly all indicated it was "very likely" that they would seek testing if notified. CONCLUSIONS Facilities and health departments should strive to assure the notification process is conducted swiftly, clearly guiding affected patients to the necessary course of action. Notification letters are not "one size fits all," and some preferences expressed by patients may not be feasible in all situations. Prevention efforts should be complemented by research on improving effective patient communications when unsafe injection practices necessitate patient notification.
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Chitnis AS, Guh AY, Benowitz I, Srinivasan V, Gertz RE, Shewmaker PL, Beall BW, O'Connell H, Noble-Wang J, Gornet MF, Van Beneden C, Patrick SL, Turabelidze G, Patel PR. Outbreak of bacterial meningitis among patients undergoing myelography at an outpatient radiology clinic. J Am Coll Radiol 2012; 9:185-90. [PMID: 22386165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate an outbreak of bacterial meningitis at an outpatient radiology clinic (clinic A) and to determine the source and implement measures to prevent additional infections. METHODS A case was defined as bacterial meningitis in a patient undergoing myelography at clinic A from October 11 to 25, 2010. Patients who underwent myelography and other procedures at clinic A during that period were interviewed, medical records were reviewed, and infection prevention practices were assessed. Case-patient cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens, oral specimens from health care personnel (HCP), and opened iohexol vials were tested for bacteria. Bacterial isolates were compared using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A culture-negative CSF specimen was tested using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS Three cases were identified among 35 clinic A patients who underwent procedures from October 11 to 25, 2010. All case-patients required hospitalization, 2 in an intensive care unit. Case-patients had myelography performed by the same radiology physician assistant and technician on October 25; all patients who underwent myelography on October 25 were affected. HCP did not wear facemasks and reused single-dose iohexol vials for multiple patients. Streptococcus salivarius (a bacteria commonly found in oral flora) was detected in the CSF of 2 case-patients (1 by culture, 1 using real-time polymerase chain reaction) and in HCP oral specimens; 1 opened iohexol vial contained Staphylococcus epidermidis. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles from the case-patient S salivarius and the radiology physician assistant were indistinguishable. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial meningitis likely occurred because HCP performing myelography did not wear facemasks; lapses in injection practices may have contributed to transmission. Targeted education regarding mask use and safe injection practices is needed among radiology HCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Chitnis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Shuman EK, Chenoweth CE. Reuse of medical devices: implications for infection control. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2012; 26:165-72. [PMID: 22284382 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reuse of both single-use and multiuse medical devices is a common practice and can result in transmission of infection when appropriate sterilization or reprocessing does not occur. Reuse of single-use devices can be problematic because there are no clear standards for reprocessing, although data regarding adverse outcomes are limited. Single-use devices are commonly reused, appropriately or inappropriately, in resource-limited settings because of cost constraints. Reuse of medical devices raises important legal and ethical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Shuman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, 3119 Taubman Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5378, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Regional anesthesia is commonly used to provide intraoperative anesthesia and postoperative analgesia. Potential complications of both neuraxial and peripheral regional techniques include infectious sequelae. This review examines important components of practice that are known to minimize the risk of infection associated with regional anesthesia. RECENT FINDINGS Healthcare-associated infections increase morbidity and mortality, patient pain and suffering, direct medical costs, and hospital length-of-stay. Recently published national guidelines from subspecialty societies and government agencies emphasize the importance of strict aseptic technique in the prevention of infectious complications associated with regional anesthesia. Proper hand hygiene, the use of surgical masks, appropriate antiseptic selection and application, and proper preparation of local anesthetic infusate solutions are all considered essential components of asepsis. Anesthesia providers need to adhere to strict aseptic guidelines to minimize the risk of potentially devastating infectious complications. SUMMARY Infectious complications associated with regional anesthesia are exceedingly rare events. Adherence to strict aseptic guidelines as published by the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, American Society of Anesthesiologists, and the Royal College of Anaesthetists may reduce the risk of infectious complications.
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Is There Really a Cause-Effect Relationship Between Steroid Dose, Pain Management Practices, Joint Injected (Sacroiliac Joint), and Infection? Reg Anesth Pain Med 2011; 36:410; author reply 410-1. [DOI: 10.1097/aap.0b013e318219e095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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