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De Sola H, Salazar A, Palomo-Osuna J, Dueñas M, Failde I, Moral-Munoz J. Understanding the impact of the COVID-19-related lockdown in university workers. Identifying groups through cluster analysis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12483. [PMID: 36568659 PMCID: PMC9762915 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyse the COVID-19-related lockdown impact on University workers, to identify groups based on this information, and to study the factors associated with each group. Study design Cross-sectional study. Methods A survey was conducted 3.5 weeks after COVID-19-related lockdown in University workers in Spain. Sociodemographic variables, housing, work, health conditions, levels of anxiety, stress and depression (DASS-21), and social support (MSPSS) were collected. A cluster analysis was performed to identify groups depending on the impact of the lockdown. Differences between groups were tested using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney-U tests, and associated factors with binary logistic regression. Results We identified two groups of workers. "G1: Consequences in the daily life routine" was mainly composed of men, Research and Teaching Personnel (RTP) with more stable professional categories, higher income level, and bigger houses than people in G2. Participants in "G2: Concerns for the current and future well-being" presented worse intensity of pain than before the lockdown, more anxiety, depression, stress and less social support than people in G1. ASP (Administration and Services Personnel) had more risk of belonging to G2 than RTP (OR = 5.863). A higher number of people living at home decreased the risk of being in G2 (OR = 0.439). People with lower pain intensity had less risk of being in G2 (OR = 0.014), and this risk decreased as friends support increased (OR = 0.833). Conclusions In G1, the consequences were immediately reflected in the stress resulting from changes in their daily work routine. In G2, the concerns were related to their professional future, with worse mental health, greater intensity of pain and less social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. De Sola
- The Observatory of Pain, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Area, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - A. Salazar
- The Observatory of Pain, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
- Corresponding author.
| | - J. Palomo-Osuna
- The Observatory of Pain, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Area, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - M. Dueñas
- The Observatory of Pain, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - I. Failde
- The Observatory of Pain, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Area, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - J.A. Moral-Munoz
- The Observatory of Pain, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
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Enomoto K, Kugo M, Fukui S, Sasaki J. Cognitive behavioral therapy for an individual suffering from chronic pain with overactivity and sleep disturbance: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05838. [PMID: 35600031 PMCID: PMC9122793 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from chronic pain (CP) with overactivity frequently experience sleep disturbance. We presented a 35‐year‐old woman suffering from CP. To improve the sleep disturbance of individuals suffering from CP with overactivity, it is important to combine cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and activity pacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoka Enomoto
- Graduate School of Human Sciences Osaka University Suita Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan
- Pain Management Clinic Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital Otsu Japan
| | - Masato Kugo
- Department of Rehabilitation Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital Otsu Japan
| | - Sei Fukui
- Pain Management Clinic Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital Otsu Japan
| | - Jun Sasaki
- Graduate School of Human Sciences Osaka University Suita Japan
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Mohamed Ali O, Borg Debono V, Anthonypillai J, Hapidou EG. A Qualitative Study of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Sample of Patients With Chronic Pain. J Patient Exp 2022; 9:23743735221089698. [PMID: 35434298 PMCID: PMC8995192 DOI: 10.1177/23743735221089698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This qualitative phenomenological study examined the impact of the COVID-19
pandemic on the lives of patients living with chronic pain. Patients referred to
an intensive interdisciplinary pain management program between June 2020 to June
2021 were asked, “How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect your life?” as part of
their interdisciplinary assessment. Ninety patients (50 Veterans, 40 civilians)
provided comments to this question, which were independently organized into
themes using an inductive approach by 4 researchers. Nine main themes emerged:
(1) changed psychological state, (2) minimal to no effect, (3) affected personal
life activities, (4) changes in accessing care, (5) changes in work/education
situation, (6) changes in family dynamics, (7) experiencing more annoyances, (8)
COVID-19 pandemic is a barrier to making positive changes, and (9) got COVID-19.
Themes are consistent with topics of interest in light of this ongoing, global
stressor. Most commonly reported themes reflected changes in psychological
well-being and changes in access to care, highlighting similarities between life
with chronic pain and life under the pandemic for this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Mohamed Ali
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Canada
| | | | | | - Eleni G. Hapidou
- Michael G. DeGroote Pain Clinic, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Overactivity in Chronic Pain, the Role of Pain-related Endurance and Neuromuscular Activity: An Interdisciplinary, Narrative Review. Clin J Pain 2021; 36:162-171. [PMID: 31833914 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Decades of research have convincingly shown that fear of pain and pain-related avoidance behavior are important precursors of disability in daily life. Reduced activity as a consequence of avoidance, however, cannot be blamed for chronic disability in all patients. A contrasting behavior, pain-related dysfunctional endurance in a task and overactivity has to be considered. Currently, there is a need to better understand the psychological determinants of overactivity, dysfunctional endurance, and neurobiomechanical consequences. METHODS This is a narrative review. RESULTS The first part of this review elucidates research on self-reported overactivity, showing associations with higher levels of pain and disability, especially in spinal load positions, for example, lifting, bending, or spending too long a time in specific positions. In addition, measures of habitual endurance-related pain responses, based on the avoidance-endurance model, are related to objective assessments of physical activity and, again, especially in positions known to cause high spinal load (part 2). The final part reveals findings from neuromuscular research on motor control indicating the possibility that, in particular, overactivity and dysfunctional endurance may result in a number of dysfunctional adaptations with repetitive strain injuries of muscles, ligaments, and vertebral segments as precursors of pain. DISCUSSION This narrative review brings together different research lines on overactivity, pain-related endurance, and supposed neuromuscular consequences. Clinicians should distinguish between patients who rest and escape from pain at low levels of pain, but who have high levels of fear of pain and those who predominantly persist in activities despite severely increasing pain until a break will be enforced by intolerable pain levels.
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Suygun ET, Celenay ST. Turkish Translation of the Patterns of Activity Measure-Pain in Patients with Chronic Low Back and Neck Pain: Validity and Reliability. Pain Manag Nurs 2021; 23:231-236. [PMID: 33637433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To translate the Patterns of Activity Measure-Pain (POAM-P) into Turkish and test its validity and reliability. METHODS A total of 252 patients with chronic low back and neck pain were included. The Turkish translation of the POAM-P (POAMP/T), which has subgroups of Avoidance, Overdoing, and Pacing, was performed in accordance with international recommendations. The POAMP/T was administered twice. Physical activity level was assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-7 (IPAQ-7), and psychologic status was assessed with the Hospital Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression Scales (HADS-D). The internal and external construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were analyzed. RESULTS Three related factorial structures were defined in Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Indexes and factor loads were found to be sufficient. A negative relationship was observed between avoidance and IPAQ-7 (rho = -0.328, p < .001), HADS-D (ρ = -0.163, p = .009), and HADS-A scores (ρ = -0.164, p = .009); whereas, a positive relationship was observed between overdoing and IPAQ-7 (ρ = 0.362, p < .001), HADS-D (ρ = 0.309, p < .001), and HADS-A scores (ρ = 0.325, p < .001). A negative correlation was found between pacing and IPAQ-7 (ρ = -0.200, p = .001), HADS-D (ρ = -0.507, p < .001), and HADS-A scores (ρ = -0.509, p < .001). The Cronbach alpha values for avoidance, overdoing, and pacing were obtained as 0.941, 0.917, and 0.940, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient for avoidance, overdoing, and pacing was found as 0.972, 0.973, and 0.972, respectively. Test and retest scores were similar (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS The Turkish version of the POAM-P is a valid and reliable scale for the assessment of pain-related activity patterns in patients with chronic low back or neck pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Tunc Suygun
- Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Therapy and Rehabilitation, Karaman, Turkey.
| | - Seyda Toprak Celenay
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey
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Andrews NE, Chien CW, Ireland D, Varnfield M. Overactivity assessment in chronic pain: The development and psychometric evaluation of a multifaceted self-report assessment. Eur J Pain 2020; 25:225-242. [PMID: 32965735 PMCID: PMC7821341 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Overactivity in the context of chronic pain (i.e. activity engagement that significantly exacerbates pain) is an important clinical issue that has gained empirical attention in the last decade. Current assessment concepts of overactivity tend to focus on frequency to quantify the severity of the pain behaviour. This study aimed to develop and validate a more comprehensive self‐assessment, the Overactivity in Persistent Pain Assessment (OPPA). Methods A sample of 333 individuals with chronic pain completed the OPPA. A subset of 202 individuals also completed a set of existing measures of pain‐related outcomes and activity patterns. The remaining 131 participants were provided with a second copy of the OPPA to fill in one week following their initial assessment. Results A principal component analysis confirmed that the OPPA items were best represented by a single construct. The OPPA was found to correlate with pain‐related measures in an expected way that is supported by both theory and qualitative data. When compared to existing overactivity measures, the OPPA was the only measure to contribute significantly to the regression models predicting higher levels of pain severity, more pain interference and lower levels of activity participation after controlling for age, gender and activity avoidance. In addition, the OPPA scale exhibited acceptable internal consistency and good test–retest reliability. Conclusion The results of this study reinforce the potentially important role of overactivity in the maintenance of pain‐related suffering and supports a corresponding assessment tool with preliminary psychometric evidence for clinical and research applications. Significance This study deconstructs the overactivity concept and develop a corresponding assessment based on five quantifiable severity features: severity of pain exacerbation, maladaptive coping strategies used, impact on occupational performance, recovery time and frequency. Results of the psychometric evaluation indicate that this comprehensive assessment of overactivity severity features may be necessary to understand the impact of overactivity on pain severity and physical functioning from both a clinical and research perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Andrews
- RECOVER Injury Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld., Australia.,Department of Occupational Therapy, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Qld., Australia.,Tess Cramond Pain and Research Centre, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Qld., Australia
| | - Chi-Wen Chien
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - David Ireland
- The Australian eHealth Research Centre, CSIRO, Herston, Qld., Australia
| | - Marlien Varnfield
- The Australian eHealth Research Centre, CSIRO, Herston, Qld., Australia
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Exploring Changes in Activity Patterns in Individuals with Chronic Pain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103560. [PMID: 32438693 PMCID: PMC7277738 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This longitudinal study explored whether activity patterns change over time in a sample of 56 individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain over a 15-day period. Once a day, the participants recorded their level of pain intensity and the degree to which they had engaged in several specific activity patterns. Linear mixed models with random coefficients were used to investigate the rate of change in the activity patterns. Age, sex, pain intensity, and pain duration were controlled. The results show that excessive persistence was the only self-reported activity pattern to show a linear change over the 15-day period. There was a decrease in excessive persistence, and this decrease was slower with higher levels of activity avoidance. However, no significant association was found between sex, age, pain intensity, and pain duration and excessive persistence at baseline or change over time. At baseline, a positive association was found between excessive persistence and pain avoidance, pain-related persistence, and pacing to reduce pain, and a negative association was found between excessive persistence and pacing to save energy for valued activities. This result suggests a profile characterized by alternate periods of high and low activity that, in this study, were unrelated to longitudinal changes in pain intensity.
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8
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Burrows NJ, Barry BK, Sturnieks DL, Booth J, Jones MD. The Relationship Between Daily Physical Activity and Pain in Individuals with Knee Osteoarthritis. PAIN MEDICINE 2020; 21:2481-2495. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnaa096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Investigate the association between physical activity and pain severity in individuals with knee osteoarthritis.
Design
Cross-sectional; systematic review with meta-analyses.
Methods
Thirty-one participants with knee osteoarthritis underwent assessment of symptoms via self-report questionnaires and quantitative sensory testing. Following testing, physical activity and symptoms were monitored for seven days using accelerometers and logbooks. Cross-correlation analyses were performed on fluctuations in symptoms and physical activity across the week to detect the relative timing of the strongest association between pain and activity. These data were complemented by meta-analyses of studies that examined correlations between pain from knee osteoarthritis and physical activity or fitness.
Results
Pain severity at baseline correlated with moderate to vigorous physical activity (r2 = 0.161–0.212, P < 0.05), whereby participants who were more physically active had less pain. Conversely, the peak of the cross-correlation analyses was most often positive and lagging, which indicated that pain was increased subsequent to periods of increased activity. These superficially discrepant findings were supported by the results of a meta-analysis of 13 studies and 9,363 participants, which identified significant heterogeneity for associations between physical activity and pain (I2 = 91%). Stronger inverse associations were found between fitness and pain.
Conclusions
Associations between physical activity and pain in people with knee osteoarthritis are variable and dynamic. These results reflect the beneficial impact of an active lifestyle and accompanying higher fitness. Yet, the side effect of acute periods of physical activity to transiently exacerbate pain may influence the behavior of some people to avoid activity because of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Burrows
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Benjamin K Barry
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- St Lucia Clinical Unit, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daina L Sturnieks
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - John Booth
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew D Jones
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
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Guy L, McKinstry C, Bruce C. Effectiveness of Pacing as a Learned Strategy for People With Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review. Am J Occup Ther 2019; 73:7303205060p1-7303205060p10. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2019.028555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Importance: Pacing is a key pain management strategy used by occupational therapy practitioners when working with people with chronic pain. However, there is a paucity of evidence and a lack of consensus regarding the effectiveness of pacing as a pain management strategy for people with chronic pain.
Objective: To evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of pacing as a learned strategy for people with chronic pain.
Data Sources: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used to undertake a systematic review. Six databases were searched in March 2016 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Combinations of keywords and MeSH terms were used as search terms.
Study Selection and Data Collection: We sought intervention studies that included participants using pacing as a strategy. Studies were assessed for eligibility on the basis of predetermined criteria. Of the 2,820 articles located, 7 RCTs met inclusion criteria.
Findings: Pacing does not reduce the severity of pain or alter psychological traits; however, it can assist in lessening joint stiffness and the interference of fatigue and in decreasing the variability of physical activity.
Conclusions and Relevance: Current evidence supports the delivery of a learned pacing intervention to reduce the interference of fatigue, reduce joint stiffness, and decrease physical activity variability but does not support the use of learned pacing to reduce pain severity. Future research should investigate the effectiveness of pacing as a pain management strategy within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health domains of activity and participation.
What This Article Adds: This systematic review examines existing research on pacing as a learned intervention strategy. The findings will support the clinical reasoning of occupational therapy practitioners, to determine when a learned pacing strategy is indicated, and considerations for how it may be delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Guy
- Lauren Guy, BAppSc (OT), MAOT, is Occupational Therapist, Community-Based Rehabilitation Department, Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Carol McKinstry
- Carol McKinstry, BAppSc (OT), MHlthSc, PhD, Grad Cert Higher Ed, is Associate Professor in Occupational Therapy, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Bruce
- Chris Bruce, OT BSc (Hons), PhD, is Lecturer in Occupational Therapy, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Andrews NE, Strong J, Meredith PJ, Branjerdporn GS. Approach to activity engagement and differences in activity participation in chronic pain: A five-day observational study. Aust Occup Ther J 2018; 65:575-585. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Andrews
- Division of Occupational Therapy; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Department of Occupational Therapy; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Herston Queensland Australia
- The Professor Tess Cramond Multidisciplinary Pain Centre; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Jenny Strong
- Division of Occupational Therapy; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Department of Occupational Therapy; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Pamela J. Meredith
- Division of Occupational Therapy; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Grace S. Branjerdporn
- Division of Occupational Therapy; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia Queensland Australia
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Fear Avoidance and Clinical Outcomes from Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1864-1873. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Interpersonal behavior in anticipation of pain: a naturalistic study of behavioral mimicry prior to surgery. Pain Rep 2018; 2:e605. [PMID: 29392220 PMCID: PMC5741360 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current and anticipated pain relate to mimicry behavior in divergent ways, which may bear upon the elicitation of social support during the experience of pain. Introduction: Social relationships facilitate coping with pain, but research suggests that it may be difficult to galvanize social support during an episode of acute pain. Objectives: The current research examined whether social connections are optimized in the anticipation of pain by observing patients' mimicry of an interaction partner prior to surgery. We hypothesized that when controlling for their current experience of pain, patients' anticipation of pain would be associated with greater mimicry of an interaction partner. Methods: Sixty-five patients were interviewed in the waiting room of a maxillofacial surgery unit prior to the removal of an impacted wisdom tooth. Patients' spontaneous mimicry of an interviewer was observed. Patients then rated the quality and intensity of their anticipated pain, as well as the intensity of their current pain and their affective distress. Results: Anticipated pain, current pain, and affective distress were positively correlated. Current pain was associated with less frequent mimicry of an interaction partner. The zero-order correlation between anticipated pain and mimicry did not reach conventional levels of significance; however, when controlling for current pain, anticipated pain predicted more frequent mimicry of an interaction partner. The relationship between anticipated pain and mimicry was not explained by affective distress. Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate that anticipated and current pain relate to behavioral mimicry in divergent ways. Further research is needed to investigate whether the current pattern of results generalizes to other interpersonal behaviors that facilitate social bonds.
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