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Estave PM, Albertson SE, Karkhanis AN, Jones SR. Co-targeting the kappa opioid receptor and dopamine transporter reduces motivation to self-administer cocaine and partially reverses dopamine system dysregulation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6509. [PMID: 38499566 PMCID: PMC10948819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53463-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocaine disrupts dopamine (DA) and kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system activity, with long-term exposure reducing inhibiton of DA uptake by cocaine and increasing KOR system function. Single treatment therapies have not been successful for cocaine use disorder; therefore, this study focuses on a combination therapy targeting the dopamine transporter (DAT) and KOR. Sprague Dawley rats self-administered 5 days of cocaine (1.5 mg/kg/inf, max 40 inf/day, FR1), followed by 14 days on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule (0.19 mg/kg/infusion). Behavioral effects of individual and combined administration of phenmetrazine and nBNI were then examined using PR. Additionally, ex vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry was then used to assess alterations in DA and KOR system activity in the nucleus accumbens before and after treatments. Chronic administration of phenmetrazine as well as the combination of phenmetrazine and nBNI-but not nBNI alone-significantly reduced PR breakpoints. In addition, the combination of phenmetrazine and nBNI partially reversed cocaine-induced neurodysregulations of the KOR and DA systems, indicating therapeutic benefits of targeting the DA and KOR systems in tandem. These data highlight the potential benefits of the DAT and KOR as dual-cellular targets to reduce motivation to administer cocaine and reverse cocaine-induced alterations of the DA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M Estave
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake University Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Steven E Albertson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake University Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Anushree N Karkhanis
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University - State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Sara R Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake University Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Vartak S, Varadarajulu R, Sadeghzadeh M, Bodic M. Phendimetrazine-Induced Persistent Psychosis: A Case Report. Psychiatr Ann 2021. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20210909-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Minkiewicz M, Czoty PW, Blough BE, Nader MA. Evaluation of the Reinforcing Strength of Phendimetrazine Using a Progressive-Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement in Rhesus Monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:1-5. [PMID: 32269168 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.264952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulant abuse is a persistent public health problem with no Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapy. Although monoamine-releasing drugs such as d-amphetamine can decrease cocaine self-administration in human and animal laboratory studies, their potential for abuse limits clinical utility. "Abuse-deterrent" formulations of monoamine releasers, such as prodrugs, hold greater clinical promise if their abuse potential is, as theorized, lower than that of cocaine. In these studies, we determined the reinforcing strength of phendimetrazine (PDM), a prodrug for the amphetamine-like monoamine releaser phenmetrazine; both drugs have been shown to decrease cocaine self-administration in laboratory animals. To date, no study has directly compared PDM (Schedule III) with cocaine (Schedule II) under progressive-ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement, which are better suited than fixed-ratio schedules to directly compare reinforcing strength of drugs. Dose-response curves for cocaine (saline, 0.001-0.3 mg/kg per injection) and PDM (0.1-1.0 mg/kg per injection) were generated in six cocaine-experienced male rhesus monkeys during 4-hour sessions with a 20-minute limited hold (LH). Under these conditions, the maximum number of injections was not significantly different between cocaine and PDM. The reinforcing strength of doses situated on the peaks of the cocaine and PDM dose-effect curves were redetermined with a 60-minute LH. The mean number of injections increased for both drugs, but not for saline. Cocaine presentations resulted in significantly higher peak injections than PDM with a 60-minute LH, which is consistent with the lower scheduling of PDM. These results support PDM as Schedule III and highlight the importance of schedule parameters when comparing reinforcing strength of drugs using a PR schedule of reinforcement. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: One strategy for reducing cocaine use is to identify a treatment that substitutes for cocaine but has lower abuse potential. In a rhesus monkey model of drug abuse, this study compared the reinforcing strength of cocaine and phendimetrazine, a drug that has been shown to decrease cocaine use in some studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Minkiewicz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (M.M., P.W.C., M.A.N.) and Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.E.B.)
| | - Paul W Czoty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (M.M., P.W.C., M.A.N.) and Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.E.B.)
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (M.M., P.W.C., M.A.N.) and Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.E.B.)
| | - Michael A Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (M.M., P.W.C., M.A.N.) and Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.E.B.)
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4
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Stoops WW, Strickland JC, Alcorn JL, Hays LR, Rayapati AO, Lile JA, Rush CR. Influence of phendimetrazine maintenance on the reinforcing, subjective, performance, and physiological effects of intranasal cocaine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2569-2577. [PMID: 30900008 PMCID: PMC6697562 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE No pharmacotherapies are approved for cocaine use disorder. Phendimetrazine, a prodrug of the monoamine-releaser phenmetrazine, attenuates the reinforcing effects of cocaine in preclinical models, has minimal abuse potential, and is safe when combined with cocaine. OBJECTIVES This study determined the influence of phendimetrazine maintenance on the reinforcing effects of cocaine (i.e., choice to self-administer cocaine), along with the subjective, performance, and physiological effects of cocaine. We hypothesized that phendimetrazine would attenuate the reinforcing effects of cocaine. METHODS Twenty-nine subjects with cocaine use disorder completed this within-subject, inpatient study. The subjects were maintained on placebo and 210 mg phendimetrazine in a counterbalanced order. After at least 7 days of maintenance on the target dose, the subjects completed experimental sessions in which the effects of single doses of 0, 20, 40, and 80 mg of intranasal cocaine were determined. RESULTS Cocaine functioned as a reinforcer, producing significant dose-related increases in self-administration. Cocaine increased prototypic effects (e.g., ratings of stimulated and blood pressure). Phendimetrazine attenuated ratings on a select set of subjective outcomes (e.g., ratings of talkative/friendly), but failed to reduce the reinforcing effects of cocaine or a majority of positive subjective cocaine effects. Phendimetrazine increased heart rate, indicating a physiologically active dose was tested, but heart rate increases were not clinically significant. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that although phendimetrazine can safely be combined with cocaine, it does not attenuate the abuse-related effects of cocaine. It is unlikely, then, that phendimetrazine will be an effective standalone treatment for cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W. Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, U.S.A.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, U.S.A.,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A.,Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 845 Angliana Ave, Lexington, KY 40508, U.S.A.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Room 140, Lexington, KY 40536-0086. Telephone: +1 (859) 257-5388. Facsimile: +1 (859) 257-7684. Electronic mail may be sent to
| | - Justin C. Strickland
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A
| | - Joseph L. Alcorn
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, U.S.A
| | - Lon R. Hays
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, U.S.A
| | - Abner O. Rayapati
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, U.S.A
| | - Joshua A. Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, U.S.A.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, U.S.A.,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A
| | - Craig R. Rush
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, U.S.A.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, U.S.A.,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A
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5
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Jiang Y, Murnane KS, Bhattaccharjee SA, Blough BE, Banga AK. Skin Delivery and Irritation Potential of Phenmetrazine as a Candidate Transdermal Formulation for Repurposed Indications. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:70. [PMID: 31152318 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenmetrazine, a selective dopamine and norepinephrine releaser, previously available as an oral anorectic, is prone to be abused. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of delivering phenmetrazine via the transdermal route for a new indication, while also minimizing its abuse potential. The passive permeation of phenmetrazine through dermatomed human cadaver skin was evaluated using static Franz diffusion cells at 10 mg/mL for the fumarate salt, and at 20, 40, and 80 mg/mL for the free base in propylene glycol for 24 h. Further, oleic acid (5% w/w), oleyl alcohol (5% and 10% w/w), and lauric acid (10% w/w) were investigated as chemical permeation enhancers to enhance the delivery. Skin irritation potential was assessed using EpiDerm™ in vitro reconstructed human epidermal model. The free base showed superior 24-h delivery (8.13 ± 4.07%, 10.6 ± 2.5%, and 10.4 ± 1.4% for groups with 20, 40, and 80 mg/mL of the free base, respectively) to phenmetrazine fumarate salt (undetectable). The successful screening of effective chemical enhancers, oleyl alcohol (5% and 10% w/w), oleic acid (5% w/w), and lauric acid (10% w/w) resulted in significant enhancement of delivery. The calculated therapeutic relevant flux for the potential indication, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 20 μg/cm2/h was met, where a 24-mg daily dose from a 50-cm2 patch was projected to be delivered to a 60-kg individual. Irritation study results suggest that formulations with therapeutically relevant delivery are likely to be non-irritant. In conclusion, it is feasible to deliver therapeutically relevant amounts of phenmetrazine via the transdermal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kevin S Murnane
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sonalika A Bhattaccharjee
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ajay K Banga
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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6
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McLaughlin G, Baumann MH, Kavanagh PV, Morris N, Power JD, Dowling G, Twamley B, O’Brien J, Hessman G, Westphal F, Walther D, Brandt SD. Synthesis, analytical characterization, and monoamine transporter activity of the new psychoactive substance 4-methylphenmetrazine (4-MPM), with differentiation from its ortho- and meta- positional isomers. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1404-1416. [PMID: 29673128 PMCID: PMC7316143 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The availability of new psychoactive substances (NPS) on the recreational drug market continues to create challenges for scientists in the forensic, clinical and toxicology fields. Phenmetrazine (3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholine) and an array of its analogs form a class of psychostimulants that are well documented in the patent and scientific literature. The present study reports on two phenmetrazine analogs that have been encountered on the NPS market following the introduction of 3-fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM), namely 4-methylphenmetrazine (4-MPM), and 3-methylphenmetrazine (3-MPM). This study describes the syntheses, analytical characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of the positional isomers of MPM. Analytical characterizations employed various chromatographic, spectroscopic, and mass spectrometric platforms. Pharmacological studies were conducted to assess whether MPM isomers might display stimulant-like effects similar to the parent compound phenmetrazine. The isomers were tested for their ability to inhibit uptake or stimulate release of tritiated substrates at dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin transporters using in vitro transporter assays in rat brain synaptosomes. The analytical characterization of three vendor samples revealed the presence of 4-MPM in two of the samples and 3-MPM in the third sample, which agreed with the product label. The pharmacological findings suggest that 2-MPM and 3-MPM will exhibit stimulant properties similar to the parent compound phenmetrazine, whereas 4-MPM may display entactogen properties more similar to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). The combination of test purchases, analytical characterization, targeted organic synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of NPS and their isomers is an effective approach for the provision of data on these substances as they emerge in the marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, James’s Street, Dublin 8, D08W9RT, Ireland
- Forensic Science Ireland, Garda Headquarters, Phoenix Park, Dublin 8, D08HN3X, Ireland
| | - Michael H. Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Suite 4400, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Pierce V. Kavanagh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, James’s Street, Dublin 8, D08W9RT, Ireland
| | - Noreen Morris
- Department of Life & Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, N37HD68, Ireland
| | - John D. Power
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, James’s Street, Dublin 8, D08W9RT, Ireland
- Forensic Science Ireland, Garda Headquarters, Phoenix Park, Dublin 8, D08HN3X, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Dowling
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, James’s Street, Dublin 8, D08W9RT, Ireland
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, Sligo Institute of Technology, Ash Lane, Sligo, F91YW50, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, D02EV57, Ireland
| | - John O’Brien
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, D02EV57, Ireland
| | - Gary Hessman
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, D02EV57, Ireland
| | - Folker Westphal
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Section Narcotics/Toxicology, Mühlenweg 166, D-24116 Kiel, Germany
| | - Donna Walther
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Suite 4400, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Simon D. Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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7
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Leone O, Agostini V, Foà A, Cerbelli B, di Gioia CRT, Aromatario M, Ciallella C, Lucena J, d'Amati G. Cardiac pathologic findings in 3 unusual cases of sudden cardiac death related to anorexiant drugs. Hum Pathol 2017; 69:101-109. [PMID: 29024685 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine congeners can be prescribed as anorexiant drugs despite their potential adverse effects, including cardiac toxicity. However, the morphologic features of cardiac damage related to protracted use of these compounds are unknown. We provide a detailed description of cardiac autopsy findings in 3 cases of sudden death associated with protracted use of high doses of phendimetrazine and/or phenylpropanolamine or bupropion prescribed as anorexiants, in association with other compounds. The main cardiac findings were similar in all 3 cases: (1) mild-moderate hypertrophy of the left ventricle and/or the septum; (2) myocardial nonischemic scarring (midmural and/or subepicardial) appearing as discrete foci or with a bandlike morphology; (3) mild-moderate intramural small vessel disease in the absence of significant epicardial coronary artery stenosis; and (4) acute/recent inflammatory lesions consistent with toxic myocarditis. In summary, the detailed pathology examination of the heart in these 3 cases revealed myocardial lesions identical to those reported in catecholamine myocardial damage in all their various stages of evolution. In the presence of a clinical history of long-term intake of anorexiants of this category, it is most important at autopsy to recognize and correctly interpret the acute and chronic myocardial lesions of the type herein described because they represent an anatomical substrate for arrhythmic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Leone
- Department of Pathology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, 40138, Italy.
| | - Valentina Agostini
- Department of Pathology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Alberto Foà
- Cardiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Bruna Cerbelli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | | | - Mariarosaria Aromatario
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Costantino Ciallella
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Joaquin Lucena
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Seville, 41015, Spain
| | - Giulia d'Amati
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy.
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8
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Kwon NJ, . EH. Review of the Roles of Health Professionals about the Use of
Anorectics: A Narrative Review Article. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.218.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Strickland JC, Bolin BL, Romanelli MR, Rush CR, Stoops WW. Effects of acute buspirone administration on inhibitory control and sexual discounting in cocaine users. Hum Psychopharmacol 2017; 32. [PMID: 28120485 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cocaine users display deficits in inhibitory control and make impulsive choices that may increase risky behavior. Buspirone is an anxiolytic that activates dopaminergic and serotonergic systems and improves impulsive choice (i.e., reduces sexual risk-taking intent) in cocaine users when administered chronically. We evaluated the effects of acutely administered buspirone on inhibitory control and impulsive choice. METHODS Eleven subjects with a recent history of cocaine use completed this within-subject, placebo-controlled study. Subjects performed two cued go/no-go and a sexual risk delay-discounting task following oral administration of buspirone (10 and 30 mg), triazolam (0.375 mg; positive control), and placebo (negative control). Physiological and psychomotor performance and subject-rated data were also collected. RESULTS Buspirone failed to change inhibitory control or impulsive choice; however, slower reaction times were observed at the highest dose tested. Buspirone did not produce subject-rated drug effects but dose-dependently decreased diastolic blood pressure. Triazolam impaired psychomotor performance and increased ratings of positive subject-rated effects (e.g., Like Drug). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that acutely administered buspirone has little impact on behavioral measures of inhibitory control and impulsive sexual decision-making. Considering previous findings with chronic dosing, these findings highlight that the behavioral effects of buspirone differ as a function of dosing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B Levi Bolin
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Craig R Rush
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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10
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Karkhanis AN, Beveridge TJR, Blough BE, Jones SR, Ferris MJ. The individual and combined effects of phenmetrazine and mgluR2/3 agonist LY379268 on the motivation to self-administer cocaine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 166:51-60. [PMID: 27394931 PMCID: PMC5003316 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The US Food and Drug Administration has not approved a treatment for cocaine addiction, possibly due in part to the fact that repeated cocaine use results in dysregulation of multiple neurotransmitter systems, including glutamate and dopamine, and an emergence of increased negative affective states and heightening motivation to take cocaine despite negative consequences. We used a combination therapy approach to assess whether modulation of both glutamate and dopamine transmission would reduce the motivation to self- administer cocaine compared to modulation of either system alone. METHODS The metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonist, LY379268, and the monoamine releaser, phenmetrazine, were used to assess their individual and combined ability to decrease the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine because they modulate glutamate and dopamine levels, respectively. Cocaine breakpoints and cocaine intake was assessed, using a progressive ratio schedule, at baseline in three groups based on dose of cocaine (0.19, 0.38, 0.75mg/kg/infusion), and following LY379268 (0.03 or 0.30mg/kg; i.p.), phenmetrazine (25mg/kg/day; osmotic minipump), and a combination of the two drugs. RESULTS LY379268 and phenmetrazine alone reduced breakpoints for all doses of cocaine. The combination of the two drugs showed a concerted effect in reducing breakpoints for all doses of cocaine, with the lowest dose of cocaine reduced by as much as 70%. CONCLUSIONS These data support combination therapy of dopamine and glutamate systems as an effective means to reduce the motivation to take cocaine since a combination of drugs can address neurobiological dysfunction in multiple neurotransmitter systems compared to therapies using single drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree N. Karkhanis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest
School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Thomas J. R. Beveridge
- Clinical Sciences, Medical Affairs, Ferring Pharmaceuticals
Inc., 100 Interpace Parkway, Parsippany, NJ 07054, USA
| | - Bruce E. Blough
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research
Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sara R. Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest
School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mark J. Ferris
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest
School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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11
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Stoops WW, Strickland JC, Hays LR, Rayapati AO, Lile JA, Rush CR. Safety and tolerability of intranasal cocaine during phendimetrazine maintenance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2055-2063. [PMID: 26932737 PMCID: PMC4864128 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Phendimetrazine appears to have limited abuse potential and reduces cocaine self-administration in preclinical studies. No human studies have evaluated the safety and tolerability of cocaine in combination with phendimetrazine, which is a necessary next step in evaluating the efficacy of phendimetrazine for treating cocaine use disorder. OBJECTIVES This study determined the safety and tolerability of acute cocaine doses during chronic phendimetrazine treatment. METHODS Ten subjects completed this within-subject, placebo-controlled, inpatient study. Subjects were maintained on ascending oral phendimetrazine doses (0, 70, 140, and 210 mg/day). After at least seven maintenance days at each dose, subjects received ascending doses of intranasal cocaine (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg), separated by 90 min, within one session. RESULTS Cocaine produced prototypical cardiovascular and subject-rated effects (e.g., increased blood pressure and ratings of like drug). The cardiovascular effects of cocaine alone were not clinically significant for an acute drug response (e.g., average heart rate did not approach tachycardia, 100 beats/min). Phendimetrazine enhanced peak heart rate following placebo and low cocaine doses, but these effects were also not clinically significant. Phendimetrazine was otherwise devoid of effects alone and did not alter the subject-rated effects of cocaine or hypothetical demand for cocaine on a purchase task. CONCLUSIONS Cocaine was safe and well tolerated during maintenance on a threefold range of phendimetrazine doses. Given this safety profile, the reduced abuse potential of phendimetrazine and promising preclinical research, future human laboratory studies, and possibly clinical trials should evaluate the efficacy of phendimetrazine for reducing cocaine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Room 140, Lexington, KY, 40536-0086, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY, 40509-1810, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA.
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA
| | - Lon R Hays
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY, 40509-1810, USA
| | - Abner O Rayapati
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY, 40509-1810, USA
| | - Joshua A Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Room 140, Lexington, KY, 40536-0086, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY, 40509-1810, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA
| | - Craig R Rush
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Room 140, Lexington, KY, 40536-0086, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY, 40509-1810, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA
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