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Zavvar M, Assadiasl S, Zargaran S, Akhtari M, Poopak B, Dinarvand R, Fatahi Y, Tayebi L, Soleimanifar N, Nicknam MH. Adoptive Treg cell-based immunotherapy: Frontier therapeutic aspects in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:933-946. [PMID: 32635779 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The major current focus on treating rheumatoid arthritis is to put an end to long-term treatments and instead, specifically block widespread immunosuppression by developing antigen-specific tolerance, while also permitting an intact immune response toward other antigens to occur. There have been promising preclinical findings regarding adoptive Treg cells immunotherapy with a critically responsible function in the prevention of autoimmunity, tissue repair and regeneration, which make them an attractive candidate to develop effective therapeutic approaches to achieve this interesting concept in many human immune-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Ex vivo or invivo manipulation protocols are not only utilized to correct Treg cells defect, but also to benefit from their specific immunosuppressive properties by identifying specific antigens that are expressed in the inflamedjoint. The methods able to address these deficiencies can be considered as a target for immunity interventions to restore appropriate immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Zavvar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Assadiasl
- Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Zargaran
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Akhtari
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Poopak
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Narjes Soleimanifar
- Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nicknam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kirkham B, Chaabo K, Hall C, Garrood T, Mant T, Allen E, Vincent A, Vasconcelos JC, Prevost AT, Panayi GS, Corrigall VM. Safety and patient response as indicated by biomarker changes to binding immunoglobulin protein in the phase I/IIA RAGULA clinical trial in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:1993-2000. [PMID: 27498355 PMCID: PMC5854092 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) is a human endoplasmic reticulum-resident stress protein. In pre-clinical studies it has anti-inflammatory properties due to the induction of regulatory cells. This randomized placebo-controlled, dose ascending double blind phase I/IIA trial of BiP in patients with active RA, who had failed accepted therapies, had the primary objective of safety. Potential efficacy was measured by DAS28-ESR and changes in biomarkers. METHODS Twenty-four patients with active RA who had failed one or more DMARDs were sequentially assigned to three groups each of eight patients randomly allocated to receive placebo (two patients) or BiP (six patients), 1, 5 or 15 mg. Patients received a single i.v. infusion over 1 h and were observed as inpatients overnight. A 12-week follow-up for clinical, rheumatological and laboratory assessments for safety, efficacy (DAS28-ESR) and biomarker analysis was performed. RESULTS No infusion reactions or serious adverse drug reactions were noted. Adverse events were evenly distributed between placebo and BiP groups with no BiP-related toxicities. Haematological, renal and metabolic parameters showed no drug-related toxicities. Remission was only achieved by patients in the 5 and 15 mg groups, and not patients who received placebo or 1 mg BiP. Good DAS28-ESR responses were achieved in all treatment groups. The BiP responding patients showed significantly lower serum concentrations of CRP, 2 weeks post-infusion compared with pre-infusion levels, and of VEGF and IL-8 from the placebo group. CONCLUSION BiP (⩽15 mg) is safe in patients with active RA. Some patients had clinical and biological improvements in RA activity. BiP merits further study. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN registry, http://isrctn.com, ISRCTN22288225 and EudraCT, https://eudract.ema.europa.eu, 2011-005831-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Kirkham
- Department of Rheumatology, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust Hospital
| | - Khaldoun Chaabo
- Department of Rheumatology, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust Hospital
| | - Christopher Hall
- Academic Department of Rheumatology, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, King's College London
| | - Toby Garrood
- Department of Rheumatology, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust Hospital
| | | | | | - Alexandra Vincent
- Department of Rheumatology, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust Hospital
| | - Joana C Vasconcelos
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew T Prevost
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriel S Panayi
- Department of Rheumatology, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust Hospital
- Academic Department of Rheumatology, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, King's College London
| | - Valerie M Corrigall
- Academic Department of Rheumatology, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, King's College London
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Abstract
Thymic-derived, regulatory T cells (Treg) represent a subset of CD4(+) T cells that are required for normal immune homeostasis and suppression of unwanted responses against self-antigens (Ags) that prevent autoimmunity. Their role as immune regulators and potent ability to suppress T cell responses has been the focus of intense investigations aimed at utilizing these cells therapeutically, particularly in the settings of autoimmunity and transplantation. Many methods for expanding Treg have been described; however, efforts to generate large numbers of Treg for use in vivo often compromise their suppressor function or rely on the induction of Treg rather than their expansion. Our recent studies have focused on the barrier tissue-derived cytokine IL-33, a recently described IL-1 family member. IL-33 has emerged as a multifunctional protein, with reported roles in driving potent Type 1 and Type 2 immunity, as well as facilitating profound Treg expansion in vitro and in vivo. IL-33-expanded Treg express the IL-33 receptor (R) ST2, and express classical markers associated with Treg phenotype and suppressor function. They suppress both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation and effector functions in vitro, and Treg expressing ST2 have been identified as important regulators of detrimental immune responses in vivo. In the present chapter, we detail methods for expanding significant numbers of Treg using IL-33 both in vitro and in vivo that may potentially be used to promote/maintain organ transplant tolerance or suppress autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Matta
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years there has been increased interest in understanding the physiology and function of regulatory T cells. In this review we focus on the characterization of regulatory T-cell subsets and their potential therapeutic use in organ transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Regulatory T cells can play an instrumental role in the establishment of operational tolerance to allografts. The level of expression and the extent of posttranslational acetylation of the regulatory T-cell specific transcription factor Foxp3 are important modulators of their suppressive activity. Low expression of CD127 can be used as a novel marker to define pure regulatory T-cell populations and the expression of CD45RA on CD4CD25 regulatory T cells characterizes a population with a more stable phenotype upon expansion in vitro. Interleukin-35 is a recently discovered immunosuppressive cytokine secreted by CD4CD25 regulatory T cells. Although the presence of allospecific memory T cells in the pretransplant period and the use of immunosuppressants might interfere with the effectiveness of regulatory T-cell-based therapies, encouraging results indicate that the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin does not affect the expansion and function of regulatory T cells and could be included in a combined therapy. SUMMARY Important advances have been made towards establishing regulatory T cells as a viable therapy in transplantation and the first clinical trials using human regulatory T cells are currently underway. There are, however, important limitations and safety issues that have to be addressed before this therapy can be fully translated into the clinic.
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Bonacci B, Edwards B, Jia S, Williams CB, Hessner MJ, Gauld SB, Verbsky JW. Requirements for growth and IL-10 expression of highly purified human T regulatory cells. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:1118-28. [PMID: 22562448 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human regulatory T cells (T(R)) cells have potential for the treatment of a variety of immune mediated diseases but the anergic phenotype of these cells makes them difficult to expand in vitro. We have examined the requirements for growth and cytokine expression from highly purified human T(R) cells, and correlated these findings with the signal transduction events of these cells. We demonstrate that these cells do not proliferate or secrete IL-10 even in the presence of high doses of IL-2. Stimulation with a superagonistic anti-CD28 antibody (clone 9.3) and IL-2 partially reversed the proliferative defect, and this correlated with reversal of the defective calcium mobilization in these cells. Dendritic cells were effective at promoting T(R) cell proliferation, and under these conditions the proliferative capacity of T(R) cells was comparable to conventional CD4 lymphocytes. Blocking TGF-β activity abrogated IL-10 expression from these cells, while addition of TGF-β resulted in IL-10 production. These data demonstrate that highly purified populations of T(R) cells are anergic even in the presence of high doses of IL-2. Furthermore, antigen presenting cells provide proper co-stimulation to overcome the anergic phenotype of T(R) cells, and under these conditions they are highly sensitive to IL-2. In addition, these data demonstrate for the first time that TGF-β is critical to enable human T(R) cells to express IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Bonacci
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Children's Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Rivas-Santiago B, Cervantes-Villagrana A, Sada E, Hernández-Pando R. Expression of Beta Defensin 2 in Experimental Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Tentative Approach for Vaccine Development. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:324-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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CD3+CD4-CD8- (double negative) T cells: saviours or villains of the immune response? Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:333-40. [PMID: 21640713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that T cells are not just the latecomers in inflammation but might also play a key role in the early phase of this response. In this context, a number of T cell subsets including NKT cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and γ/δ T cells have been shown, together with classical innate immune cells, to contribute significantly to the development and establishment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. In this commentary we will focus our attention on a somewhat neglected class of T cells called CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) double negative T cells and on their role in inflammation and autoimmunity. We will summarize the most recent views on their origin at the thymic and peripheral levels as well as their tissue localization in immune and non-lymphoid organs. We will then outline their potential pathogenic role in autoimmunity as well as their homeostatic role in suppressing excessive immune responses deleterious to the host. Finally, we will discuss the potential therapeutic benefits or disadvantages of targeting CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) double negative T cells for the treatment of autoimmune disease. We hope that this overview will shed some light on the function of these immune cells and attract the interest of investigators aiming at the design of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions.
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8
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Regulatory T cells: The suppressor arm of the immune system. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 10:112-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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IL-35-mediated induction of a potent regulatory T cell population. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:1093-101. [PMID: 20953201 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells) have a critical role in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance. Here we show that treatment of naive human or mouse T cells with IL-35 induced a regulatory population, which we call 'iT(R)35 cells', that mediated suppression via IL-35 but not via the inhibitory cytokines IL-10 or transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). We found that iT(R)35 cells did not express or require the transcription factor Foxp3, and were strongly suppressive and stable in vivo. T(reg) cells induced the generation of iT(R)35 cells in an IL-35- and IL-10-dependent manner in vitro and induced their generation in vivo under inflammatory conditions in intestines infected with Trichuris muris and within the tumor microenvironment (B16 melanoma and MC38 colorectal adenocarcinoma), where they contributed to the regulatory milieu. Thus, iT(R)35 cells constitute a key mediator of infectious tolerance and contribute to T(reg) cell-mediated tumor progression. Furthermore, iT(R)35 cells generated ex vivo might have therapeutic utility.
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Udyavar A, Geiger TL. Rebalancing immune specificity and function in cancer by T-cell receptor gene therapy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:335-46. [PMID: 20680493 PMCID: PMC2928402 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with tumor-specific T lymphocytes has demonstrated clinical benefit in some cancers, particularly melanoma. Yet isolating and expanding tumor-specific cells from patients is challenging and there is limited ability to control T-cell affinity and response characteristics. T-cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy, in which T lymphocytes for immunotherapy are redirected using an introduced rearranged TCR, has emerged as an important alternative. Successful TCR gene therapy requires consideration of a number of issues, including TCR specificity and affinity, optimal gene therapy constructs, types of T cells administered, and the survival and activity of the modified cells. In this review we highlight the rationale for and experience with TCR gene therapy as well as new approaches to enhancing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshata Udyavar
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Terrence L. Geiger
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
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11
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Sarigul M, Yazisiz V, Bassorgun CI, Ulker M, Avci AB, Erbasan F, Gelen T, Gorczynski RM, Terzioglu E. The numbers of Foxp3 + Treg cells are positively correlated with higher grade of infiltration at the salivary glands in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Lupus 2009; 19:138-45. [PMID: 19952070 DOI: 10.1177/0961203309348234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate whether Foxp3( +) regulatory T (Treg) cells play a role in the histopathologic changes of primary Sjögren's Syndrome (pSS) and to evaluate other factors possibly associated with Foxp3(+) Treg cells in pSS patients. The number of FoxP3-expressing T cells in peripheral blood (PB) of 39 patients with pSS, 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 28 healthy controls was measured by flow-cytometer analysis. FoxP3-expressing CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells were analyzed in minor salivary gland (SG) tissues of 39 pSS patients. Histopathologic changes were examined by light microscopy according to Chisholm's classification. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed to assess the Foxp3(+) Treg in SG biopsy specim-ens. The numbers of CD4(+) T cells and FoxP3-expressing CD4(+) T cells in PB were similar in all groups. Expression of CD25 on CD4(+) T cells in PB of patients with pSS and RA was significantly higher than in healthy controls, especially for RA patients. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence showed that FoxP3(+) Treg were enriched in the SGs of pSS patients, with a positive correlation between the increase in FoxP3(+) Treg in SG and the Chisholm score in pSS (p < 0.001, r = +0.605). The increase of FoxP3( +) Treg cells in the SGs of pSS patients, which is correlated with gland infiltration, suggests that natural regulatory T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of pSS. Further studies are required to explore the mechanisms that mediate the relationship between Treg and the pathogenesis of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sarigul
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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12
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Mandapathil M, Hilldorfer B, Szczepanski MJ, Czystowska M, Szajnik M, Ren J, Lang S, Jackson EK, Gorelik E, Whiteside TL. Generation and accumulation of immunosuppressive adenosine by human CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ regulatory T cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:7176-86. [PMID: 19858205 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.047423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nTreg) are crucial for maintaining tolerance to self and thus preventing autoimmune diseases and allograft rejections. In cancer, Treg down-regulate antitumor responses by several distinct mechanisms. This study analyzes the role the adenosinergic pathway plays in suppressive activities of human nTreg. Human CD4(+)CD25(high)FOXP3(+) Treg overexpress CD39 and CD73, ectonucleotidases sequentially converting ATP into AMP and adenosine, which then binds to A(2a) receptors on effector T cells, suppressing their functions. CD4(+)CD39(+) and CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells express low levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA), the enzyme responsible for adenosine breakdown, and of CD26, a surface-bound glycoprotein associated with ADA. In contrast, T effector cells are enriched in CD26/ADA but express low levels of CD39 and CD73. Inhibitors of ectonucleotidase activity (e.g. ARL67156) and antagonists of the A(2a) receptor (e.g. ZM241385) blocked Treg-mediated immunosuppression. The inhibition of ADA activity on effector T cells enhanced Treg-mediated immunosuppression. Thus, human nTreg characterized by the presence of CD39 and the low expression of CD26/ADA are responsible for the generation of adenosine, which plays a major role in Treg-mediated immunosuppression. The data suggest that the adenosinergic pathway represents a potential therapeutic target for regulation of immunosuppression in a broad variety of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magis Mandapathil
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-1863, USA
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13
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Abstract
CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T (TR) lymphocytes are essential to the maintenance of immunologic tolerance in the host. The discovery of Foxp3 as a transcription factor essential to the differentiation of TR ushered in detailed studies of the molecular mechanisms of TR cell development, peripheral homeostasis, and effector functions. In humans, loss of function mutations in genes that regulate T-cell development and function have been associated with TR cell deficiency or dysfunction and syndromes of autoimmunity and immune dysregulation. Augmentation of TR cells by immunotherapy and pharmacologic agents is a promising strategy for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA.
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Serrano Hernández A. [Helper (TH1, TH2, TH17) and regulatory cells (Treg, TH3, NKT) in rheumatoid arthritis]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 5 Suppl 1:1-5. [PMID: 21794634 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The immune response foreign antigens require a perfect coordination of cells that participate in its different phases. The objective of the response is the rapid destruction of the microorganisms with a minimum repercussion on self-cells and tissues. The regulation of this process is carried out fundamentally by T lymphocytes. There are two main types of coordinator cells: helper cells, what organize the initial immune response, and regulatory cells, what avoid immune attack against self and once the infection is controlled, disassemble the response. There are three types of helper cells which coordinate answers to intracellular parasites (TH1), helmints (TH2) and extracellular bacteria and fungi (TH17). The hyperfunction of TH17 cells is associated with diseases as reumatoid arthritis, due to the hypersecretion of the proinflammatory citoquine IL17. The condition of helper or regulatory cell is the current object of review. TH1, TH2 and TH17 cells have helper and also regulatory functions. In addition, regulatory T cells play an important role in the coordination of the first moments of the response to viral infection in a direct and indirect way, inducing differentiation of TH17 cells.
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Guerin LR, Prins JR, Robertson SA. Regulatory T-cells and immune tolerance in pregnancy: a new target for infertility treatment? Hum Reprod Update 2009; 15:517-35. [PMID: 19279047 PMCID: PMC2725755 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptation of the maternal immune response to accommodate the semi-allogeneic fetus is necessary for pregnancy success, and disturbances in maternal tolerance are implicated in infertility and reproductive pathologies. T regulatory (Treg) cells are a recently discovered subset of T-lymphocytes with potent suppressive activity and pivotal roles in curtailing destructive immune responses and preventing autoimmune disease. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken of the published literature on Treg cells in the ovary, testes, uterus and gestational tissues in pregnancy, and their link with infertility, miscarriage and pathologies of pregnancy. An overview of current knowledge on the generation, activation and modes of action of Treg cells in controlling immune responses is provided, and strategies for manipulating regulatory T-cells for potential applications in reproductive medicine are discussed. RESULTS Studies in mouse models show that Treg cells are essential for maternal tolerance of the conceptus, and that expansion of the Treg cell pool through antigen-specific and antigen non-specific pathways allows their suppressive actions to be exerted in the critical peri-implantation phase of pregnancy. In women, Treg cells accumulate in the decidua and are elevated in maternal blood from early in the first trimester. Inadequate numbers of Treg cells or their functional deficiency are linked with infertility, miscarriage and pre-eclampsia. CONCLUSIONS The potency and wide-ranging involvement of Treg cells in immune homeostasis and disease pathology indicates the considerable potential of these cells as therapeutic agents, raising the prospect of their utility in novel treatments for reproductive pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh R Guerin
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008; 20:631-2. [PMID: 18698190 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e3283110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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T-cell effector pathways in allergic diseases: Transcriptional mechanisms and therapeutic targets. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:812-23; quiz 824-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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