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Immune response modulation by allergen loaded into mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as an effective carrier through sublingual immunotherapy. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152361. [PMID: 36870143 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) was considered an interesting needle-free alternative for subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT). Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes were introduced as potent nanoscale delivery systems with immunomodulatory potentials. The current study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of SLIT using ovalbumin (OVA)-enriched MSC-derived exosomes formulation in a murine model of allergic asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS MSCs were harvested from mice adipose tissues. Then, exosomes were isolated, and OVA-loaded exosomes were prepared. Following sensitization, Balb/c mice received therapeutic formulation (10 μg/dose OVA-containing MSC-derived exosomes) twice a week for two months. Serum OVA-specific IgE levels as well as IFN-γ, IL-4, and TGF-β secretions by cultured splenocytes were measured by ELISA. Also, lung tissue underwent histopathologic analysis, and the numbers of inflammatory cells and eosinophils in nasopharyngeal lavage fluid (NALF) were examined. RESULTS SLIT using OVA-enriched exosomes significantly reduced IgE levels and IL-4 production, while the secretion of IFN-γ and TGF-β were significantly elevated. Also, a decrease was observed in the numbers of total cells and eosinophils in the NALF, and lower levels of perivascular and peribronchiolar inflammation and cellular infiltrations were observed in the lung tissue. CONCLUSION SLIT using OVA-loaded exosomes improved immunomodulatory responses and efficiently alleviated allergic inflammation.
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Richardson S, Medhavi F, Tanner T, Lundy S, Omosun Y, Igietseme JU, Carroll D, Eko FO. Cellular Basis for the Enhanced Efficacy of the Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand (FL) Adjuvanted VCG-Based Chlamydia abortus Vaccine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:698737. [PMID: 34249004 PMCID: PMC8264281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacious vaccines are needed to control genital chlamydial diseases in humans and the veterinary industry. We previously reported a C. abortus (Cab) vaccine comprising recombinant Vibrio cholerae ghosts (rVCG) expressing the conserved and immunogenic N-terminal region of the Cab polymorphic membrane protein D (rVCG-Pmp18.1) protein that protected mice against intravaginal challenge. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of the hematopoietic progenitor activator cytokine, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-ligand (FL) when co-administered with the rVCG-Pmp18.1 vaccine as a strategy to enhance the protective efficacy and the potential mechanism of immunomodulation. Groups of female C57BL/6J mice were immunized and boosted twice intranasally (IN) with rVCG-PmpD18.1 with and without FL or purified rPmp18.1 or rVCG-gD2 (antigen control) or PBS (medium) per mouse. The results revealed that co-administration of the vaccine with FL enhanced antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses and protected against live Cab genital infection. Comparative analysis of immune cell phenotypes infiltrating mucosal and systemic immune inductive tissue sites following immunization revealed that co-administration of rVCG-Pmp18.1 with FL significantly enhanced the number of macrophages, dendritic and NK cells, γδ and NK T cells in the spleen (systemic) and iliac lymph nodes (ILN) draining the genital tract (mucosal) tissues compared to rVCG-Pmp18.1 alone. Furthermore, FL enhanced monocyte infiltration in the ILN, while CD19+ B cells and CD4+ T cells were enhanced in the spleen. These results indicate that the immunomodulatory effect of FL is associated with its ability to mobilize innate immune cells and subsequent activation of robust antigen-specific immune effectors in mucosal and systemic lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakyra Richardson
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Fnu Medhavi
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tayhlor Tanner
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephanie Lundy
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yusuf Omosun
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph U. Igietseme
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Darin Carroll
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Francis O. Eko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Yu S, Jin L, Che N, Zhang R, Xu F, Han B. Dendritic cells modified with Der p1 antigen as a therapeutic potential for allergic rhinitis in a murine model via regulatory effects on IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:216-224. [PMID: 30851701 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES House dust mites, including Der p1, are common allergens. The current study was designed to explore the allergen-specific immune tolerance effects of Der p1-modified dendritic cells (DCs) through IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 on an allergic rhinitis (AR) mouse model. METHODS A lentivirus was modified to express Derp1. Then, immature DCs from mice were infected with this modified lentivirus to generate a lenti-Derp1-GFP DCs. 24 mice were random divided into four groups (n = 6 each), AR mouse were sensitized by Derp1 allergens and treated with lenti-GFP DCs (GFP-DC/AR group), or lenti-Derp1-GFP DCs (Der p1-DC/AR group) and dexamethasone (Dex/AR group), mice in the control group were treated with PBS instead of Der p1 then also intraperitoneally injected with 5 × 106 lenti-GFP DCs/mouse. AR symptoms expressed by each mouse were recorded. The proportions of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells among CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood, and mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 were measured. RESULTS DCs infected with lenti-Derp1-GFP stimulated the maturation of DCs. Compared with the GFP-DC/AR group, mice in the Der p1-DC/AR group showed an ameliorated allergic response, a significant decrease in the levels of serum IgE, IgG1, and histamine, and a decrease in the expression of IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA and protein in the nasal mucosa. The expression of IL-10 increased in the Der p1-DC/AR group to a level similar to that observed in the Dex/AR group. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Der p1-modified DCs have therapeutic potential for AR via downregulation of IL-4 and IL-13, and upregulation of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China.
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Na Che
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Ruxin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
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4
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Gotoh M, Kaminuma O, Nakaya A, Katayama K, Motoi Y, Watanabe N, Saeki M, Nishimura T, Kitamura N, Yamaoka K, Okubo K, Hiroi T. Identification of biomarker sets for predicting the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy against pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Int Immunol 2018; 29:291-300. [PMID: 28575522 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is effective against allergic rhinitis, although a substantial proportion of individuals is refractory. Herein, we describe a predictive modality to reliably identify SLIT non-responders (NRs). We conducted a 2-year clinical study in 193 adult patients with Japanese cedar pollinosis, with biweekly administration of 2000 Japanese allergy units of cedar pollen extract as the maintenance dose. After identifying high-responder (HR) patients with improved severity scores and NR patients with unchanged or exacerbated symptoms, differences in 33 HR and 34 NR patients were evaluated in terms of peripheral blood cellular profiles by flow cytometry and serum factors by ELISA and cytokine bead array, both pre- and post-SLIT. Improved clinical responses were seen in 72% of the treated patients. Pre-therapy IL-12p70 and post-therapy IgG1 serum levels were significantly different between HR and NR patients, although these parameters alone failed to distinguish NR from HR patients. However, the analysis of serum parameters in the pre-therapy samples with the Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) algorithm distinguished NR patients with high probability within the training data set. Cluster analysis revealed a positive correlation between serum Th1/Th2 cytokines and other cytokines/chemokines in HR patients after SLIT. Thus, processing of pre-therapy serum parameters with AdaBoost and cluster analysis can be reliably used to develop a prediction method for HR/NR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Gotoh
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaminuma
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakaya
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.,Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Katayama
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yuji Motoi
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Watanabe
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Mayumi Saeki
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tomoe Nishimura
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Noriko Kitamura
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yamaoka
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Okubo
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Takachika Hiroi
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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Gotoh M, Kaminuma O, Hiroi T, Okubo K. Microarray-Based Multivariate Analysis of the Effectiveness of Sublingual Immunotherapy for Cedar Pollinosis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018; 10:562-569. [PMID: 30088375 PMCID: PMC6082820 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.5.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is an effective treatment for allergic diseases. However, the mechanism by which this therapy exhibits its efficacy has not been fully delineated. To elucidate the mechanisms of SLIT in the treatment of cedar pollinosis (CP), we performed a multivariate analysis of microarray data on mRNA expression in CD4+ T cells and basophils. Although 2-year treatment with SLIT using cedar extracts was effective in >70% of patients with CP, the remaining patients did not respond to this therapy. The mRNA expression levels in peripheral CD4+ T cells and basophils from both high- and non-responder patients before and after undergoing SLIT were comparatively studied using microarray analysis. By processing the data using serial multivariate analysis, an apoptosis pathway was extracted in both CD4+ T cells and basophils. Conclusively, the strong treatment effectiveness of SLIT in patients with CP may be caused by the induction of apoptosis in CD4+ T cells and basophils in these patients (Trial registry at University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry Database, UMIN000016532).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Gotoh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.,Allergy and Immunology Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Osamu Kaminuma
- Allergy and Immunology Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takachika Hiroi
- Allergy and Immunology Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Okubo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.,Allergy and Immunology Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Kosten IJ, van de Ven R, Thon M, Gibbs S, de Gruijl TD. Comparative phenotypic and functional analysis of migratory dendritic cell subsets from human oral mucosa and skin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180333. [PMID: 28704477 PMCID: PMC5509153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen exposure to oral mucosa is generally thought to lead to immune tolerance induction. However, very little is known about the subset composition and function of dendritic cells (DC) migrating from human oral mucosa. Here we show that migratory DC from healthy human gingival explants consist of the same phenotypic subsets in the same frequency distribution as DC migrating from human skin. The gingival CD1a+ Langerhans cell and interstitial DC subsets lacked CXCR4 expression in contrast to their cutaneous counterparts, pointing to different migration mechanisms, consistent with previous observations in constructed skin and gingival equivalents. Remarkably, without any exogenous conditioning, gingival explants released higher levels of inflammatory cytokines than human skin explants, resulting in higher DC migration rates and a superior ability of migrated DC to prime allogeneic T cells and to induce type-1 effector T cell differentiation. From these observations we conclude that rather than an intrinsic ability to induce T cell tolerance, DC migrating from oral mucosa may have a propensity to induce effector T cell immunity and maintain a high state of alert against possible pathogenic intruders in the steady state. These findings may have implications for oral immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rieneke van de Ven
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Thon
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Enhanced sublingual immunotherapy by TAT-fused recombinant allergen in a murine rhinitis model. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 48:118-125. [PMID: 28501765 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is well known as an effective and non-invasive route to induce allergy desensitization. The goal of this study was to investigate whether a TAT-fused recombinant allergen could enhance SLIT efficacy. BALB/c mice sensitized to the main allergen (Che a 3) of Chenopodium album pollen were treated sublingually either with rChe a 3 (100μg/dose) or rTAT-Che a 3 (100μg/dose), two times per week for eight weeks. SLIT with rTAT-Che a 3 led to significantly greater allergen-specific IgG2a than rChe a 3; however, neither rTAT-Che a 3 nor rChe a 3 affected allergen-specific IgE or IgG1 antibody levels. In addition, interleukin 4 (IL-4) levels in re-stimulated splenocytes from the rTAT-Che a 3 mice were significantly lower than in those from the rChe a 3 mice, while interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was significantly greater in the rChe a 3 mice than in the rTAT-Che a 3 mice. Furthermore, sublingual administration of rTAT-Che a 3 induced significantly greater TGF-β secretion in re-stimulated splenocytes than administration of rChe a 3. Accordingly, SLIT with rTAT-Che a 3 led to significantly greater expression of TGF-β- and Foxp3-specific mRNAs in the splenocytes than in those from the rChe a 3 mice. Our findings demonstrate that TAT-fused rChe a 3 suppressed the allergic response through preferential enhancement of systemic regulatory T-cell (Treg)-mediated immunity responses, likely by facilitating allergen capture and presentation by sublingual Langerhans-like dendritic cells.
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8
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[Immunological mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy]. Hautarzt 2017; 68:265-270. [PMID: 28299382 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-017-3961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy is accompanied by multiple changes on the cellular and humoral level. A shift of Th2 immune responses towards immune responses of the Th1 type, which goes along with an increase of regulatory T cells and B cells, IL-10 as well as reduction of effector cells and eosinophils in the tissue, combined with lower IgE production in favor of higher IgG4 production, are regarded as key mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy . A better understanding of immunologic pathways of specific immunotherapy would be essential for the improvement of this therapy as well as for the development of reliable biomarkers capable to monitor therapeutic responses as well as compliance of the patients.
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9
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Aricigil M, Muluk NB, Sakarya EU, Sakalar EG, Senturk M, Reisacher WR, Cingi C. New Routes of Allergen Immunotherapy. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2016; 30:193-197. [DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2016.30.4379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Allergen immunotherapy is the only cure for immunoglobulin E mediated type I respiratory allergies. Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) are the most common treatments. In this article, we reviewed new routes of allergen immunotherapy. Methods Data on alternative routes to allow intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT), epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT), local nasal immunotherapy (LNIT), oral immunotherapy (OIT), and oral mucosal immunotherapy (OMIT) were gathered from the literature and were discussed. Results ILIT features direct injection of allergens into lymph nodes. ILIT may be clinically effective after only a few injections and induces allergen-specific immunoglobulin G, similarly to SCIT. A limitation of ILIT is that intralymphatic injections are required. EPIT features allergen administration by using patches mounted on the skin. EPIT seeks to target epidermal antigen–presenting Langerhans cells rather than mast cells or the vasculature; this should reduce both local and systemic adverse effects. LNIT involves the spraying of allergen extracts into the nasal cavity. Natural or chemically modified allergens (the latter, termed allergoids, lack immunoglobulin E reactivity) are prepared in a soluble form. OIT involves the regular administration of small amounts of a food allergen by mouth and commences with low oral doses, which are then increased as tolerance develops. OMIT seeks to deliver allergenic proteins to an expanded population of Langerhans cells in the mucosa of the oral cavity. Conclusions ILIT, EPIT, LNIT, OIT, and OMIT are new routes for allergen immunotherapy. They are safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitat Aricigil
- ENT Department, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya Turkey
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | | | | | - Mehmet Senturk
- ENT Clinics, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Cemal Cingi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Moingeon P, Floch VBL, Airouche S, Baron-Bodo V, Nony E, Mascarell L. Allergen immunotherapy for birch pollen-allergic patients: recent advances. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:555-67. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2015-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As of today, allergen immunotherapy is performed with aqueous natural allergen extracts. Recombinant allergen vaccines are not yet commercially available, although they could provide patients with well-defined and highly consistent drug substances. As Bet v 1 is the major allergen involved in birch pollen allergy, with more than 95% of patients sensitized to this allergen, pharmaceutical-grade recombinant Bet v 1-based vaccines were produced and clinically tested. Herein, we compare the clinical results and modes of action of treatments based on either a birch pollen extract or recombinant Bet v 1 expressed as hypoallergenic or natural-like molecules. We also discuss the future of allergen immunotherapy with improved drugs intended for birch pollen-allergic patients suffering from rhinoconjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Moingeon
- Stallergenes Greer, Research Department, 6 rue Alexis de Tocqueville, 92183 Antony Cedex, France
| | | | - Sabi Airouche
- Stallergenes Greer, Research Department, 6 rue Alexis de Tocqueville, 92183 Antony Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Baron-Bodo
- Stallergenes Greer, Research Department, 6 rue Alexis de Tocqueville, 92183 Antony Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Nony
- Stallergenes Greer, Research Department, 6 rue Alexis de Tocqueville, 92183 Antony Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Mascarell
- Stallergenes Greer, Research Department, 6 rue Alexis de Tocqueville, 92183 Antony Cedex, France
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Reisacher WR, Suurna MV, Rochlin K, Bremberg MG, Tropper G. Oral mucosal immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: A pilot study. ALLERGY & RHINOLOGY 2016; 7:21-8. [PMID: 27103556 PMCID: PMC4837130 DOI: 10.2500/ar.2016.7.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sublingual mucosa has been used for many years to apply allergenic extracts for the purpose of specific immunotherapy (IT). Although sublingual IT (SLIT) is both safe and efficacious, the density of antigen-presenting cells is higher in other regions of the oral cavity and vestibule, which make them a potentially desirable target for IT. OBJECTIVE To present the concept of oral mucosal IT (OMIT) and to provide pilot data for this extended application of SLIT. METHODS An open-label, 12-month, prospective study was undertaken as a preliminary step before a full-scale clinical investigation. Twenty-four individuals with allergic rhinitis received IT by applying allergenic extracts daily to either the oral vestibule plus oral cavity mucosa by using a glycerin-based toothpaste or to the sublingual mucosa by using 50% glycerin liquid drops. Adverse events, adherence rates, total combined scores, rhinoconjunctivitis quality-of-life questionnaire scores, changes in skin reactivity, and changes in serum antibody levels were measured for each participant. RESULTS No severe adverse events occurred in either group. The adherence rate was 80% for the OMIT group and 62% for the SLIT group (p = 0.61). Decreased total combined scores were demonstrated for both the OMIT group (15.6%) and the SLIT group (22.3%), although this decrease did not reach statistical significance in either group. Both groups achieved a meaningful clinical improvement of at least 0.5 points on rhinoconjunctivitis quality-of-life questionnaire. A statistically significant rise in specific immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) was seen in both groups over the first 6 months of treatment. CONCLUSION OMIT and SLIT demonstrated similar safety profiles and adherence rates. Measurements of clinical efficacy improved for both groups, but only changes in IgG4 achieved statistical significance. These pilot data provide enough evidence to proceed with a full-scale investigation to explore the role of OMIT in the long-term management of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Reisacher
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Nagai Y, Shiraishi D, Tanaka Y, Nagasawa Y, Ohwada S, Shimauchi H, Aso H, Endo Y, Sugawara S. Transportation of sublingual antigens across sublingual ductal epithelial cells to the ductal antigen-presenting cells in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:677-86. [PMID: 24773115 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has proven to be safe and efficient for the treatment of type I allergies. However, the mechanisms underlying allergen transportation within the sublingual compartment, the localization of antigens, and the identities of the cells responsible for this immunization remain incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE In this study, we focused on the sublingual ductal system and analysed the localization and transportation of antigens after their sublingual application. METHODS In mice given adjuvant-free antigens sublingually, tissues were removed at 0, 0.5, 1, or 2 h after the application and subjected to immunohistochemistry. Cells isolated from the sublingual duct and mucosa were analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Substantial immunoreactivity to ovalbumin (OVA) was evident in sublingual ductal epithelial cells at 30 min and 1 h after sublingual administration of OVA, but it had disappeared at 2 h. The ductal epithelial cells incorporated not only OVA, but also particulate antigens such as latex or silica beads and microbes. MHC class II (MHCII)(+) antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were located around the sublingual ductal system, and MHCII(+) cells were co-localized with, and around, antigen-incorporated sublingual duct cells. CD11b(+) CD11c(-) cells were present among CD45(+) MHCII(+) cells at greater frequency in the sublingual duct than in the sublingual mucosa, and they were the main contributors to the incorporation of OVA in vitro. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study reveals that sublingual antigens can be transported across sublingual ductal epithelial cells to the ductal APCs. If the system is the same in humans as in mice, the ductal APCs may prove to be important target cells for SLIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nagai
- Division of Oral Immunology, Department of Oral Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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Gingiva Equivalents Secrete Negligible Amounts of Key Chemokines Involved in Langerhans Cell Migration Compared to Skin Equivalents. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:627125. [PMID: 26539556 PMCID: PMC4619927 DOI: 10.1155/2015/627125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both oral mucosa and skin have the capacity to maintain immune homeostasis or regulate immune responses upon environmental assault. Whereas much is known about key innate immune events in skin, little is known about oral mucosa. Comparative studies are limited due to the scarce supply of oral mucosa for ex vivo studies. Therefore, we used organotypic tissue equivalents (reconstructed epithelium on fibroblast-populated collagen hydrogel) to study cross talk between cells. Oral mucosa and skin equivalents were compared regarding secretion of cytokines and chemokines involved in LC migration and general inflammation. Basal secretion, representative of homeostasis, and also secretion after stimulation with TNFα, an allergen (cinnamaldehyde), or an irritant (SDS) were assessed. We found that proinflammatory IL-18 and chemokines CCL2, CCL20, and CXCL12, all involved in LC migration, were predominantly secreted by skin as compared to gingiva. Furthermore, CCL27 was predominantly secreted by skin whereas CCL28 was predominantly secreted by gingiva. In contrast, general inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and CXCL8 were secreted similarly by skin and gingiva. These results indicate that the cytokines and chemokines triggering innate immunity and LC migration are different in skin and gingiva. This differential regulation should be figured into novel therapy or vaccination strategies in the context of skin versus mucosa.
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Salari F, Varasteh AR, Vahedi F, Hashemi M, Sankian M. Down-regulation of Th2 immune responses by sublingual administration of poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-encapsulated allergen in BALB/c mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:672-678. [PMID: 26404189 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate whether poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles could enhance sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) efficacy. BALB/c mice sensitized to rChe a 3 were treated sublingually either with soluble rChe a 3 (100μg/dose) or PLGA-encapsulated rChe a 3 (5, 25, or 50μg/dose). SLIT with PLGA-encapsulated rChe a 3 (equivalent to 25 and 50μg rChe a 3 per dose) led to significantly increased antigen-specific IgG2a, along with no effect on allergen-specific IgE and IgG1 antibody levels. In addition, interleukin 4 (IL-4) levels in restimulated splenocytes were significantly less, while interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels, as well as Foxp3 expression, were significantly greater than in the control groups. Our findings suggest that PLGA nanoparticle-based vaccination may help rational development of sublingual immunotherapy through reduction of the needed allergen doses and also significantly enhanced systemic T regulatory (Treg) and T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Salari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Abdol-Reza Varasteh
- Allergy Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Vahedi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Biotechnology Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Maryam Hashemi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunobiochemistry Lab, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Mascarell L, Rak S, Worm M, Melac M, Soulie S, Lescaille G, Lemoine F, Jospin F, Paul S, Caplier L, Hasséus B, Björhn C, Zeldin RK, Baron-Bodo V, Moingeon P. Characterization of oral immune cells in birch pollen-allergic patients: impact of the oral allergy syndrome and sublingual allergen immunotherapy on antigen-presenting cells. Allergy 2015; 70:408-19. [PMID: 25631199 DOI: 10.1111/all.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A detailed characterization of human oral immune cells is needed to better understand local mechanisms associated with allergen capture following oral exposure. METHODS Oral immune cells were characterized by immunohistology and immunofluorescence in biopsies obtained from three healthy individuals and 23 birch pollen-allergic patients with/without oral allergy syndrome (OAS), at baseline and after 5 months of sublingual allergen immunotherapy (AIT). RESULTS Similar cell subsets (i.e., dendritic cells, mast cells, and T lymphocytes) were detected in oral tissues from healthy and birch pollen-allergic individuals. CD207+ Langerhans cells (LCs) and CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) were found in both the epithelium and the papillary layer of the Lamina propria (LP), whereas CD68+ macrophages, CD117+ mast cells, and CD4+ /CD8+ T cells were rather located in both the papillary and reticular layers of the LP. Patterns of oral immune cells were identical in patients with/without OAS, except lower numbers of CD207+ LCs found in oral tissues from patients with OAS, when compared to OAS- patients (P < 0.05). A 5-month sublingual AIT had a limited impact on oral immune cells, with only a significant increase in IgE+ cells in patients from the active group. Colocalization experiments confirmed that such IgE-expressing cells mostly encompass CD68+ macrophages located in the LP, and to a lesser extent CD207+ LCs in the epithelium. CONCLUSION Two cell subsets contribute to antigen/allergen uptake in human oral tissues, including (i) CD207+ LCs possibly involved in the physiopathology of OAS and (ii) CD68+ macrophages likely critical in allergen capture via IgE-facilitated mechanisms during sublingual AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Mascarell
- Research and Development; Stallergenes; Antony France
| | - S. Rak
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergology; Institute of Medicine; The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Göteborg; Göteborg Sweden
| | - M. Worm
- Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Allergie-Centrum-Charité; CCM; Charité - Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - M. Melac
- Research and Development; Stallergenes; Antony France
| | - S. Soulie
- Research and Development; Stallergenes; Antony France
| | - G. Lescaille
- Department of Odontology; AP-HP University Hospital La Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot; Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Paris 06; UMR-S CR7 & INSERM; UMR-S 1135; CIMI-Paris; Paris France
| | - F. Lemoine
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Paris 06; UMR-S CR7 & INSERM; UMR-S 1135; CIMI-Paris; Paris France
| | - F. Jospin
- GIMAP EA3064; INSERM CIC1408 Vaccinologie; Universités de Lyon; Saint Etienne France
| | - S. Paul
- GIMAP EA3064; INSERM CIC1408 Vaccinologie; Universités de Lyon; Saint Etienne France
| | - L. Caplier
- BiodOxis; Laboratoire d’ Histo-cyto-pathologie Expérimentale; Romainville France
| | - B. Hasséus
- Institute of Odontology; Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology; The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Göteborg; Göteborg Sweden
| | - C. Björhn
- ENT Clinic; Västmanlands Hospital Västerås; Västerås Sweden
| | - R. K. Zeldin
- Research and Development; Stallergenes; Antony France
| | - V. Baron-Bodo
- Research and Development; Stallergenes; Antony France
| | - P. Moingeon
- Research and Development; Stallergenes; Antony France
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Eko FO, Mania-Pramanik J, Pais R, Pan Q, Okenu DMN, Johnson A, Ibegbu C, He C, He Q, Russell R, Black CM, Igietseme JU. Vibrio cholerae ghosts (VCG) exert immunomodulatory effect on dendritic cells for enhanced antigen presentation and induction of protective immunity. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:584. [PMID: 25551828 PMCID: PMC4312469 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-014-0056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed that the Vibrio cholerae ghost platform (VCG; empty V. cholerae cell envelopes) is an effective delivery system for vaccine antigens promoting the induction of substantial immunity in the absence of external adjuvants. However, the mechanism by which these cell envelopes enhance immunity and stimulate a predominantly Th1 cellular and humoral immune response has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that the immunostimulatory ability of VCG involves dendritic cell (DC) activation. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were: a) to investigate the ability of DCs [using mouse bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) as a model system] to take up and internalize VCGs; b) to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of internalized VCGs on DC activation and maturation and their functional capacity to present chlamydial antigen to naïve and infection-sensitized CD4+ T cells and; c) to evaluate the ability of VCGs to enhance the protective immunity of a chlamydial antigen. RESULTS VCGs were efficiently internalized by DCs without affecting their viability and modulated DC-mediated immune responses. VCG-pulsed DCs showed increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and expression of co-stimulatory molecules associated with DC maturation in response to stimulation with UV-irradiated chlamydial elementary bodies (UV-EBs). Furthermore, this interaction resulted in effective chlamydial antigen presentation to infection-sensitized but not naïve CD4+ T cells and enhancement of protective immunity. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that VCGs activate DCs leading to the surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules associated with DC activation and maturation and enhancement of protective immunity induced by a chlamydial antigen. The results indicate that the immunoenhancing activity of VCG for increased T-cell activation against antigens is mediated, at least in part, through DC triggering. Thus, VCGs could be harnessed as immunomodulators to target antigens to DCs for enhancement of protective immunity against microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roshan Pais
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Qing Pan
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China.
| | | | | | - Chris Ibegbu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Cheng He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China.
| | - Qing He
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | | | - Joseph U Igietseme
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Duluc D, Gannevat J, Joo H, Ni L, Upchurch K, Boreham M, Carley M, Stecher J, Zurawski G, Oh S. Dendritic cells and vaccine design for sexually-transmitted diseases. Microb Pathog 2012. [PMID: 23201532 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen presenting cells (APCs) that can initiate and control host immune responses toward either immunity or tolerance. These features of DCs, as immune orchestrators, are well characterized by their tissue localizations as well as by their subset-dependent functional specialties and plasticity. Thus, the level of protective immunity to invading microbial pathogens can be dependent on the subsets of DCs taking up microbial antigens and their functional plasticity in response to microbial products, host cellular components and the cytokine milieu in the microenvironment. Vaccines are the most efficient and cost-effective preventive medicine against infectious diseases. However, major challenges still remain for the diseases caused by sexually-transmitted pathogens, including HIV, HPV, HSV and Chlamydia. We surmise that the establishment of protective immunity in the female genital mucosa, the major entry and transfer site of these pathogens, will bring significant benefit for the protection against sexually-transmitted diseases. Recent progresses made in DC biology suggest that vaccines designed to target proper DC subsets may permit us to establish protective immunity in the female genital mucosa against sexually-transmitted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Duluc
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
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Eiwegger T, Gruber S, Szépfalusi Z, Akdis CA. Novel developments in the mechanisms of immune tolerance to allergens. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1485-91. [PMID: 23095863 DOI: 10.4161/hv.20903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergy is the result of a disbalanced immune response to environmental innocuous antigens. Despite of accumulating data to define the pathomechanisms that take place in case of allergic diseases a detailed understanding of sequence of events that lead to the "normal" scenario of tolerance development are still under debate. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only causal treatment of allergic diseases. It modifies the immune response to a particular antigen to achieve tolerance against the symptom-causing allergen. This process is considered to mirror physiological peripheral tolerance induction. A number of immunological changes have been described to occur under allergen immunotherapy, including the generation of allergen-specific regulatory T cells, the induction of allergen-specific IgG4, an increase in the Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio and decreased activation and function of effector cells such as mast cells, basophils and eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eiwegger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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22
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Functional RNA delivery targeted to dendritic cells by synthetic nanoparticles. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:1077-99. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential to many aspects of immune defense development and regulation. They provide important targets for prophylactic and therapeutic delivery. While protein delivery has had considerable success, RNA delivery is still expanding. Delivering RNA molecules for RNAi has shown particular success and there are reports on successful delivery of mRNA. Central, therein, is the application of cationic entities. Following endocytosis of the delivery vehicle for the RNA, cationic entities should promote vesicular membrane perturbation, facilitating cytosolic release. The present review explains the diversity of DC function in immune response development and control. Promotion of delivered RNA cytosolic release is discussed, relating to immunoprophylactic and therapeutic potential, and DC endocytic machinery is reviewed, showing how DC endocytic pathways influence the handling of internalized material. The potential advantages for application of replicating RNA are presented and discussed, in consideration of their value and development in the near future.
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Moingeon P, Mascarell L. Novel routes for allergen immunotherapy: safety, efficacy and mode of action. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:201-12. [PMID: 22339462 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy is the only curative treatment of IgE-mediated type I respiratory allergies. Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is used as a reference therapy and has transformed allergic treatments; it improves symptoms (asthma and rhinitis) as well as the quality of life of patients. SCIT requires repetitive administration and carries the risk of severe systemic adverse effects, including anaphylaxis. Sublingual immunotherapy is now a valid noninvasive alternative to SCIT, as a safe and efficacious treatment for respiratory allergies. In this article, we compare various routes of allergen immunotherapy, including SCIT and sublingual immunotherapy, as well as more exploratory routes currently under investigation (i.e., intralymphatic, epicutaneous, intranasal and oral). We discuss their respective advantages, as well as their foreseen modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Moingeon
- Stallergenes SA, Département Scientifique, 6 rue Alexis de Tocqueville, 92160 Antony, France
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Role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 20:194-8. [DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e3283533632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize novel insights into the immunological mechanisms of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). Within the recent decades, several alternative noninvasive allergen application strategies have been investigated in allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), of which intra-oral allergen application to sublingual mucosa has been proven to be well tolerated and effective. RECENT FINDINGS To date, SLIT is widely accepted by most allergists as an alternative option to conventional subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT). Although detailed immunological mechanisms remain to be elucidated, much scientific effort has been made to shed some light on local and systemic immunological responses to SLIT in mice as well as humans. Only a few studies focused on the detailed mechanisms following allergen application to the oral mucosa as part of the sophisticated mucosal immunological network. Within this network, the pro-tolerogenic properties of local antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells - which are able to enforce tolerogenic mechanisms and to induce T-cell immune responses - play a central role. Further on, basic research focused not only on the immune response in nasal and bronchial mucosa but also on the systemic T-cell immune response. SUMMARY Thus, much exiting data have been published providing a better understanding of immunological features of SLIT but far more investigations are necessary to uncover further exciting details on the key mechanisms of SLIT.
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Bordas-Le Floch V, Bussières L, Airouche S, Lautrette A, Bouley J, Berjont N, Horiot S, Huet A, Jain K, Lemoine P, Chabre H, Batard T, Mascarell L, Baron-Bodo V, Tourdot S, Nony E, Moingeon P. Expression and characterization of natural-like recombinant Der p 2 for sublingual immunotherapy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 158:157-67. [PMID: 22286395 DOI: 10.1159/000331143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant allergens with a native conformation represent an alternative to natural extracts for immunotherapy and diagnostic purposes. METHODS We produced the Der p 2 mite allergen in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli. After purification by cation exchange chromatography, recombinant molecules were compared to their natural counterpart based upon structural (disulfide bonds, secondary structure, thermal stability) and immunological properties (antibody reactivity, basophil and T cell activation, tolerance induction in a murine sublingual immunotherapy model). RESULTS The Der p 2.0101 isoform was confirmed to be prevalent in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extracts. It was then produced as a secreted molecule in P. pastoris or refolded from E. coli inclusion bodies. The yeast-expressed rDer p 2 molecule exhibits a natural-like disulfide bridge distribution and secondary structure, whereas the E. coli-derived rDer p 2 presents some heterogeneity in cysteine bonds and a lower stability following thermal stress. The two recombinant as well as natural Der p 2 molecules exhibit comparable IgE recognition and activate basophil and CD4+ T cells. Sublingual immunotherapy of nDer p 2- sensitized mice using either one of the rDer p 2 molecules efficiently decreases airway hyperresponsiveness as well as Th2 responses. CONCLUSIONS Natural and recombinant Der p 2 molecules produced in P. pastoris and E. coli exhibit comparable immunological properties despite distinct structural features. Natural-like cysteine pairing is a critical parameter to identify stable, well-folded and homogenous proteins appropriate for immunotherapy and diagnostic purposes.
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Onji M, Al-Mahtab M, Mohammad Fazle Akbar S, Chen S, Abe M, Yoshida O, Ikeda Y, Hiasa Y. Suppression of Inflammatory Mucosal Milieu by Administration of Regulatory Dendritic Cells in an Animal Model of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 2012. [DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Li W, Murthy AK, Chaganty BKR, Guentzel MN, Seshu J, Chambers JP, Zhong G, Arulanandam BP. Immunization with dendritic cells pulsed ex vivo with recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor induces protective immunity against genital chlamydiamuridarum challenge. Front Immunol 2011; 2:73. [PMID: 22566862 PMCID: PMC3342055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that immunization with soluble recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor (rCPAF) and a T helper 1 type adjuvant can induce significantly enhanced bacterial clearance and protection against Chlamydia-induced pathological sequelae in the genital tract. In this study, we investigated the use of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) pulsed ex vivo with rCPAF + CpG in an adoptive subcutaneous immunization for the ability to induce protective immunity against genital chlamydial infection. We found that BMDCs pulsed with rCPAF + CpG efficiently up-regulated the expression of activation markers CD86, CD80, CD40, and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II), and secreted interleukin-12, but not IL-10 and IL-4. Mice adoptively immunized with rCPAF + CpG-pulsed BMDCs or UV-EB + CpG-pulsed BMDCs produced elevated levels of antigen-specific IFN-γ and enhanced IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies. Moreover, mice immunized with rCPAF + CpG-pulsed BMDCs or UV-EB + CpG-pulsed BMDCs exhibited significantly reduced genital Chlamydia shedding, accelerated resolution of infection, and reduced oviduct pathology when compared to infected mock-immunized animals. These results suggest that adoptive subcutaneous immunization with ex vivo rCPAF-pulsed BMDCs is an effective approach, comparable to that induced by UV-EB–BMDCs, for inducing robust anti-Chlamydia immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidang Li
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
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Mascarell L, Saint-Lu N, Moussu H, Zimmer A, Louise A, Lone Y, Ladant D, Leclerc C, Tourdot S, Van Overtvelt L, Moingeon P. Oral macrophage-like cells play a key role in tolerance induction following sublingual immunotherapy of asthmatic mice. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:638-47. [PMID: 21775981 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sublingual allergen-specific immunotherapy (SLIT) is a safe and efficacious treatment for type 1 respiratory allergies. Herein, we investigated the key subset(s) of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) involved in antigen/allergen capture and tolerance induction during SLIT. Following sublingual administration, fluorochrome-labeled ovalbumin (OVA) is predominantly captured by oral CD11b⁺CD11c⁻ cells that migrate to cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) and present the antigen to naive CD4⁺ T cells. Conditional depletion with diphtheria toxin of CD11b⁺, but not CD11c⁺ cells, in oral tissues impairs CD4⁺ T-cell priming in CLNs. In mice with established asthma to OVA, specific targeting of the antigen to oral CD11b⁺ cells using the adenylate cyclase vector system reduces airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophil recruitment in bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs), and specific Th2 responses in CLNs and lungs. Oral CD11b⁺CD11c⁻ cells resemble tolerogenic macrophages found in the lamina propria (LP) of the small intestine in that they express the mannose receptor CD206, as well as class-2 retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH2), and they support the differentiation of interferon-γ/interleukin-10 (IFNγ/IL-10)-producing Foxp3⁺ CD4⁺ regulatory T cells. Thus, among the various APC subsets present in oral tissues of mice, macrophage-like cells play a key role in tolerance induction following SLIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mascarell
- Research and Development, Stallergènes SA, Antony, France
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A fusion protein of flagellin and ovalbumin suppresses the TH2 response and prevents murine intestinal allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:1340-1348.e12. [PMID: 21872305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 5 agonist flagellin is associated with immunomodulatory functions. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether Listeria monocytogenes-derived flagellin A (flaA) can modulate ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T-cell responses and prevent OVA-induced intestinal allergy. METHODS Bone marrow-derived myeloid dendritic cells from BALB/c, C57BL/6, or TLR signaling-deficient (MyD88(-/-)) mice were stimulated with rOVA, rflaA, rflaA plus rOVA, or a recombinant fusion protein consisting of rflaA and rOVA (rflaA:OVA). The immunomodulating properties of rflaA plus rOVA and rflaA:OVA were investigated by means of DC-T-cell coculture with CD4(+) T cells from OVA-T-cell receptor transgenic or OVA/alum-immunized mice. rflaA:OVA was applied as a prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine in a murine model of intestinal allergy. RESULTS rflaA:OVA induced upregulation of TLR5 and dose-dependent IL-6 and IL-10 secretion by myeloid dendritic cells. IL-10 contributed to repressing IL-4 and IFN-γ secretion by OVA-T-cell receptor transgenic CD4(+) T cells. Moreover, rflaA:OVA suppressed CD4(+) T cells derived from T(H)2-biased mice on OVA/alum immunization. In a murine model of intestinal allergy, prophylactic vaccination with rflaA:OVA reduced T-cell activation. Protection from intestinal allergy included suppression of OVA-specific IgE while inducing OVA-specific IgG(2a). Equimolar amounts of rflaA or rOVA provided alone or as a mixture did not have comparable effects. Moreover, therapeutic vaccination was shown to reduce allergic symptoms and T-cell activation in the spleen. CONCLUSION The rflaA:OVA fusion protein showed strong TLR-mediated immunomodulating capacities probably attributed by the proximity of adjuvant and allergen, leading to the prevention of intestinal allergy in a murine disease model. Therefore recombinant flaA:allergen fusion proteins are promising vaccine candidates for intervention in patients with IgE-mediated allergy.
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TLR-mediated induction of pro-allergic cytokine IL-33 in ocular mucosal epithelium. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1383-91. [PMID: 21684348 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) 33 has been recently identified as a ligand to the ST2 receptor that mediates Th2-dominant allergic inflammation. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated innate immunity in IL-33 induction by mucosal epithelium. Human corneal tissues and cultured primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were treated with a variety of viral or bacterial components without or with different inhibitors to evaluate the IL-33 regulation and signaling pathways. The level of mRNA expression was determined by reverse transcription and real time PCR, and protein was measured by ELISA, immunostaining and Western blotting. IL-33 mRNA and protein were largely induced by various microbial components, mainly by polyI:C and flagellin, the ligands to TLR3 and TLR5, respectively in human corneal epithelium ex vivo and in vitro cultures. Pro-IL-33 protein was normally restricted inside cells, and could be secreted outside when activated by ATP. The PolyI:C induced IL-33 production was blocked by TLR3 antibody or TRIF Inhibitory peptide, while flagellin stimulated IL-33 was blocked by TLR5 antibody or MyD88 Inhibitory peptide. Interestingly, IκB-α inhibitor (BAY11-7082) or NF-κB inhibitor (quinazoline) blocked NF-κB p65 protein nuclear translocation, and suppressed IL-33 production induced by PolyI:C and flagellin. These findings demonstrate that IL-33, an epithelium-derived pro-allergic cytokine, is induced by microbial ligands through TLR-mediated innate signaling pathways, suggesting a possible role of mucosal epithelium in Th2-dominant allergic inflammation.
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Blanco Quirós A, Arranz Sanz E. Sublingual immunotherapy is safe in children, but the challenge is how to increase its efficiency? Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2011; 39:119-21. [PMID: 21601132 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Allam JP, Duan Y, Winter J, Stojanovski G, Fronhoffs F, Wenghoefer M, Bieber T, Peng WM, Novak N. Tolerogenic T cells, Th1/Th17 cytokines and TLR2/TLR4 expressing dendritic cells predominate the microenvironment within distinct oral mucosal sites. Allergy 2011; 66:532-9. [PMID: 21087216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most local oral vaccine strategies use the sublingual region for drug application. Only little is known about the cytokine micromilieu, the nature of T cell subtypes and expression of target structures for adjuvants at different oral mucosal regions (OMR). However, targeting the optimal OMR might ensure highest efficiency of drug uptake and lowest risk for adverse effects. METHODS Expression of TGF-β1, IL10 as well as Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines and transcription factors was investigated at different OMR and skin by quantitative real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry. RESULTS Highest number of T cells was located in vestibular/buccal region (VBR). In contrast to skin (SK), OMR T cells produced TGF-β1, IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-17. Significantly higher TGF-β1 mRNA expression in the VBR compared with the sublingual region (SLR) and skin could be detected, while equal transcripts of IL-10 and regulatory T cell-associated transcription factor FoxP3 could be demonstrated. Expression of Th17-associated IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22 and IL-26 mRNA could be demonstrated in VBR and SLR but not in SK. Interestingly, compared to SK, significantly higher expression of TGF-β1 and IFN-γ could be detected in OMR. Moreover, expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 was highest in VBR with significant expression on dendritic cells in OMR. CONCLUSION From this data, we conclude that (i) VBR and SLR represent a protolerogenic micromilieu, (ii) both regions form a Th1 cytokine-predominated microenvironment, but also express mRNA for Th17 cytokines and (iii) TLRs detectable in VBR and SLR might serve as a target structures for adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Allam
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 10:603-7. [PMID: 21030837 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3283413126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Schülke S, Waibler Z, Mende MS, Zoccatelli G, Vieths S, Toda M, Scheurer S. Fusion protein of TLR5-ligand and allergen potentiates activation and IL-10 secretion in murine myeloid DC. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:341-50. [PMID: 20965571 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor ligands are immune-modulatory components linking innate and adaptive immune responses and are considered to be promising vaccine components. Objective of this study was to investigate the adjuvant activity of Listeria monocytogenesis-derived TLR5-ligand flagellin A (flaA) genetically fused to ovalbumin (Ova, major chicken white egg allergen) in a murine in vitro system. Recombinant flaA, rOva, and a fusion protein of rflaA and rOva (rflaA:Ova) were over-expressed in Escherchia coli and purified by FPLC. LPS depletion was confirmed by LAL test. TLR5-binding was evaluated by human and murine TLR5-transgenic HEK 293 cells. The immune-modulatory effect of rflaA:Ova and rflaA:Ova modified by reduction and alkylation on purified BALB/c bone marrow-derived myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) was investigated by flow cytometry and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS). Dose-dependent IL-8 secretion from transgenic HEK 293 cells confirmed binding of rflaA and rflaA:Ova molecules to human and murine TLR5. Recombinant flaA showed similar biological reactivity to TLR5-ligand fliC derived from Salmonella typhimurium applied as positive control. Compared to rflaA, both rflaA:Ova preparations induced higher expression of maturation markers (CD40, CD69, CD80, and CD86) on mDC, whereas only CD69 and CD40 were upregulated on pDC. Moreover, IL-6 and IL-10 production by mDC was enhanced upon stimulation with rflaA:Ova constructs in comparison to an equimolar mixture of both proteins whereas pDC did not show secretion of the investigated cytokines. Any immunological effects of LPS can be excluded by depletion of endotoxins and the lack of IL-10 production upon proteinase K digestion of rflaA:Ova. In summary, the rflaA:Ova fusion proteins showed an enhanced immune modulating capacity in comparison to rflaA or the mixture of rflaA and antigen. Since the rflaA:Ova fusion proteins induce strong IL-10 induction they are considered as potential vaccine candidates to improve allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schülke
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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Allam JP, Würtzen PA, Reinartz M, Winter J, Vrtala S, Chen KW, Valenta R, Wenghoefer M, Appel T, Gros E, Niederhagen B, Bieber T, Lund K, Novak N. Phl p 5 resorption in human oral mucosa leads to dose-dependent and time-dependent allergen binding by oral mucosal Langerhans cells, attenuates their maturation, and enhances their migratory and TGF-beta1 and IL-10-producing properties. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:638-45.e1. [PMID: 20584546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is safe and effective as treatment of allergic rhinitis and mild asthma. Oral mucosal Langerhans cells (oLCs) play a central role. However, little is known about allergen binding by oLCs during mucosal allergen resorption and its impact on oLC functions. OBJECTIVE Binding of Phl p 5 to oLCs was studied in a standardized ex vivo model to investigate mechanisms important for SLIT. METHODS Human oral mucosal biopsies were incubated with the grass pollen allergen Phl p 5. Migration, binding of Phl p 5, phenotype and cytokine production, and T-cell priming of Phl p 5-binding oLCs were analyzed. RESULTS Significant uptake required more than 5 minutes, and dose-dependent binding of Phl p 5 to oLCs was saturated at 100 microg/mL Phl p 5. Furthermore, Phl p 5 significantly increased the migratory capacity of oLCs but attenuated their maturation and strongly promoted the release of TGF-beta1 and IL-10 by oLCs themselves as well as by cocultured T cells. CONCLUSION Oral mucosal Langerhans cells bind Phlp5 in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, leading to an increased production of tolerogenic cytokines and an enhanced migratory capacity but decelerated maturation of oLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Allam
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Lutz MB, Döhler A, Azukizawa H. Revisiting the tolerogenicity of epidermal Langerhans cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:381-6. [PMID: 20212507 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are unique members of the dendritic cell (DC) family residing in the epidermis of skin and mucosa. Specific autocrine and environmental factors shape the biology of LC, such as TGF-beta1, IL-10, vitamin D(3), UV light or neuropeptides, which are required for LC development but also influence their capacity to induce immunity or tolerance. Both, immunogenic and tolerogenic functions require antigen transport from the skin to the draining lymph nodes, but the LC maturation grade directs the differential outcome. In this review, we recapitulate early indications for LC tolerogenicity and oppose them to more recent findings with gene-targeted mice, which dramatically challenged some of the early results. The newly discovered Langerin(+) dermal DC subset (DDC) seems to be responsible also for many tolerogenic effects that were initially attributed to steady state migratory LC. Transfer of antigens from LC to other DC subsets as well as transport of HIV are discussed as part of the complex interactions between LC and other cells or as mechanisms of immune evasion. Finally, the first clinical trials on allergy therapies targeting skin DC in the steady state are mentioned as they may open the door to curative tolerogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Liu G, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Modulation of immune responses through direct activation of Toll-like receptors to T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:168-75. [PMID: 20128825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), are involved critically in the generation and regulation of innate immunity as well as initiation of subsequent adaptive immune responses. However, recent research results showed that different subsets of T cells express certain types of TLRs during development and activation stages. Importantly, TLRs participate in the direct regulation of adaptive immune response, possibly as co-stimulatory molecules. In this review we summarize recent studies about the novel regulation of TLRs on the homeostasis and immunity of different T cell subtypes including CD4+CD25+T regulatory cells (Treg) and interleukin (IL)-17-producing CD4+T cells (T helper type 17). The direct involvement of TLRs in T cell-mediated immunity prompted us to reconsider the role of TLRs in the occurrence of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases and graft rejection. The important effects of TLRs in T cell-intrinsic components also prompt us to explore novel vaccine adjuvants for modifying desired immune responses in an efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Liu
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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