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Welch JM, Gomez GI, Chatterjee M, Shapiro LM, Morris AM, Gardner MJ, Sox-Harris AHS, Baker L, Koltsov JCB, Castillo T, Giori N, Salyapongse A, Kamal RN. Contextual Determinants of Time to Surgery for Patients With Hip Fracture. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2347834. [PMID: 38100104 PMCID: PMC10724766 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.47834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Surgery within 24 hours after a hip fracture improves patient morbidity and mortality, which has led some hospitals to launch quality improvement programs (eg, targeted resource management, documented protocols) to address delays. However, these programs have had mixed results in terms of decreased time to surgery (TTS), identifying an opportunity to improve the effectiveness of interventions. Objective To identify the contextual determinants (site-specific barriers and facilitators) of TTS for patients with hip fracture across diverse hospitals. Design, Setting, and Participants This qualitative mixed-methods study used an exploratory sequential design that comprised 2 phases. In phase 1, qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted with stakeholders involved in hip fracture care (orthopedic surgeons or residents, emergency medicine physicians, hospitalists, anesthesiologists, nurses, and clinical or support staff) at 4 hospitals with differing financial, operational, and educational structures. Interviews were completed between May and July 2021. In phase 2, a quantitative survey assessing contextual determinants of TTS within 24 hours for adult patients with hip fracture was completed by orthopedic surgeon leaders representing 23 diverse hospitals across the US between May and July 2022. Data analysis was performed in August 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Thematic analysis of the interviews identified themes of contextual determinants of TTS within 24 hours for patients with hip fracture. The emergent contextual determinants were then measured across multiple hospitals, and frequency and distribution were used to assess associations between determinants and various hospital characteristics (eg, setting, number of beds). Results A total of 34 stakeholders were interviewed in phase 1, and 23 surveys were completed in phase 2. More than half of respondents in both phases were men (19 [56%] and 18 [78%], respectively). The following 4 themes of contextual determinants of TTS within 24 hours were identified: availability, care coordination, improvement climate, and incentive structure. Within these themes, the most commonly identified determinants across the various hospitals involved operating room availability, a formal comanagement system between orthopedics and medicine or geriatrics, the presence of a physician champion focused on timely surgery, and a program that facilitates improvement work. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, contextual determinants of TTS within 24 hours for patients with hip fracture varied across hospital sites and could not be generalized across various hospital contexts because no 2 sites had identical profiles. As such, these findings suggest that guidance on strategies for improving TTS should be based on the contextual determinants unique to each hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Welch
- VOICES Health Policy Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Giselle I. Gomez
- VOICES Health Policy Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Maya Chatterjee
- VOICES Health Policy Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
| | - Lauren M. Shapiro
- VOICES Health Policy Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Arden M. Morris
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Michael J. Gardner
- VOICES Health Policy Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
| | - Alex H. S. Sox-Harris
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Laurence Baker
- Department of Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jayme C. B. Koltsov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
| | - Tiffany Castillo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California
| | - Nicholas Giori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Aaron Salyapongse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
| | - Robin N. Kamal
- VOICES Health Policy Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
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Hernefalk B, Rydberg EM, Ekelund J, Rogmark C, Möller M, Hailer NP, Mukka S, Wolf O. Inter-departmental variation in surgical treatment of proximal femoral fractures: A nationwide observational cohort study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281592. [PMID: 36757969 PMCID: PMC9910658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hip fractures should be treated based on the best available evidence and cost-effectively to optimize the outcome for this large group of frail patients. This study examined nationwide variation in surgical methods used for hip fractures. METHODS In this cohort study 46,243 patients ≥65 years with a trochanteric hip fracture (THF) or a femoral neck fracture (FNF) registered in the Swedish Fracture Register (SFR) between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2020 were included. Fractures were classified according to the AO Foundation/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) fracture classification system. The choice of surgical methods was assessed for each fracture type to compare national variation. RESULTS 21,312 THFs and 24,072 FNFs (67% women) with a mean age of 83 years (SD 8) were surgically treated. In the treatment of two-fragment THFs (AO/OTA A1) departments ranged from using 90% short intramedullary nails to 98% sliding hip screws. Treating displaced FNFs (AO/OTA B3), the proportion of hemiarthroplasty ranged from 9 to 90%, and internal fixation between 0.6 to 21%, depending on the department. INTERPRETATION A mature national fracture register permits the monitoring of treatment provided and thus serves as an important aid in assessing compliance with guidelines. The large inter-departmental variation in the surgical management of hip fractures in Sweden appears unwarranted based on the current evidence, indicating a need for updated national guidelines. Further research will have to clarify the impact of this variation on mortality and re-operation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Hernefalk
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Emilia Möller Rydberg
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Ekelund
- Centre of Registers, Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Rogmark
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Michael Möller
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nils P. Hailer
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Mukka
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences (Orthopaedics), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olof Wolf
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Early initiation of physical therapy after geriatric hip fracture surgery is associated with shorter hospital length of stay and decreased thirty-day mortality. Injury 2022; 53:4086-4089. [PMID: 36192201 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While the importance of timely surgery and early mobilization are understood in geriatric fracture populations, the relationship between timing of initiation of physical therapy (PT) postoperatively on length of stay (LOS) and mortality has not been well delineated. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of PT initiated on postoperative day zero (POD0) on LOS and mortality in geriatric hip fracture patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients aged 60 and over who underwent hip fracture surgery, including arthroplasty or internal fixation, between January 2017 and December 2019 at three affiliated academic hospitals were identified. Retrospective chart review and review of hospital charges were used to determine patient demographics, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), surgery performed, timing of postoperative PT visits, LOS, and mortality. RESULTS Of 1,551 patients identified that met inclusion criteria, 83 (5.3%) received PT on POD0. Most patients (76.3%) received PT on postoperative day 1 (POD1), and 18.4% received first PT on postoperative day 2 or later (POD2+). Time from admission to surgery, CCI, sex, and BMI did not differ significantly between groups. The age difference between patients in the POD0 and the POD1/POD2+ groups was statistically significant with the mean age in the POD1/2+ group being 2.3 years older than the POD0 group (p=0.045). There was no difference in postoperative length of stay (PLOS) based on type of fixation. The average PLOS was 3.4 days in the POD0 PT group compared to 5.2 days in the POD1 group (p<0.0001) and 8.2 days in the POD2+ group (p<0.0001). The POD0/1 group had significantly lower mortality than the POD2+ group [3.7% vs. 9.8%, OR 0.354 (95% CI 0.217-0.575), p<0.0001]. CONCLUSION Earlier initiation of PT postoperatively is associated with significantly shorter total and postoperative LOS and initiation of PT before POD2 is associated with decreased 30-day mortality. Each day that initiation of PT is delayed is associated with a two- to three-day increase in LOS.
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Tewari P, Sweeney BF, Lemos JL, Shapiro L, Gardner MJ, Morris AM, Baker LC, Harris AS, Kamal RN. Evaluation of Systemwide Improvement Programs to Optimize Time to Surgery for Patients With Hip Fractures: A Systematic Review. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2231911. [PMID: 36112373 PMCID: PMC9482052 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Longer time to surgery (TTS) for hip fractures has been associated with higher rates of postoperative complications and mortality. Given that more than 300 000 adults are hospitalized for hip fractures in the United States each year, various improvement programs have been implemented to reduce TTS with variable results, attributed to contextual patient- and system-level factors. OBJECTIVE To catalog TTS improvement programs, identify their results, and categorize program strategies according to Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC), highlighting components of successful improvement programs within their associated contexts and seeking to guide health care systems in implementing programs designed to reduce TTS. EVIDENCE REVIEW A systematic review was conducted per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guideline. Three databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Trials) were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2021 that reported on improvement programs for hip fracture TTS. Observational studies in high-income country settings, including patients with surgical, low-impact, nonpathological hip fractures aged 50 years or older, were considered for review. Improvement programs were assessed for their association with decreased TTS, and ERIC strategies were matched to improvement program components. FINDINGS Preliminary literature searches yielded 1683 articles, of which 69 articles were included for final analysis. Among the 69 improvement programs, 49 were associated with significantly decreased TTS, and 20 programs did not report significant decreases in TTS. Among 49 successful improvement programs, the 5 most common ERIC strategies were (1) assess for readiness and identify barriers and facilitators, (2) develop a formal implementation blueprint, (3) identify and prepare champions, (4) promote network weaving, and (5) develop resource-sharing agreements. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this systematic review, certain components (eg, identifying barriers and facilitators to program implementation, developing a formal implementation blueprint, preparing intervention champions) are common among improvement programs that were associated with reducing TTS and may inform the approach of hospital systems developing similar programs. Other strategies had mixed results, suggesting local contextual factors (eg, operating room availability) may affect their success. To contextualize the success of a given improvement program across different clinical settings, subsequent investigation must elucidate the association between interventional success and facility-level factors influencing TTS, such as hospital census and type, teaching status, annual surgical volume, and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariswi Tewari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
| | - Brian F. Sweeney
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Mountain View, California
| | - Jacie L. Lemos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
| | - Lauren Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Michael J. Gardner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
| | - Arden M. Morris
- Surgery Policy Improvement Research and Education Center, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Laurence C. Baker
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Alex S. Harris
- Surgery Policy Improvement Research and Education Center, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Robin N. Kamal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
- VOICES Health Policy Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Kjaervik C, Gjertsen JE, Engeseter LB, Stensland E, Dybvik E, Soereide O. Waiting time for hip fracture surgery: hospital variation, causes, and effects on postoperative mortality : data on 37,708 operations reported to the Norwegian Hip fracture Register from 2014 to 2018. Bone Jt Open 2021; 2:710-720. [PMID: 34472378 PMCID: PMC8479844 DOI: 10.1302/2633-1462.29.bjo-2021-0079.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims This study aimed to describe preoperative waiting times for surgery in hip fracture patients in Norway, and analyze factors affecting waiting time and potential negative consequences of prolonged waiting time. Methods Overall, 37,708 hip fractures in the Norwegian Hip Fracture Register from January 2014 to December 2018 were linked with data in the Norwegian Patient Registry. Hospitals treating hip fractures were characterized according to their hip fracture care. Waiting time (hours from admission to start of surgery), surgery within regular working hours, and surgery on the day of or on the day after admission, i.e. ‘expedited surgery’ were estimated. Results Mean waiting time was 22.6 hours (SD 20.7); 36,652 patients (97.2%) waited less than three days (< 72 hours), and 27,527 of the patients (73%) were operated within regular working hours (08:00 to 16:00). Expedited surgery was given to 31,675 of patients (84%), and of these, 19,985 (53%) were treated during regular working hours. Patients classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classes 4 and 5 were more likely to have surgery within regular working hours (odds ratio (OR) 1.59; p < 0.001), and less likely to receive expedited surgery than ASA 1 patients (OR 0.29; p < 0.001). Low-volume hospitals treated a larger proportion of patients during regular working hours than high volume hospitals (OR 1.26; p < 0.001). High-volume hospitals had less expedited surgery and significantly longer waiting times than low and intermediate-low volume hospitals. Higher ASA classes and Charlson Comorbidity Index increased waiting time. Patients not receiving expedited surgery had higher 30-day and one-year mortality rates (OR 1.19; p < 0.001) and OR 1.13; p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion There is inequality in waiting time for hip fracture treatment in Norway. Variations in waiting time from admission to hip fracture surgery depended on both patient and hospital factors. Not receiving expedited surgery was associated with increased 30-day and one-year mortality rates. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(9):710–720.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cato Kjaervik
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Surgery, Nordland Hospital Trust, Vesteraalen Hospital, Stokmarknes, Norway
| | - Jan-Erik Gjertsen
- Norwegian Hip Fracture Register, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Møllendalsbakken, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars B Engeseter
- Norwegian Hip Fracture Register, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Møllendalsbakken, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eva Stensland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.,Centre for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Northern Norway Regional Health Authority, Sykehusveien, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eva Dybvik
- Norwegian Hip Fracture Register, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Møllendalsbakken, Bergen, Norway
| | - Odd Soereide
- Centre for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Northern Norway Regional Health Authority, Sykehusveien, Tromsø, Norway
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