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The RDoC approach for translational psychiatry: Could a genetic disorder with psychiatric symptoms help fill the matrix? the example of Prader-Willi syndrome. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:274. [PMID: 32772048 PMCID: PMC7415132 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Research Domain Criteria project (RDoc) proposes a new classification system based on information from several fields in order to encourage translational perspectives. Nevertheless, integrating genetic markers into this classification has remained difficult because of the lack of powerful associations between targeted genes and RDoC domains. We hypothesized that genetic diseases with psychiatric manifestations would be good models for RDoC gene investigations and would thereby extend the translational approach to involve targeted gene pathways. To explore this possibility, we reviewed the current knowledge on Prader-Willi syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by the absence of expression of some of the genes of the chromosome 15q11-13 region inherited from the father. Indeed, we found that the associations between genes of the PW locus and the modification identified in the relevant behavioral, physiological, and brain imaging studies followed the structure of the RDoC matrix and its six domains (positive valence, negative valence, social processing, cognitive systems, arousal/regulatory systems, and sensorimotor systems).
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Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity. Biol Psychol 2017; 131:5-13. [PMID: 28479142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The US remains at the forefront of a global obesity epidemic with a significant negative impact on public health. While it is well known that a balance between energy intake and expenditure is homeostatically regulated to control weight, growing evidence points to multifactorial social, neurobehavioral and metabolic determinants of food intake that influence obesity risk. This review presents factors such as the ubiquitous presence of rewarding foods in the environment and increased salience of such foods that stimulate brain reward motivation and stress circuits to influence eating behaviors. These rewarding foods via conditioned and reinforcing effects stimulate not only metabolic, but also stress hormones, that, in turn, hijack the brain emotional (limbic) and motivational (striatal) pathways, to promote food craving and excessive food intake. Furthermore, the impact of high levels of stress and trauma and altered metabolic environment (e.g. higher weight, altered insulin sensitivity) on prefrontal cortical self-control processes that regulate emotional, motivational and visceral homeostatic mechanisms of food intake and obesity risk are also discussed. A heuristic framework is presented in which the interactive dynamic effects of neurobehavioral adaptations in metabolic, motivation and stress neurobiology may further support food craving, excessive food intake and weight gain in a complex feed-forward manner. Implications of such adaptations in brain addictive-motivational and stress pathways and their effects on excessive food intake and weight gain are discussed to highlight key questions that requires future research attention in order to better understand and address the growing obesity epidemic.
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Yao J, Ji G, Qian L, Wang J, Zhang G, Tian J, Nie Y, Zhang YE, Gold MS, Liu Y. Obesity: pathophysiology and intervention. Nutrients 2014; 6:5153-83. [PMID: 25412152 PMCID: PMC4245585 DOI: 10.3390/nu6115153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity presents a major health hazard of the 21st century. It promotes co-morbid diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. Excessive energy intake, physical inactivity, and genetic susceptibility are main causal factors for obesity, while gene mutations, endocrine disorders, medication, or psychiatric illnesses may be underlying causes in some cases. The development and maintenance of obesity may involve central pathophysiological mechanisms such as impaired brain circuit regulation and neuroendocrine hormone dysfunction. Dieting and physical exercise offer the mainstays of obesity treatment, and anti-obesity drugs may be taken in conjunction to reduce appetite or fat absorption. Bariatric surgeries may be performed in overtly obese patients to lessen stomach volume and nutrient absorption, and induce faster satiety. This review provides a summary of literature on the pathophysiological studies of obesity and discusses relevant therapeutic strategies for managing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
| | - Ju Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
| | - Jianliang Yao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
| | - Gang Ji
- Xijing Gastrointestinal Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Long Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
| | - Guansheng Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
| | - Jie Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- Xijing Gastrointestinal Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Yi Edi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Zhang Y, Zhao H, Qiu S, Tian J, Wen X, Miller JL, von Deneen KM, Zhou Z, Gold MS, Liu Y. Altered functional brain networks in Prader-Willi syndrome. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:622-9. [PMID: 23335390 PMCID: PMC3776442 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic imprinting disorder characterized mainly by hyperphagia and early childhood obesity. Previous functional neuroimaging studies used visual stimuli to examine abnormal activities in the eating-related neural circuitry of patients with PWS. It was found that patients with PWS exhibited both excessive hunger and hyperphagia consistently, even in situations without any food stimulation. In the present study, we employed resting-state functional MRI techniques to investigate abnormal brain networks related to eating disorders in children with PWS. First, we applied amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation analysis to define the regions of interest that showed significant alterations in resting-state brain activity levels in patients compared with their sibling control group. We then applied a functional connectivity (FC) analysis to these regions of interest in order to characterize interactions among the brain regions. Our results demonstrated that patients with PWS showed decreased FC strength in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)/inferior parietal lobe (IPL), MPFC/precuneus, IPL/precuneus and IPL/hippocampus in the default mode network; decreased FC strength in the pre-/postcentral gyri and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)/orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the motor sensory network and prefrontal cortex network, respectively; and increased FC strength in the anterior cingulate cortex/insula, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)/OFC and DLPFC/VLPFC in the core network and prefrontal cortex network, respectively. These findings indicate that there are FC alterations among the brain regions implicated in eating as well as rewarding, even during the resting state, which may provide further evidence supporting the use of PWS as a model to study obesity and to provide information on potential neural targets for the medical treatment of overeating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Heng Zhao
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siyou Qiu
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Wen
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Karen M. von Deneen
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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White MA, Grilo CM, O'Malley SS, Potenza MN. Clinical case discussion: binge eating disorder, obesity and tobacco smoking. J Addict Med 2012; 4:11-9. [PMID: 20436923 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0b013e3181ce38c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marney A White
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
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Dichter GS, Damiano CA, Allen JA. Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings. J Neurodev Disord 2012; 4:19. [PMID: 22958744 PMCID: PMC3464940 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-4-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes evidence of dysregulated reward circuitry function in a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and genetic syndromes. First, the contribution of identifying a core mechanistic process across disparate disorders to disease classification is discussed, followed by a review of the neurobiology of reward circuitry. We next consider preclinical animal models and clinical evidence of reward-pathway dysfunction in a range of disorders, including psychiatric disorders (i.e., substance-use disorders, affective disorders, eating disorders, and obsessive compulsive disorders), neurodevelopmental disorders (i.e., schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, Tourette's syndrome, conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder), and genetic syndromes (i.e., Fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Williams syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Rett syndrome). We also provide brief overviews of effective psychopharmacologic agents that have an effect on the dopamine system in these disorders. This review concludes with methodological considerations for future research designed to more clearly probe reward-circuitry dysfunction, with the ultimate goal of improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Dichter
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, CB# 7255, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 275997255, USA
| | - Cara A Damiano
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John A Allen
- Neuroscience Research Unit Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Zhang Y, Tian J, von Deneen KM, Liu Y, Gold MS. Process addictions in 2012: food, internet and gambling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/npy.12.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a multifaceted developmental disorder most commonly associated with extreme hyperphagia and life-threatening obesity. PWS is a genetic disorder of imprinting with almost all cases occurring spontaneously. Behavioural and imaging studies have shown that obesity in PWS arises from overeating driven by a faulty satiety mechanism which manifests as an almost permanent state similar to starvation. With no available treatments, management of the eating behaviour is the only option and has two main strategies: restrict access to food and distract thoughts from food. In this mini review, which we have aimed at clinicians, we outline the main aspects of PWS including genetics, development of the eating behaviour and best practice approaches to management.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J McAllister
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Whittington J, Holland A. Neurobehavioral phenotype in Prader-Willi syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 154C:438-47. [PMID: 20981773 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this article is on the lifetime development of people with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and specifically on the neurobehavioral phenotype. We consider studies of this aspect of the phenotype (the "behavioral phenotype" of the syndrome) that have confirmed that there are specific behaviors and psychiatric disorders, the propensities to which are increased in those with PWS, and cannot be accounted for by other variables such as IQ or adaptive behavior. Beginning with a description of what is observed in people with PWS, we review the evolving PWS phenotype and consider how some aspects of the phenotype might be best explained, and how this complex phenotype may relate to the equally complex genotype. We then consider in more detail some of the neurobehavioral aspects of the phenotype listed above that raise the greatest management problems for parents and carers.
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Body mass index, metabolic factors, and striatal activation during stressful and neutral-relaxing states: an FMRI study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:627-37. [PMID: 21048702 PMCID: PMC3055687 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stress is associated with alterations in neural motivational-reward pathways in the ventral striatum (VS), hormonal/metabolic changes, and weight increases. The relationship between these different factors is not well understood. We hypothesized that body mass index (BMI) status and hormonal/metabolic factors would be associated with VS activation. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare brain responses of overweight and obese (OW/OB: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2): N=27) individuals with normal weight (NW: BMI<18.5-24.9 kg/m(2): N=21) individuals during exposure to personalized stress, alcohol cue, and neutral-relaxing situations using a validated, autobiographical, script-driven, guided-imagery paradigm. Metabolic factors, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, and leptin, were examined for their association with VS activation. Consistent with previous studies, stress and alcohol cue exposure each increased activity in cortico-limbic regions. Compared with NW individuals, OW/OB individuals showed greater VS activation in the neutral-relaxing and stress conditions. FPG was correlated with VS activation. Significant associations between VS activation and metabolic factors during stress and relaxation suggest the involvement of metabolic factors in striatal dysfunction in OW/OB individuals. This relationship may contribute to non-homeostatic feeding in obesity.
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Liu Y, von Deneen KM, Kobeissy FH, Gold MS. Food addiction and obesity: evidence from bench to bedside. J Psychoactive Drugs 2010; 42:133-45. [PMID: 20648909 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2010.10400686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a major health problem and epidemic. However, much of the current debate has been fractious and etiologies of obesity have been attributed to eating behavior or fast food, personality issues, depression, addiction, or genetics. One of the interesting new hypotheses for epidemic obesity is food addiction, which is associated with both substance-related disorder and eating disorder. Accumulating evidences have shown that there are many shared neural and hormonal pathways as well as distinct differences that may help researchers find why certain individuals overeat and become obese. Functional neuroimaging studies have further revealed that good or great smelling, looking, tasting, and reinforcing food has characteristics similar to that of drugs of abuse. Many of the brain changes reported for hedonic eating and obesity are also seen in various forms of addictions. Most importantly, overeating and obesity may have an acquired drive like drug addiction with respect to motivation and incentive; craving, wanting, and liking occur after early and repeated exposures to stimuli. The acquired drive for great food and relative weakness of the satiety signal would cause an imbalance between the drive and hunger/reward centers in the brain and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Liu
- Division of Global Tobacco, Alcohol, Obesity & Health Research, University of Florida, Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, PO Box 100256, Gainesville, FL 32610-0256, USA.
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