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Ramirez V, Ghezelbash F, Shirazi-Adl A, Bazrgari B. Trunk muscle forces and spinal loads during heavy deadlift: Effects of personalization, muscle wrapping, muscle lever arm, and lumbopelvic rhythm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2023; 39:e3680. [PMID: 36606738 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy deadlift is used as a physical fitness screening tool in the U.S. Army. Despite the relevance of such a screening tool to military tasks performed by Service Members, the biomechanical impact of heavy deadlift and its risk of low-back injury remain unknown. A kinematics-driven musculoskeletal model of spine was implemented to investigate biomechanics of the lower back in a volunteer (23 years old, height of 1.82 m, and body mass of 98.8 kg) during a 68 kg deadlift. In search of protective mechanisms, effects of model personalization and variations in trunk musculature and lumbopelvic rhythm were also investigated. The net moment, compression and shear forces at the L5-S1 reached peaks of 684 Nm, 17.2 and 4.2 kN, respectively. Geometrical personalization and changes in lumbopelvic rhythm had the least effects on predictions while increases in muscle moment arms (40%) had the largest effects that caused, respectively, 32% and 36% decrease in the maximum compressive and shearing forces. Initiating wrapping of back muscles at farther distances from the spine had opposing effects on spinal loads; peak compression at the L5-S1 decreased by 12% whereas shear increased by 19%. Despite mechanisms considered, spinal loads during heavy deadlift exceed the existing evidence concerning the threshold of injury for spinal segments, suggesting the vulnerability to injury. Chronic exposure to such high-spinal loads may lead to (micro) fractures, degeneration, pathoanatomical changes and finally low-back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ramirez
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Farshid Ghezelbash
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Aboulfazl Shirazi-Adl
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Babak Bazrgari
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Ramirez VJ, Bazrgari B, Gao F, Samaan M. Low Back Biomechanics during Repetitive Deadlifts: A Narrative Review. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 2022. [PMID: 34875981 DOI: 10.1080/24725838.2021.2015642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONSHeavy deadlifting is used as a screening tool or training protocol for recruitment and retention in physically-demanding occupations, especially in the military. Spinal loads experienced during heavy deadlifts, particularly shearing forces, are well above recommended thresholds for lumbar spine injury in occupational settings. Although members of the noted occupation likely have stronger musculoskeletal systems compared to the general population, experiencing shearing forces that are 2 to 4 times larger than the threshold of injury, particularly under repetitive deadlift, may transform a screening tool or training protocol to an occupationally-harmful physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babak Bazrgari
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael Samaan
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Zehr JD, Buchman-Pearle JM, Callaghan JP. Joint fatigue-failure: A demonstration of viscoelastic responses to rate and frequency loading parameters using the porcine cervical spine. J Biomech 2020; 113:110081. [PMID: 33217697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue-failure in low back tissues is influenced by parameters of cyclic loading. Therefore, this study quantified the effect of loading rate and frequency on the number of tolerated compression cycles. Energy storage and vertical deformation were secondarily examined. Thirty-two porcine spinal units were randomly assigned to experimental groups that differed by loading rate (4.2 kN/s, 8.3 kN/s) and loading frequency (0.5 Hz, 1 Hz). Following preload and range-of-motion tests, specimens were cyclically loaded in a neutral posture until fatigue-failure occurred or 10800 cycles were tolerated. Macroscopic dissection was performed to identify the fracture morphology, and measurements of energy storage and vertical displacement were calculated throughout the specimen lifespan (1%, 10%, 50%, 90%, 99%). Given the differences in compression dose-force-time integral-between experimental conditions, the number of sustained cycles were assessed following linear and nonlinear dose-normalization via correction factors calculated from existing risk-exposure approximations. Without dose-normalization, an 8.3 kN/s loading rate and 0.5 Hz loading frequency reduced the fatigue lifetime by 3541 and 5977 cycles, respectively (p < 0.001). Linear and nonlinear dose-normalization resulted in a significant rate × frequency interaction (p < 0.001). For a 1 Hz loading frequency, the number of sustained loading cycles did not differ between loading rates (padj ≥ 0.988), but at 0.5 Hz, spinal units compressed at 8.3 kN/s sustained 99% (linear) and 97% (nonlinear) fewer cycles (padj < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that the interacting effects of loading frequency and loading rate on spinal fatigue-failure depend on the normalization of dose discrepancies between experimental groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie D Zehr
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jack P Callaghan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Fan R, Liu J, Liu J. Finite element investigation on the dynamic mechanical properties of low-frequency vibrations on human L2-L3 spinal motion segments with different degrees of degeneration. Med Biol Eng Comput 2020; 58:3003-3016. [PMID: 33064234 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-020-02263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to low-frequency vibration is harmful to human lumbar health. However, the dynamic mechanical properties of lumbar spines with varying degrees of degeneration during time-dependent vibration remain incompletely understood. In this study, four poroelastic finite element models of human L2-L3 spinal motion segments, including the non-degeneration and the mild, moderate, and serious degeneration, were established. One-hour low-frequency vibrations with different frequencies were applied. Then, the dynamic mechanical properties of different degenerated lumbar models under the same vibration and the same lumbar model under vibrations at different frequencies were investigated. The results indicated and implied that the negative influences of 1-h vibration on the dynamic mechanical properties of the non-degenerated and mildly degenerated models were similar, but became obvious for the moderately and seriously degenerated models with time. Therefore, the damage caused by low-frequency vibration on the degenerated spinal motion segments was more serious compared with that on the healthy one. Meanwhile, the dynamic mechanical properties of the same lumbar model under vibrations at different frequencies expressed the negligible differences when the vibration frequency was not close to the lumbar natural frequency. Thus, the effects of the 1-h vibrations at different frequencies on one spinal motion segment were similar. Vibration frequency sensitivity analysis on the dynamic characteristics of human L2-L3 spinal motion segments with different degrees of degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxun Fan
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132022, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132022, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
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Wahlström J, Burström L, Johnson PW, Nilsson T, Järvholm B. Exposure to whole-body vibration and hospitalization due to lumbar disc herniation. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018; 91:689-694. [PMID: 29855719 PMCID: PMC6060752 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim was to examine if exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV) increases the risk for hospitalization due to lumbar disc herniation. Methods The study basis is a cohort of 288,926 Swedish construction workers who participated in a national occupational health surveillance programme from 1971 until 1992. Job title, smoking habits, body weight, height and age were registered at the examinations. Assessment of WBV were made for each of the constituent occupations by constructing a job-exposure matrix (JEM). Exposure to WBV was graded on a scale from 0 to 5. In addition, the occurrence of hospitalization due to lumbar disc herniation from January 1st 1987 until December 31st 2010 was collected from a linkage with the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register. Poisson regressions were used to estimate relative risk with 95 percent confidence intervals (95% CI), adjusting for age, height, weight and smoking, using white-collar workers and foremen as a reference group. Results There was an increased risk for hospitalization due to lumbar disc herniation for workers in the construction industry exposed to medium to high WBV compared to white-collar workers and foremen 1.35 (1.12–1.63). When restricting the analyses to include workers 30–49 years of age at the time of the hospital admission the risk was 1.69 (95% CI 1.29–2.21). Conclusion This study further supports that occupational exposure to whole-body vibration increases the risk for hospitalization due to lumbar disc herniation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00420-018-1316-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wahlström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Lage Burström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter W Johnson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tohr Nilsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bengt Järvholm
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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Fan R, Gong H, Qiu S, Zhang X, Fang J, Zhu D. Effects of resting modes on human lumbar spines with different levels of degenerated intervertebral discs: a finite element investigation. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:221. [PMID: 26300114 PMCID: PMC4546817 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative effect of long-term working load on lumbar is widely known. However, insertion of different resting modes on long-term working load, and its effects on the lumbar spine is rarely studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical responses of lumbar spine with different levels of degenerated intervertebral discs under different working-resting modes. METHODS Four poroelastic finite element models of lumbar spinal segments L2-L3 with different grades of disc degeneration were developed. Four different loading conditions represented four different resting frequencies, namely, no rest, one-time long rest, three-time moderate rests, and five-time short rests, on the condition that the total resting time was the same except in the no rest mode. Loading amplitudes of diurnal activities included 100 N, 300 N, and 500 N. RESULTS With increasing resting frequency, the axial effective stress and fluid loss decreased, whereas the pore pressure and radial displacement increased. Under different resting frequencies, the changing rate of each biomechanical parameter was different. CONCLUSIONS Under a situation of fixed total resting time, high resting frequency was advisable. If sufficient resting frequency was unavailable for healthy people as well as patients with mildly and moderately degenerated intervertebral discs, they could similarly benefit from relatively less resting frequencies. However, one-time rest will not be useful in cases where intervertebral discs were seriously degenerated. Reasonable working-resting modes for different degrees of disc degeneration, which could assist patients achieve a better restoration, were provided in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxun Fan
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Nanling Campus, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China.
| | - He Gong
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Nanling Campus, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China.
| | - Sen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China.
| | - Xianbin Zhang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Nanling Campus, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China.
| | - Juan Fang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Nanling Campus, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China.
| | - Dong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, No. 1 Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, People's Republic of China.
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