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Ham DW, Park SM, Kim YB, Chang DG, Yang JJ, Kwon BT, Song KS. Feasibility of the Non-Window-Type 3D-Printed Porous Titanium Cage in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2024:00004623-990000000-01194. [PMID: 39259778 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.23.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensionally printed titanium (3D-Ti) cages can be divided into 2 types: window-type cages, which have a void for bone graft, and non-window-type cages without a void. Few studies have investigated the necessity of a void for bone graft in fusion surgery. Therefore, the present study assessed the clinical and radiographic outcomes of window and non-window-type 3D-Ti cages in single-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion. METHODS A total of 70 patients were randomly assigned to receive either a window or non-window cage; 61 patients (87%) completed final follow-up (32 from the window cage group, 29 from the non-window cage group). Radiographic outcomes, including fusion rates, subsidence, and intra-cage osseointegration patterns, were assessed. Intra-cage osseointegration was measured using the intra-cage bridging bone score for the window cage group and the surface osseointegration ratio score for the non-window cage group. Additionally, we looked for the presence of the trabecular bone remodeling (TBR) sign on computed tomography (CT) images. RESULTS Of the 61 patients, 58 achieved interbody fusion, resulting in a 95.1% fusion rate. The fusion rate in the non-window cage group was comparable to, and not significantly different from, that in the window cage group (96.6% and 93.8%, p > 0.99). The subsidence rate showed no significant difference between the window and non-window cage groups (15.6% and 3.4%, respectively; p = 0.262). The intra-cage osseointegration scores showed a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.007), with the non-window cage group having a higher proportion of cases with a score of 4 compared with the window cage group. The TBR sign was observed in 87.9% of patients who achieved interbody fusion, with a higher rate in the non-window cage group across the entire cohort although the difference was not significant (89.7% versus 78.1%, p = 0.385). CONCLUSIONS Non-window-type 3D-Ti cages showed equivalent clinical outcomes compared with window-type cages and comparable interbody fusion rates. These results suggest that the potential advantages of 3D-Ti cages could be optimized in the absence of a void for bone graft by providing a larger contact surface for osseointegration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Woong Ham
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Park
- Spine Center and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnamsi, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbae B Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, VHS Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gune Chang
- Spine Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Jun Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyangsi, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Taek Kwon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Gwang Myeong Hospital, Gwangmyeongsi, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sup Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Li J, Wang L, Deng Z, Zheng S, Wang L, Song Y. A novel cervical vertebral bone quality score can independently predict cage subsidence after anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:667. [PMID: 39187852 PMCID: PMC11345962 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To optimize cervical vertebral bone quality (C-VBQ) score and explore its effectiveness in predicting cage subsidence in Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion (ACCF) and identify a new method for evaluating subsidence without different equipment and image scale interference. METHODS Collecting demographic, imaging, and surgical related information. Measuring Cage Subsidence with a new method. Multifactorial logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated with subsidence. Pearson's correlation was used to determine the relationship between C-VBQ and computed tomography (CT) Hounsfield units (HU). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess C-VBQ predictive ability. Correlations between demographics and C-VBQ scores were analyzed using linear regression models. RESULTS 92 patients were included in this study, 36 (39.1%) showed subsidence with a C-VBQ value of 2.05 ± 0.45, in the no-subsidence group C-VBQ Value was 3.25 ± 0.76. The multifactorial logistic regression showed that C-VBQ is an independent predictor of cage subsidence with a predictive accuracy of 93.4%. Pearson's correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between C-VBQ and HU values. Linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation between C-VBQ and cage subsidence. Univariate analyses showed that only age was associated with C-VBQ. CONCLUSIONS The C-VBQ values obtained using the new measurements independently predicted postoperative cage subsidence after ACCF and showed a negative correlation with HU values. By adding the measurement of non-operated vertebral heights as a control standard, the results of cage subsidence measured by the ratio method are likely to be more robust, perhaps can exclude unavoidable errors caused by different equipment and proportional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhu Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital and West China, School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Linnan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital and West China, School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital and West China, School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shuxin Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital and West China, School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital and West China, School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.
| | - Yueming Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital and West China, School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
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Csakany T, Varga P, Gueorguiev B, Lakatos E, Kurutz M. Biomechanical Behavior of Injected Cement Spacers versus Traditional Cages in Low-Density Lumbar Spine under Compression Loading. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1155. [PMID: 39064584 PMCID: PMC11278875 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60071155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Osteoporosis renders the use of traditional interbody cages potentially dangerous given the high risk of damage in the bone-implant interface. Instead, injected cement spacers can be applied as interbody devices; however, this technique has been mainly used in cervical spine surgery. This study aimed at investigating the biomechanical behavior of cement spacers versus traditional cages in lumbar spine surgery. Materials and Methods: Destructive monotonic axial compression testing was performed on 20 human cadaveric low-density lumbar segments from elderly donors (14 f/6 m, 70.3 ± 12.0 y) treated with either injected cement spacers (n = 10) or traditional cages (n = 10) without posterior instrumentation. Stiffness, failure load and displacement were compared. The effects of bone density, vertebral geometry and spacer contact area were evaluated. Results: Cement spacers demonstrated higher stiffness, significantly smaller displacement (p < 0.001) and a similar failure load compared to traditional cages. In the cage group, stiffness and failure load depended strongly on bone density and vertebral height, whereas failure displacement depended on vertebral anterior height. No such correlations were identified with cement spacers. Conclusions: Cement spacers used in lumbar interbody stabilization provided similar compression strength, significantly smaller failure displacement and a stiffer construct than traditional cages that provided benefits mainly for large and strong vertebrae. Cement stabilization was less sensitive to density and could be more beneficial also for segments with smaller and less dense vertebrae. In contrast to the injection of cement spacers, the optimal insertion of cages into the irregular intervertebral space is challenging and risks damaging bone. Further studies are required to corroborate these findings and the treatment selection thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Csakany
- National Center for Spinal Disorders, 1126 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Varga
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Eva Lakatos
- Department of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary (M.K.)
| | - Marta Kurutz
- Department of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary (M.K.)
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Tanaka S, Yoshida S, Tomio R, Ichimasu N, Kawaguchi A. Symptomatic Subsidence of a Box-Shaped Titanium Cage After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: Two Case Reports and Review of the Literature. Cureus 2024; 16:e63933. [PMID: 39105033 PMCID: PMC11298663 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This study reports two cases of rare symptomatic subsidence of titanium cages after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). First, an 82-year-old man underwent ACDF at C5/6 and C6/7 using two 6 mm height box-type titanium cages. On the 34th postoperative day, motor weakness occurred in the right upper limb, and CT showed that the cage at C5/6 had subsided 6 mm into the C6 vertebral body. On postoperative day 55, both cages were removed, and C6 corpectomy was performed. The C5-7 space was refixed with a mesh cage and plate. He was discharged home from the rehabilitation hospital three months later. Second, a 41-year-old man underwent ACDF at C5/6 and C6/7 using two 5 mm height box-type titanium cages. He fell violently on the 33rd postoperative day, causing pain from the neck to the left hand, weakness, and skillful movement disorder in the left hand, and CT showed that the cages at C5/6 and C6/7 had subsided by 7 mm and 6 mm, respectively. On the 65th postoperative day, both cages were removed by reoperation, and C6 and 7 corpectomy was performed. The space between C5 and T1 was refixed with a mesh cage and plate. He was discharged home two months later. Possible causes of titanium cage subsidence include osteoporosis, trauma, vertebral cortex damage by an operative procedure, and cage height of 6 mm or more. While ACDF is safe and effective for cervical spondylosis, special caution is needed in older osteoporotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tamus Sakura Hospital Kawaguchi, Kawaguchi, JPN
| | - Shinsuke Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Kawagoe, JPN
| | - Ryosuke Tomio
- Department of Neurosurgery, Honjo Neurosurgery and Spinal Surgery, Honjo, JPN
| | - Norio Ichimasu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Ai Kawaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
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Li J, Wang L, Li Q, Deng Z, Wang L, Song Y. A novel MRI-based Cervical-Endplate Bone Quality score independently predicts cage subsidence after Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 33:2277-2286. [PMID: 38643425 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-024-08250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postoperative cage subsidence after Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF) often has adverse clinical consequences and is closely related to Bone Mineral Density (BMD). Previous studies have shown that cage subsidence can be better predicted by measuring site-specific bone density. MRI-based Endplate Bone Quality (EBQ) scoring effectively predicts cage subsidence after lumbar interbody fusion. However, there is still a lack of studies on the practical application of EBQ scoring in the cervical spine. PURPOSE To create a similar MRI-based scoring system for Cervical-EBQ (C-EBQ) and to assess the correlation of the C-EBQ with endplate Computed Tomography (CT)-Hounsfield Units (HU) and the ability of this scoring system to independently predict cage subsidence after ACDF, comparing the predictive ability of the C-EBQ with the Cervical-Vertebral Bone Quality (C-VBQ) score. METHODS A total of 161 patients who underwent single-level ACDF for degenerative cervical spondylosis at our institution from 2012 to 2022 were included. Demographics, procedure-related data, and radiological data were collected, and Pearson correlation test was used to determine the correlation between C-EBQ and endplate HU values. Cage subsidence was defined as fusion segment height loss of ≥ 3 mm. Receiver operating characteristic analysis and area-under-the-curve values were used to assess the predictive ability of C-EBQ and C-VBQ. A multivariate logistic regression model was developed to identify potential risk factors associated with subsidence. RESULTS Cage subsidence was present in 65 (40.4%) of 161 patients. The mean C-EBQ score was 1.81 ± 0.35 in the group without subsidence and 2.59 ± 0.58 in the group with subsidence (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that a higher C-EBQ score was significantly associated with subsidence (OR = 5.700; 95%CI = 3.435-8.193; P < 0.001), was the only independent predictor of cage subsidence after ACDF, had a predictive accuracy of 93.7%, which was superior to the C-VBQ score (89.2%), and was significantly negatively correlated with the endplate HU value (r = -0.58, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher C-EBQ scores were significantly associated with postoperative cage subsidence after ACDF. There was a significant negative correlation between C-EBQ and endplate HU values. The C-EBQ score may be a promising tool for assessing preoperative bone quality and postoperative cage subsidence and is superior to the C-VBQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhu Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital and West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Linnan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital and West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiujiang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital and West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital and West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital and West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yueming Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital and West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Louie PK, Kumar R, Bansal A, Raub S, Alostaz M, Vivelo N, Gilbert M, Leveque JC, Nemani V. Are Variable Screw Angle Change and Screw-to-Vertebral Body Ratio Associated With Radiographic Subsidence Following Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion? Global Spine J 2024:21925682241252088. [PMID: 38706298 DOI: 10.1177/21925682241252088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective Cohort. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the easily measurable radiographic landmarks of screw-to-vertebral body ratio and changes in screw angle to identify if they are associated with early subsidence following an Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients undergoing 1-3 level ACDF with allograft or PEEK cages. Preoperative, immediate postoperative, and 6-month postoperative radiographs were analyzed to measure intradiscal height (or distance between 2 vertebral bodies) as an anterior vertebral distance (AVD), middle (MVD), and posterior (PVD), screw angle, screw-to-vertebral body length ratio, and interscrew distance. Multivariate stepwise regression analyses were performed. RESULTS 92 patients were included (42 single-level, 32 two-level, and 18 3-level ACDFs). In single-level ACDFs, a decrease in the caudal screw angle was associated with a decrease in AVD (=.001) and MVD (P = .03). A decrease in the PVD was associated with a decrease in segmental lordosis (P < .001). For two-level ACDFs, a higher caudal screw-to-body ratio was associated with a lower MVD (P = .01). CONCLUSION Six months following an ACDF for degenerative pathology, a decrease in the caudal screw angle was associated with an increase in radiographic subsidence at the antero-medial aspect of the disc space albeit largely subclinical. This suggests that the caudal screw angle change may serve as a reliable radiographic marker for early radiographic subsidence. Furthermore, a greater screw-to-vertebral body ratio may be protective against radiographic subsidence in two-level ACDF procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip K Louie
- Center for Neurosciences and Spine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Center for Neurosciences and Spine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aiyush Bansal
- Center for Neurosciences and Spine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Spencer Raub
- Center for Neurosciences and Spine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Murad Alostaz
- Center for Neurosciences and Spine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Vivelo
- Center for Neurosciences and Spine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michelle Gilbert
- Center for Neurosciences and Spine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Venu Nemani
- Center for Neurosciences and Spine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Tuo Y, Lin K, Yang J, Wang S, Abudouaini H. Preoperative MRI-based endplate quality: a novel tool for predicting cage subsidence after anterior cervical spine surgery. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:245. [PMID: 38627743 PMCID: PMC11020445 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04716-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to examine the predictive value of a newly developed MRI-based Endplate Bone Quality (EBQ) in relation to the development of cage subsidence following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). METHODS Patients undergoing ACDF for degenerative cervical diseases between January 2017 and June 2022 were included. Correlation between EBQ scores and segmental height loss was analyzed using Pearson's correlation. ROC analyses were employed to ascertain the EBQ cut-off values that predict the occurrence of cage subsidence. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the risk factors associated with postoperative cage subsidence. RESULTS 23 individuals (14.56%) exhibited the cage subsidence after ACDF. In the nonsubsidence group, the average EBQ and lowest T-score were determined to be 4.13 ± 1.14 and - 0.84 ± 1.38 g/cm2 respectively. In contrast, the subsidence group exhibited a mean EBQ and lowest T-score of 5.38 ± 0.47 (p < 0.001) and - 1.62 ± 1.34 g/cm2 (p = 0.014), respectively. There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.798**) between EBQ and the segmental height loss. The EBQ threshold of 4.70 yielded optimal sensitivity (73.9%) and specificity (93.3%) with AUC of 0.806. Furthermore, the lowest T-score (p = 0.045, OR 0.667) and an elevated cervical EBQ score (p < 0.001, OR 8.385) were identified as significant risk factors for cage subsidence after ACDF. CONCLUSIONS The EBQ method presents itself as a promising and efficient tool for surgeons to assess patients at risk of cage subsidence and osteoporosis prior to cervical spine surgery, utilizing readily accessible patient data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tuo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Nanguo Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaiyuan Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Nanguo Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junsong Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Nanguo Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sibo Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Nanguo Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haimiti Abudouaini
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Nanguo Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
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Ungurean V, Piple AS, Raji OR, Rowland A, Schlauch A, Kondrashov DG, Hsu KY, Zucherman JF. Are all Cages Created Equal? Analysis of Cervical Cage Malfunctions Using FDA MAUDE Database. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2024; 49:553-560. [PMID: 36972147 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000004638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. OBJECTIVE To characterize failure rates of cervical cages based on manufacturer and design characteristics using the nationwide database of reported malfunctions. BACKGROUND The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) aims to ensure the safety and efficacy of cervical interbody implants postimplantation; however, intraoperative malfunctions may be overlooked. MATERIALS AND METHODS The FDA's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database was queried for reports of cervical cage device malfunctions from 2012 to 2021. Each report was categorized based on the failure type, implant design, and manufacturer. Two market analyses were performed. First, "failure-to-market share indices" were generated by dividing the number of failures per year for each implant material by its yearly US market share in cervical spine fusion. Second, "failure-to-revenue indices" were calculated by dividing the total number of failures per year for each manufacturer by their approximate yearly revenue from spinal implants in the US. Outlier analysis was performed to generate a threshold value above which failure rates were defined as greater than the normal index. RESULTS In total, 1336 entries were identified, and 1225 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 354 (28.9%) were cage breakages, 54 (4.4%) were cage migrations, 321 (26.2%) were instrumentation-related failures, 301 (24.6%) were assembly failures, and 195 (15.9%) were screw failures. Poly-ether-ether-ketone implants had higher failure by market share indices for both migration and breakage compared with titanium. Upon manufacturer market analysis, Seaspine, Zimmer-Biomet, K2M, and LDR exceeded the failure threshold. CONCLUSION The most common cause of implant malfunction was breakage. Poly-ether-ether-ketone cages were more likely to break and migrate compared with titanium ones. Many of these implant failures occurred intraoperatively during instrumentation, which underscores the need for FDA evaluation of these implants and their accompanying instrumentation under the appropriate loading conditions before commercial approval.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oluwatodimu Richard Raji
- The Taylor Collaboration, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, SF Orthopaedic Residency Program, St. Mary's Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrea Rowland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, SF Orthopaedic Residency Program, St. Mary's Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Adam Schlauch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, SF Orthopaedic Residency Program, St. Mary's Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dimitriy G Kondrashov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, SF Orthopaedic Residency Program, St. Mary's Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Spine Surgeons, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ken Y Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, SF Orthopaedic Residency Program, St. Mary's Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Spine Surgeons, San Francisco, CA
| | - James F Zucherman
- The Taylor Collaboration, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, SF Orthopaedic Residency Program, St. Mary's Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Spine Surgeons, San Francisco, CA
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Singh H, Kukowski NR, Lunati MP, Dawes A, Kim CH, Kim S, Rhee JM. Porous 3D Printed Titanium Cages in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion are Associated With Less Subsidence, Improved Maintenance of Segmental Lordotic Correction, and Similar Clinical Outcomes as Allograft. Global Spine J 2024; 14:878-888. [PMID: 36062347 PMCID: PMC11192133 DOI: 10.1177/21925682221124527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY-DESIGN Retrospective chart review. OBJECTIVES Investigate radiographic and clinical outcomes of 3D printed titanium cages (3DTC) vs allograft in patients undergoing Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). METHODS Consecutive series of patients undergoing ACDF with 3DTC were compared to patients using corticocancellous allograft. Cage subsidence, fusion status, sagittal alignment, and patient-reported-outcomes. Radiographic evaluation was performed on the closing intraoperative x-ray and compared to films at 6-weeks, 6-months, and 1-year. Cage subsidence was calculated based on the amount of settling into superior and inferior endplates compared to the intraoperative x-ray. Fusion was assessed based on < 1 mm of flexion/extension motion. Sagittal alignment parameters and patient-reported-outcomes were measured. RESULTS Seventy six-patients/(120 levels) in 3DTC group and 77-patients/(115 levels) in allograft group were evaluated. No significant differences were noted in patient demographics, level fused or the number of levels fused between the groups. The most common level fused was C5-6. 3DTC had a significantly lower subsidence rate at all-time points as compared to allograft (P < .001). 3DTC maintained segmental lordosis better than allograft at all-time points including 1-year postop (P < .001). No significant differences were noted in fusion rate for 3DTC vs allograft at 6-months (P > .05). There were no significant differences in patient-reported-outcomes. CONCLUSION 3D printed titanium cages had similar patient-reported outcomes and fusion rates as allograft, but less subsidence at all-time points. 3D printed titanium cages better maintained the segmental lordosis at the operative level at all-time points. Although longer term evaluation is needed, based on these results, 3DTC appear to be viable graft options for ACDF that better maintain disc space height and improve segmental lordotic interbody correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | - Matthew P. Lunati
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander Dawes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chi Heon Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Sungkyu Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John M. Rhee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bębenek A, Dominiak M, Karpiński G, Pawełczyk T, Godlewski B. Impact of Implant Size and Position on Subsidence Degree after Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: Radiological and Clinical Analysis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1151. [PMID: 38398464 PMCID: PMC10889498 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implant subsidence is recognized as a complication of interbody stabilization, although its relevance remains ambiguous, particularly in terms of relating the effect of the position and depth of subsidence on the clinical outcome of the procedure. This study aimed to evaluate how implant positioning and size influence the incidence and degree of subsidence and to examine their implications for clinical outcomes. METHODS An observational study of 94 patients (157 levels) who underwent ACDF was conducted. Radiological parameters (implant position, implant height, vertebral body height, segmental height and intervertebral height) were assessed. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Neck Disability Index (NDI). Subsidence was evaluated in groups according to its degree, and statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS The findings revealed that implant-to-endplate ratio and implant height were significant risk factors associated with the incidence and degree of subsidence. The incidence of subsidence varied as follows: 34 cases (41.5%) exhibited displacement of the implant into the adjacent endplate by 2-3 mm, 32 cases (39%) by 3-4 mm, 16 cases (19.5%) by ≥4 mm and 75 (47.8%) cases exhibited no subsidence. CONCLUSIONS The findings underscore that oversized or undersized implants relative to the disc space or endplate length elevate the risk and severity of subsidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bębenek
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, with Spinal Surgery Ward, Scanmed—St. Raphael Hospital, 30693 Cracow, Poland
| | - Maciej Dominiak
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, with Spinal Surgery Ward, Scanmed—St. Raphael Hospital, 30693 Cracow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Karpiński
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, with Spinal Surgery Ward, Scanmed—St. Raphael Hospital, 30693 Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Godlewski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, with Spinal Surgery Ward, Scanmed—St. Raphael Hospital, 30693 Cracow, Poland
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Wang Z, Huang Y, Chen Q, Liu L, Song Y, Feng G. Cervical Vertebral Bone Quality Score Independently Predicts Zero-Profile Cage Subsidence After Single-Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion. World Neurosurg 2024; 182:e377-e385. [PMID: 38040332 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This is the first study to evaluate the predictive value of the cervical vertebral bone quality (VBQ) score on zero-profile cage (ZPC)subsidence after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) using the Hounsfield units (HU) value of computed tomography as the reference. METHODS A total of 89 patients with at least 1 year of follow-up who underwent single-level ACDF with ZPC were retrospectively and consecutively included. VBQ and HU value were determined from preoperative T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Subsidence was defined as ≥2 mm of migration of the cage into the superior or inferior endplate or both using lateral cervical spine radiography. The results were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS Subsidence was observed among 16 of the 89 study patients (Subsidence rate: 18.0%). The mean VBQ score was 2.94 ± 0.820 for patients with subsidence and 2.33 ± 0.814 for patients without subsidence. The multivariable analysis demonstrated that only an increased VBQ score (odds ratio: 1.823, 95% confidence interval : 0.918,3.620, P = 0.001) was associated with an increased rate of cage subsidence. There was a significant and moderate correlation between HU and VBQ (r = -0.507, P < 0.001). Using receiver operating characteristic curves, the area under the curve was 0.785, and the most appropriate threshold of VBQ was 2.68 (sensitivity 72.7%, specificity 82.1%). CONCLUSIONS The VBQ score may be a valuable tool for independently predicting ZPC subsidence after single-level ACDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Orthopaedics and Laboratory of Biological Tissue, Engineering and Digital Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueming Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ganjun Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Vadalà G, Ambrosio L, De Salvatore S, Riew DK, Yoon ST, Wang JC, Meisel HJ, Buser Z, Denaro V. The Role of Osteobiologics in Augmenting Spine Fusion in Unplated Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Compared to Plated Constructs: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Global Spine J 2024; 14:43S-58S. [PMID: 38421326 PMCID: PMC10913900 DOI: 10.1177/21925682231156865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. OBJECTIVE To compare clinical and radiographic outcomes as well as complications of unplated vs plated anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgery considering the role of osteobiologics in single- and multi-level procedures. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Cochrane and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was performed. Briefly, we sought to identify studies comparing unplated vs. plated ACDF for cervical degenerative disc disease reporting the use of osteobiologics in terms of clinical outcomes, radiographic fusion, and complications. Data on study population, follow-up time, type of cage and plate used, type of osteobiologic employed, number of levels treated, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), radiographic outcomes and complications were collected and compared. Relevant information was pooled for meta-analyses. RESULTS Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. No significant difference was found in terms of clinical outcomes between groups. Unplated ACDF was characterized by reduced blood loss, operation time and length of hospital stay. Fusion was achieved by the majority of patients in both groups, with no evidence of any specific contribution depending on the osteobiologics used. Dysphagia was more commonly associated with anterior plating, while cage subsidence prevailed in the unplated group. CONCLUSION Unplated and plated ACDF seem to provide similar outcomes irrespective of the osteobiologic used, with minor differences with doubtful clinical significance. However, the heterogeneity and high risk of bias affecting included studies markedly prevent significant conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Vadalà
- Operative Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Ambrosio
- Operative Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio De Salvatore
- Operative Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel K Riew
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Tim Yoon
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hans Jörg Meisel
- Department of Neurosurgery, BG Klinikum Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Zorica Buser
- Gerling Institute, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincenzo Denaro
- Operative Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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Wang J, Gao C, Zang F, Fu C, Hu B, Liang L, Yuan W, Chen H. Predictive value of vertebral Hounsfiled Unit for titanium mesh cage subsidence following ACCF surgery. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 236:108047. [PMID: 37984212 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.108047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the predictive value of cervical Hounsfiled Unit (HU) values for postoperative titanium mesh cage (TMC) subsidence. METHODS Clinical data of patients who underwent ACCF surgery for degenerative cervical myelopathy between January 2016 and August 2018 were analyzed. Among the 126 patients included, 74 were male and 52 were female, with a mean age of 61.0 ± 9.9 years. The mean follow-up was 37.1 ± 11.2 months. Preoperative vertebral HU values were measured and the degree of TMC subsidence during follow-up was assessed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of subsidence: the subsidence group and the control group. Vertebral HU values were compared between the two groups, and correlation analysis was performed between HU values and TMC subsidence values. In addition, the predictive value and threshold of HU were analyzed by using ROC. RESULTS There were 22 patients (14 males and 8 females) who developed TMC subsidence (subsidence group), while 104 patients (60 males and 44 females) did not develop TMC subsidence (control group) during follow-up. Comparative analysis of demographic characteristics between the two groups showed no significant differences in gender, age, BMI, diagnosis, surgical levels, and follow-up duration (all P values > 0.05). There was a significant difference in mean HU between the subsidence group (287.6 ± 49.6) and the control group (342.4 ± 61.4) (t = -3.92, P < 0.01). In the subsidence group, there was a significant correlation between subsidence values and HU values (r = -0.52, P = 0.01), whereas no such correlation was observed in the control group (r = - 0.07, P = 0.51). ROC analysis indicated that vertebral HU values could potentially be used to predict subsidence after ACCF, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.77 (95% CI 0.66-0.87; P < 0.01). The optimal HU threshold was found to be 298, with a sensitivity of 76.9% and specificity of 68.2%. CONCLUSION Preoperative vertebral HU values were associated with postoperative TMC subsidence. Vertebral HU may be a valuable predictor of postoperative subsidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxi Wang
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Chenfei Gao
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Fazhi Zang
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Changlin Fu
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Bo Hu
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Lei Liang
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Huajiang Chen
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
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Pu HY, Song XZ, Wang B, Wei P, Zeng R, Chen Q. Cervical vertebral Hounsfield units are a better predictor of Zero-P subsidence than the T-score of DXA in patients following single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with zero-profile anchored spacer. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 33:216-223. [PMID: 37715791 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-07934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the predictive effect of Hounsfield unit (HU) values in the cervical vertebral body measured by computed tomography (CT) and T-scores measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) on Zero-P subsidence after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF)with Zero-P. In addition, we evaluated the most reliable measurement of cervical HU values. METHODS We reviewed 76 patients who underwent single-level Zero-P fusion for cervical spondylosis. HU values were measured on CT images according to previous studies. Univariate analysis was used to screen the influencing factors of Zero-P subsidence, and then, logistic regression was used to determine the independent risk factors. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the ability to predict Zero-P subsidence. RESULTS Twelve patients (15.8%) developed Zero-P subsidence. There were significant differences between subsidence group and non-subsidence group in terms of age, axial HU value, and HU value of midsagittal, midcoronal, and midaxial (MSCD), but there were no significant differences in lowest T-score and lowest BMD. The axial HU value (OR = 0.925) and HU value of MSCD (OR = 0.892) were independent risk factors for Zero-P subsidence, and the lowest T-score was not (OR = 1.186). The AUC of predicting Zero-P subsidence was 0.798 for axial HU value, 0.861 for HU value of MSCD, and 0.656 for T-score. CONCLUSIONS Lower cervical HU value indicates a higher risk of subsidence in patients following Zero-P fusion for single-level cervical spondylosis. HU values were better predictors of Zero-P subsidence than DXA T-scores. In addition, the measurement of HU value in the midsagittal, midcoronal, and midaxial planes of the cervical vertebral body provides an effective method for predicting Zero-P subsidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Pu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fushun People's Hospital, No. 490, Jixiang Road, Fushi Street, Fushun County, Zigong, 643000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xun-Zhou Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fushun People's Hospital, No. 490, Jixiang Road, Fushi Street, Fushun County, Zigong, 643000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fushun People's Hospital, No. 490, Jixiang Road, Fushi Street, Fushun County, Zigong, 643000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- The Fushun People's Hospital, Zigong, 643000, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan Province, China.
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15
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Bębenek A, Dominiak M, Godlewski B. Cervical Sagittal Balance: Impact on Clinical Outcomes and Subsidence in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3310. [PMID: 38137531 PMCID: PMC10741008 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative disease of the cervical spine leads to sagittal imbalance, which may affect treatment results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in selected cervical sagittal balance parameters and their effects on subsidence and clinical outcomes of the procedure. This study encompassed a total of 95 evaluated patients who underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Selected cervical sagittal balance parameters were assessed using lateral projection X-rays: C2-C7 spinal vertical axis (C2-C7 SVA), spinocranial angle (SCA), C7 slope, C2-C7 lordosis, and the segmental Cobb angle. Measurements were collected the day before, the day after, and 12 months after surgery. Changes in clinical parameters was assessed using the VAS and NDI scales. Subsidence was defined as a loss of intervertebral height of more than 30% of the baseline value. Among all the assessed parameters, only the C2-C7 SVA demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the groups with and without subsidence: 26.03 vs. 21.79 [mm], with p = 0.0182, preoperatively and 27.80 vs. 24.94 [mm], with p = 0.0449, on the day after surgery, respectively. We conclude that higher preoperative and postoperative C2-C7 SVA values might contribute to an elevated risk of implant subsidence. Furthermore, both the SCA and C7 slope could conceivably influence the clinical outcome, respectively impacting pain, as assessed by the VAS and the disability, as evaluated through the NDI scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bartosz Godlewski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, with Spinal Surgery Ward, Scanmed—St. Raphael Hospital, 30-693 Cracow, Poland; (A.B.); (M.D.)
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Safdar A, Headley B, Rommelman M, Haseeb A, Motiei-Langroudi R. The Effect of Interbody Cage Parameters on the Rate of Subsidence in Single-Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF): A Retrospective Analysis of 98 Patients. Cureus 2023; 15:e50386. [PMID: 38213336 PMCID: PMC10783121 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subsidence is a relatively common consequence after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgery. This study aimed to identify the effect of radiological and non-radiological risk factors on subsidence after a single-level ACDF surgery with cage and plate. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent ACDF for radiculopathy or myelopathy at an academic center, University of Kentucky Albert Chandler Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, United States, between January 2010 and January 2020. Subsidence was defined as the sinking of the interbody cage into the vertebral body at either the superior end plate (SEP) or inferior end plate (IEP) at the ACDF level and was measured manually on lateral standing x-ray. The numerical amount of subsidence was measured in millimeters as the sum of subsidence in the SEP and IEP and was further categorized into subsidence2 and subsidence3 (i.e., presence of subsidence > 2 mm and subsidence > 3 mm, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the effect of variables such as age, gender, body mass index (BMI), tobacco use, follow-up length, cage type, anterior cage height, posterior cage height, anterior cage height ratio, posterior cage height ratio, cage position, cage-end plate interface and cervical alignment on outcomes such as subsidence, subsidence2, and subsidence3. RESULTS A total of 98 patients were included, of which 46 (47.1%) were male. The mean age of the population was 47.6±8.4 years. Fifty-one patients (52%) experienced subsidence more than 3 mm. Anterior disc height ratio (ADHR) was calculated by dividing the anterior cage height by the anterior disc height (pmADH). The posterior disc height ratio (PDHR) was calculated by dividing the posterior cage height by the posterior disc height (pmPDH). There was no significant correlation between ADHR and PDHR with subsidence, (p=0.93 and 0.56, respectively). Gender, age, BMI, and smoking status did not affect subsidence either. Cage type significantly affected subsidence with a higher subsidence rate in VG2 cages compared to Bengal cages (p=0.05). CONCLUSION This study showed that in patients undergoing single-level ACDF with cage and plate, cage size and in particular cage height (if adjusted for individual patients) did not affect subsidence. Other factors such as cage-endplate interface, cage depth in interbody space, and cervical alignment did not significantly affect subsidence either. This might be attributable to the use of an anterior plating system that conducts the force and reduces the stress on the graft-bone interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleeza Safdar
- Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Benjamin Headley
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | | | - Ahmad Haseeb
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
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Hsueh LL, Yeh YC, Lu ML, Luo CA, Chiu PY, Lai PL, Niu CC. The impact of over-distraction on adjacent segment pathology and cage subsidence in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18493. [PMID: 37898696 PMCID: PMC10613266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over-distraction has been shown to be a risk factor for cage subsidence and postoperative neck pain after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Biomechanical studies have demonstrated increased adjacent segment intradiscal pressure after ACDF. The purpose of this study is to determine if over-distraction of the index disc has an effect on adjacent segment pathology. A consecutive series of 145 patients who received primary ACDF for cervical degenerative pathologies from January 2010 to December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into: (1) Over-distraction group (postoperative-preoperative index disc height ≥ 2 mm), and (2) No-distraction group (postoperative-preoperative index disc height < 2 mm). Outcome measures included radiographic parameters, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, and incidences of cage subsidence, radiological and clinical adjacent segment pathologies (RASP and CASP) were compared between the two groups preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the final follow-up. The two groups were comparable with respect to age, follow-up length, JOA score, incidence of CASP, and radiographic parameters. The Over-distraction group (83 patients; 115 levels) had smaller preoperative index disc height (4.5 vs. 5.2 mm, p < 0.001), but taller postoperative index disc height (7.7 vs. 6.6 mm, p < 0.001) than No-distraction group (62 patients; 90 levels) Furthermore, significantly higher incidences of cage subsidence (47% vs. 31%, p = 0.04) and RASP (any progression: 48% vs. 15%, p < 0.001; progress ≥ 2 grades: 25% vs. 7%, p = 0.001) were observed in the Over-distraction group. The multivariate analysis indicated that over-distraction and multilevel fusion were independent risk factors for RASP. There were no clinical outcome differences between the Over-distraction group and the No-distraction group in ACDF. Over-distraction of the index level of ≥ 2 mm should be avoided because it significantly increases the incidences of RASP and cage subsidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Li Hsueh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No.5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No.5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No.5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No.5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Ling Lu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Branch, No. 123, DAPI Rd., Niaosong Dist, Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-An Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No.5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No.5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Yeh Chiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No.5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No.5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Liang Lai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No.5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No.5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Chien Niu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No.5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC.
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No.5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lee DH, Lee HJ, Cho JH, Hwang CJ, Yang JJ, Lee CS, Park S. Foraminal Restenosis After Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy for the Treatment of Cervical Radiculopathy. Global Spine J 2023; 13:2357-2366. [PMID: 35323054 PMCID: PMC10538319 DOI: 10.1177/21925682221083268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES To elucidate incidence, risk factor, and clinical effect of bone regrowth after posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF). METHODS Ninety-eight patients who underwent PCF for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy and were followed up for >2 years were retrospectively reviewed. Foraminal dimension, sagittal gap at resected area, facet thickness, lamina length, and cervical range of motion (ROM) were measured. Neck pain visual analogue scale (VAS), arm pain VAS, and neck disability index (NDI) were recorded. Radiographic measures were compared between segments with foraminal narrowing of ≥20% at the 2-years follow-up (restenosis segments) and foraminal narrowing of <20% (patent segments). RESULTS Sixty-nine patients with 109 segments were included. 73.4% (80/109) of foramens demonstrated foraminal narrowing and decrease of foraminal dimension of ≥20% occurred in 30.3% (30/109). Foraminal dimension at postoperative 2-days was significantly higher in the restenosis segments (P = .047). Furthermore, increase of foraminal dimension was significantly associated with foraminal restenosis of ≥20% (P = .018). Facet thickness was significantly higher in the restenosis segments compared to patent segments at postoperative 2-years follow-up (P = .038). Neck pain VAS was significantly aggravated only in the restenosis group at postoperative 2-years follow-up (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Foraminal narrowing commonly occurs after PCF due to bone healing. Bone growth occurs in all directions while medial facet growth contributes more to foraminal restenosis. Greater widening of foramen during PCF is a risk factor for postoperative foramen restenosis. Therefore, amount of bone resection should be kept optimal and excessive resection should be avoided to prevent foramen restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Joo Lee
- Department of Orthopedic surgery, Busan Bumin Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Cho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ju Hwang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Jun Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyangsi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon Sung Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehan Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyangsi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
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Peng Z, Liu L, Sheng X, Liu H, Ding C, Wang B, Hong Y, Pan X, Meng Y. Risk Factors of Nonfusion after Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion in the Early Postoperative Period: A Retrospective Study. Orthop Surg 2023; 15:2574-2581. [PMID: 37538029 PMCID: PMC10549804 DOI: 10.1111/os.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although high fusion rates have been reported for anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) in the medium and long term, the risk of nonfusion in the early period after ACDF remains substantial. This study investigates early risk factors for cage nonfusion in patients undergoing single- or multi-level ACDF. METHODS This was a retrospective study. From August 2020 to December 2021, 107 patients with ACDF, including 197 segments, were enrolled, with a follow-up of 3 months. Among the 197 segments, 155 were diagnosed with nonfusion (Nonfusion group), and 42 were diagnosed with fusion (Fusion group) in the early period after ACDF. We assessed the significance of the patient-specific factors, radiographic indicators, serum factors, and clinical outcomes. The Wilcoxon rank sum test, t-tests, analysis of variance, and stepwise multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Univariate analysis showed that smoking, insufficient improvement in the C2-7 Cobb angle (p = 0.024) and the functional spinal unit Cobb angle (p = 0.022) between preoperative and postoperative stages and lower serum calcium (fusion: 2.34 ± 0.12 mmol/L; nonfusion: 2.28 ± 0.17 mmol/L, p = 0.003) β-carboxyterminal telopeptide end of type 1 collagen (β-CTX) (fusion: 0.51 [0.38, 0.71]; nonfusion: 0.43 [0.31, 0.57], p = 0.008), and N-terminal fragment of osteocalcin (N-MID-BGP) (fusion: 18.30 [12.15, 22.60]; nonfusion: 14.45 [11.65, 18.60], p = 0.023) are risk factors for nonfusion in the early period after ACDF. Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that poor C2-7 Cobb angle improvement (odds ratio [OR], 1.107 [1.019-1.204], p = 0.017) and lower serum calcium (OR, 3.700 [1.138-12.032], p = 0.030) are risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Patients with successful fusion after ACDF had higher preoperative serum calcium and improved C2-7 Cobb angle than nonfusion patients at 3 months. These findings suggest that serum calcium could be used to identify patients at risk of nonfusion following ACDF and that correcting the C2-7 Cobb angle during surgery could potentially increase fusion in the early period after ACDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaqing Sheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chen Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Beiyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ying Hong
- Department of Operating Room, West China Hospital/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yang Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Kotheeranurak V, Jitpakdee K, Lin GX, Mahatthanatrakul A, Singhatanadgige W, Limthongkul W, Yingsakmongkol W, Kim JS. Subsidence of Interbody Cage Following Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion: An Analysis and Potential Risk Factors. Global Spine J 2023; 13:1981-1991. [PMID: 34920690 PMCID: PMC10556923 DOI: 10.1177/21925682211067210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to report the incidence and potential risk factors of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cage subsidence following oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) for lumbar degenerative diseases. We proposed also an algorithm to minimize subsidence following OLIF surgery. METHODS The study included a retrospective cohort of 107 consecutive patients (48 men and 59 women; mean age, 67.4 years) who had received either single- or multi-level OLIF between 2012 and 2019. Patients were classified into subsidence and non-subsidence groups. PEEK cage subsidence was defined as any violation of either endplate from the computed tomography scan in both sagittal and coronal views. Preoperative variables such as age, sex, body mass index, bone mineral density (BMD) measured by preoperative dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, smoking status, corticosteroid use, diagnosis, operative level, multifidus muscle cross-sectional area, and multifidus muscle fatty degeneration were collected. Age-related variables (height and length) were also documented. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the risk factors of subsidence. RESULTS Of the 107 patients (137 levels), 50 (46.7%) met the subsidence criteria. Higher PEEK cage height had the strongest association with subsidence (OR = 9.59, P < .001). Other factors significantly associated with cage subsistence included age >60 years (OR = 3.15, P = .018), BMD <-2.5 (OR = 2.78, P = .006), and severe multifidus muscle fatty degeneration (OR = 1.97, P = .023). CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for subsidence in OLIF were age >60 years, BMD < -2.5, higher cage height, and severe multifidus muscle fatty degeneration. Patients who had subsidence had worse early (3 months) postoperative back and leg pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vit Kotheeranurak
- Department of Orthopedics, Queen Savang Vadhana Memorial Hospital, Sriracha, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Khanathip Jitpakdee
- Department of Orthopedics, Queen Savang Vadhana Memorial Hospital, Sriracha, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Guang-Xun Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | | | - Weerasak Singhatanadgige
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Biomechanics and Innovative Spine Surgery, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Worawat Limthongkul
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Biomechanics and Innovative Spine Surgery, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wicharn Yingsakmongkol
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Biomechanics and Innovative Spine Surgery, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jin-Sung Kim
- Spine Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Cheng CH, Chiu PY, Chen HB, Niu CC, Nikkhoo M. The influence of over-distraction on biomechanical response of cervical spine post anterior interbody fusion: a comprehensive finite element study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1217274. [PMID: 37650042 PMCID: PMC10464836 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1217274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has been considered as the gold standard surgical treatment for cervical degenerative pathologies. Some surgeons tend to use larger-sized interbody cages during ACDF to restore the index intervertebral disc height, hence, this study evaluated the effect of larger-sized interbody cages on the cervical spine with ACDF under both static and cyclic loading. Method: Twenty pre-operative personalized poro-hyperelastic finite element (FE) models were developed. ACDF post-operative models were then constructed and four clinical scenarios (i.e., 1) No-distraction; 2) 1 mm distraction; 3) 2 mm distraction; and 4) 3 mm distraction) were predicted for each patient. The biomechanical responses at adjacent spinal levels were studied subject to static and cyclic loading. Non-parametric Friedman statistical comparative tests were performed and the p values less than 0.05 were reflected as significant. Results: The calculated intersegmental range of motion (ROM) and intradiscal pressure (IDP) from 20 pre-operative FE models were within the overall ranges compared to the available data from literature. Under static loading, greater ROM, IDP, facet joint force (FJF) values were detected post ACDF, as compared with pre-op. Over-distraction induced significantly higher IDP and FJF in both upper and lower adjacent levels in extension. Higher annulus fibrosus stress and strain values, and increased disc height and fluid loss at the adjacent levels were observed in ACDF group which significantly increased for over-distraction groups. Discussion: it was concluded that using larger-sized interbody cages (the height of ≥2 mm of the index disc height) can result in remarkable variations in biomechanical responses of adjacent levels, which may indicate as risk factor for adjacent segment disease. The results of this comprehensive FE investigation using personalized modeling technique highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate height of interbody cage in ACDF surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsiu Cheng
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yeh Chiu
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Bin Chen
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Niu
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Mohammad Nikkhoo
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Yang JJ, Park S, Kim DM. Which Radiographic Parameter Can Aid in Deciding Optimal Allograft Height for Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion? Clin Spine Surg 2023; 36:75-82. [PMID: 36823710 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000001447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES To identify preoperative radiographic parameters that can guide optimal allograft height selection for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Allograft height selection for ACDF depends on intraoperative assessment supported by trials; however, there is currently no radiographic reference parameter that could aid in allograft height selection for improved outcomes. METHODS A total of 148 patients who underwent ACDF using allografts and were followed up for more than 1 year were retrospectively reviewed. Fusion rates, subsidence, segmental lordosis, and foraminal height were assessed. Segments were divided into 2 groups according to whether the inserted allograft height was within 1 mm from the following 3 reference radiographic parameters: (1) uncinate process height, (2) adjacent disc height, and (3) preoperative disc height +2 mm. RESULTS This study included 101 patients with 163 segments. Segments with an allograft-uncinate height difference of ≤1 mm had a significantly higher fusion rate at 1-year follow-up compared with segments with allograft-uncinate height difference of >1 mm [85/107 (79.4%) vs. 35/56 (62.5%); P =0.025]. Subsidence, segmental lordosis, and foraminal height did not significantly differ between the groups when segments were divided according to uncinate height. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that allograft-uncinate height difference of ≤1 mm and allograft failure were factors associated with fusion. CONCLUSIONS The uncinate process height can guide optimal allograft height selection for ACDF. Using an allograft with an allograft-uncinate height difference of ≤1 mm resulted in a higher fusion rate. Therefore, the uncinate process height should be checked preoperatively and used in conjunction with intraoperative assessment when selecting allograft height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Jun Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyangsi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
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23
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Soliman MAR, Aguirre AO, Kuo CC, Ruggiero N, Khan A, Ghannam MM, Rho K, Jowdy PK, Mullin JP, Pollina J. A Novel Cervical Vertebral Bone Quality Score Independently Predicts Cage Subsidence After Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion. Neurosurgery 2023; 92:779-786. [PMID: 36729684 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgeons can preoperatively assess bone quality using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography; however, this is not feasible for all patients. Recently, a MRI-based scoring system was used to evaluate the lumbar spine's vertebral bone quality. OBJECTIVE To create a similar MRI-based scoring system for the cervical spine (C-VBQ), correlate C-VBQ scores with computed tomography-Hounsfield units (HU), and evaluate the utility of this scoring system to independently predict cage subsidence after single-level anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion (ACDF). METHODS Demographic, procedure-related, and radiographic data were collected for patients. Pearson correlation test was used to determine the correlation between C-VBQ and HU. Cage subsidence was defined as ≥3 mm loss of fusion segmental height. A multivariate logistic regression model was built to determine the correlation between potential risk factors for subsidence. RESULTS Of 59 patients who underwent single-level ACDF, subsidence was found in 17 (28.8%). Mean C-VBQ scores were 2.22 ± 0.36 for no subsidence levels and 2.83 ± 0.38 ( P < .001) for subsidence levels. On multivariate analysis, a higher C-VBQ score was significantly associated with subsidence (odds ratio = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.39-2.46, P < .001) and was the only significant independent predictor of subsidence after ACDF. There was a significant negative correlation between HU and C-VBQ (r 2 = -0.49, P < .001). CONCLUSION We found that a higher C-VBQ score was significantly associated with cage subsidence after ACDF. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between C-VBQ and HU. The C-VBQ score may be a valuable tool for assessing preoperative bone quality and independently predicting cage subsidence after ACDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A R Soliman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Buffalo General Medical Center, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alexander O Aguirre
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Cathleen C Kuo
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Nicco Ruggiero
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Asham Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Buffalo General Medical Center, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Moleca M Ghannam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Buffalo General Medical Center, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Kyungduk Rho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Buffalo General Medical Center, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Patrick K Jowdy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Buffalo General Medical Center, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Mullin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Buffalo General Medical Center, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - John Pollina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Buffalo General Medical Center, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Levy HA, Karamian BA, Yalla GR, Canseco JA, Vaccaro AR, Kepler CK. Impact of surface roughness and bulk porosity on spinal interbody implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:478-489. [PMID: 36075112 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal fusion surgeries are performed to treat a multitude of cervical and lumbar diseases that lead to pain and disability. Spinal interbody fusion involves inserting a cage between the spinal vertebrae, and is often utilized for indirect neurologic decompression, correction of spinal alignment, anterior column stability, and increased fusion rate. The long-term success of interbody fusion relies on complete osseointegration between the implant surface and vertebral end plates. Titanium (Ti)-based alloys and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) interbody cages represent the most commonly utilized materials and provide sufficient mechanics and biocompatibility to assist in fusion. However, modification to the surface and bulk characteristics of these materials has been shown to maximize osseointegration and long-term stability. Specifically, the introduction of intrinsic porosity and surface roughness has been shown to affect spinal interbody mechanics, vascularization, osteoblast attachment, and ingrowth potential. This narrative review synthesizes the mechanical, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical effects on fusion efficacy associated with introduction of porosity in Ti (neat and alloy) and PEEK intervertebral implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Levy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Brian A Karamian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Goutham R Yalla
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jose A Canseco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher K Kepler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ament JD, Vokshoor A, Yee R, Johnson JP. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Silicon Nitride and Biomaterial Modulus as it Relates to Subsidence Risk in Spinal Fusion Surgery. NORTH AMERICAN SPINE SOCIETY JOURNAL (NASSJ) 2022; 12:100168. [PMID: 36147584 PMCID: PMC9486012 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2022.100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction For decades, researchers and surgeons have sought to determine the optimal biomaterial for spinal fusion implants. Successful fusion is associated with improved quality of life while failures are often associated with costly and complex revisions. One common failure is subsidence. Biomaterials with higher modulus are thought to be related to subsidence risk but this has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess silicon nitride and biomaterial modulus as they relate to subsidence risk in spinal fusions. Methods A systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Databases searched included PubMed-Medline, Google Scholar, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library. Study quality was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A network meta-analysis was chosen, allowing for direct and indirect comparisons for multiple treatments using a Bayesian hierarchical framework with Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Outcomes were reported as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated using the I2 test. A pairwise meta-analysis was also produced to compare the results of network analysis for consistency. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot, Egger test, and Begg test. All analyses were conducted using R (Project for Statistical Computing, ver. 4.0.4). Results The initial search yielded a total of 821 articles. After removal of duplicates and screening based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 64 articles were available for review and 13 were selected for meta-analysis. Biomaterial implant types in the final studies included: silicon nitride (Si3N4), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), titanium (Ti), and two composites, nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 (n-HA/PA66) and a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). A total of 1,192 patients were included in this analysis – 419 with titanium implants, 460 with PEEK, 96 with Si3N4, 332 with n-HA/PA66, and 35 with CFRP. Titanium had the highest rate of subsidence compared to other biomaterials. Pairwise analysis was consistent with these results. Both the Egger test (p = 0.28) and Begg test (p = 0.37) were found to be non-significant for publication bias. Conclusions Spinal fusion implants derived from Si3N4, compared to PEEK and titanium, do not appear to be correlated with increased subsidence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D. Ament
- Neurosurgery & Spine Group, Los Angeles CA
- Institute for NeuroInnovation, Los Angeles, CA
- Neuronomics, Los Angeles, CA
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Corresponding author: Neurosurgery & Spine Group, 7320 Woodlake Ave., Suite 215, West Hills, CA 91307. 800-899-0101
| | - Amir Vokshoor
- Neurosurgery & Spine Group, Los Angeles CA
- Institute for NeuroInnovation, Los Angeles, CA
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Mu G, Chen H, Fu H, Wang S, Lu H, Yi X, Li C, Yue L, Sun H. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with zero-profile versus stand-alone cages for two-level cervical spondylosis: A retrospective cohort study. Front Surg 2022; 9:1002744. [PMID: 36406351 PMCID: PMC9666491 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1002744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the mid-long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of zero-profile (ZP) compared with stand-alone (ST) cages for two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). METHODS We included 77 patients (39 women and 38 men) who underwent two-level ACDF between May 5, 2016, and May 5, 2020, and who were followed up for at least 1 year. The subjects were divided into the ST (n = 38) and ZP (n = 39) group. For the evaluation of functional status, Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores were used. Additionally, radiological outcomes and procedure complications were observed at final follow-up. RESULTS Both groups had excellent clinical outcomes at the final follow-up. There were no significant intergroup (ZP vs. ST) differences in the fusion rate (91.02% vs. 90.79%, P > 0.05) and postoperative dysphagia (15.4% vs. 2.6%, P = 0.108). However, the disc height at the final follow-up in the ZP group was higher than that in the ST group (6.86 ± 0.84 vs. 6.17 ± 1.03, P = 0.002). The ZP group accomplished a lower loss of cervical lordosis (18.46 ± 4.78 vs. 16.55 ± 4.36, P = 0.071), but without reaching statistical significance. CONCLUSION ACDF with either ZP or ST cages turns out to be a dependable strategy for two-level ACDF in terms of clinical results. However, compared with the ST, the ZP cage may achieve a significantly lower loss of disc height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanzhang Mu
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyong Fu
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shijun Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hailin Lu
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Yi
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunde Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yue
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haolin Sun
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China,Correspondence: Haolin Sun
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Morphologic Change of CorticoCancellous Allograft Used for Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2022; 47:944-953. [PMID: 35275848 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000004354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical implications of graft morphologic changes in corticocancellous allografts used for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), such as graft resorption or fracture. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Although cortico-cancellous allograft is one of the most commonly used interbody spacer for ACDF, clinical implications of allograft resorption or fracture is unclear. METHODS One-hundred and thirty-eight consecutive patients who underwent ACDF for degenerative cervical myelopathy or radiculopathy were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with allograft morphologic changes, including graft resorption and fracture (morphologic change group), were compared with patients without morphologic changes (unchanged group). Furthermore, operated segments with morphologic changes were compared with unchanged segments. Patient characteristics, cervical lordosis, segmental lordosis, fusion, subsidence, neck pain visual analogue scale (VAS), arm pain VAS, and neck disability index (NDi) scores were evaluated. RESULTS Ninety patients (149 segments) were included in the study. Allograft resorption or fracture was detected in 46 (51.1%) patients and 81 (54.3%) segments, respectively. The fusion rate of morphologic change segments was significantly lower than that of the unchanged segments (P < 0.001). Furthermore, segments with morphologic changes had significantly higher rates of subsidence compared to unchanged segments ( P < 0.001). Segmental lordosis at the final follow-up was significantly smaller in the morphologic change segments ( P < 0.001). Neck pain VAS, arm pain VAS, and NDI scores did not demonstrate significant intergroup differences. CONCLUSION Corticocancellous allograft demonstrated a high rate of graft morphologic change (54.3%). Graft resorption or fracture was associated with increased pseudarthrosis, subsidence, and decreased postoperative segmental lordosis; however, the clinical results were not significantly affected. Caution is needed when choosing to use corticocancellous allografts for ACDF due to the high rate of graft resorption or fracture and the negative implications of these risks.
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Ye W, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Cai W. Analysis of Functional Outcomes and Risk Factors for Facet Joint Distraction During Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. World Neurosurg 2022; 162:e301-e308. [PMID: 35259505 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to clarify functional outcomes of facet joint distraction (FJD) and identify specific risk factors for excessive FJD during single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). METHODS This study retrospectively analyzed 100 patients who underwent single-level ACDF for CSM from January 2016 to May 2020. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were obtained before surgery and 12 months after surgery. Radiographic parameters including anterior intervertebral height (AIH), posterior intervertebral height, facet joint gap, cage posterior depth (CPD), upper vertebral length, cervical segmental Cobb angle (CSCA), C2-C7 Cobb angle, and C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis were analyzed. Functional outcomes were evaluated using the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association Score, visual analog scale (VAS), and Neck Disability Index (NDI). RESULTS Comparison between the appropriate FJD and excessive FJD groups showed statistically significant differences in the NDI, VAS, CPD, and ΔAIH (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that independent factors associated with excessive FJD were as follows: a ΔAIH > 2.28 mm (odds ratio [OR] = 6.792, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.885-24.470, P = 0.003), CPD > 12.45 mm (OR = 5.876, 95% CI = 1.828-18.895, P = 0.003), and post-CSCA < 0° (OR = 6.251, 95% CI = 1.275-30.633, P = 0.024). Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the multilevel logistic regression model produced an area under the curve of 0.783 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Patients with an FJD of >0.905 mm had worse NDI and VAS pain scores, but not a poorer modified Japanese Orthopedic Association Score recovery rate. Our findings suggested that a ΔAIH > 2.28 mm, CPD > 12.45 mm, and post-CSCA < 0° were independent risk factors for excessive FJD after single-level ACDF for CSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuanghui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yufeng Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihua Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhao L, Xie T, Wang X, Yang Z, Pu X, Lu Y, Zeng J. Clinical and radiological evaluation of cage subsidence following oblique lumbar interbody fusion combined with anterolateral fixation. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:214. [PMID: 35248042 PMCID: PMC8898418 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cage subsidence (CS) was previously reported as one of the most common complications following oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF). We aimed to assess the impacts of CS on surgical results following OLIF combined with anterolateral fixation, and determine its radiological characteristics as well as related risk factors.
Methods
Two hundred and forty-two patients who underwent OLIF at L4-5 and with a minimum 12 months follow-up were reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups according to the extent of disk height (DH) decrease during follow-up: no CS (DH decrease ≤ 2 mm), mild CS (2 mm < DH decrease ≤ 4 mm) and severe CS (DH decrease > 4 mm). The clinical and radiological results were compared between groups to evaluate radiological features, clinical effects and risk factors of CS.
Results
CS was identified in 79 (32.6%) patients, including 48 (19.8%) with mild CS and 31 (11.8%) with severe CS. CS was mainly identified within 1 month postoperatively, it did not progress after 3 months postoperatively, and more noted in the caudal endplate (44, 55.7%). In terms of clinical results, patients in the mild CS group were significantly worse than those in the no CS group, and patients in the severe CS group were significantly worse than those in the mild CS group. There was no significant difference in fusion rate between no CS (92.6%, 151/163) and mild CS (83.3%, 40/48) groups. However, significant lower fusion rate was observed in severe CS group (64.5%, 20/31) compared to no CS group. CS related risk factors included osteoporosis (OR = 5.976), DH overdistraction (OR = 1.175), flat disk space (OR = 3.309) and endplate injury (OR = 6.135).
Conclusion
CS following OLIF was an early postoperative complication. Higher magnitudes of CS were associated with worse clinical improvements and lower intervertebral fusion. Osteoporosis and endplate injury were significant risk factors for CS. Additionally, flat disk space and DH over-distraction were also correlated with an increased probability of CS.
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Finite element analysis of the effect of anterior dynamic plating on two-level anterior cervical discectomy fusion biomechanics. World Neurosurg 2022; 163:e43-e52. [PMID: 35176523 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limitations of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) relate to mechanical failure of the construct after recurring subsidence and migration. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the maximum rotation of variable angle screws on the range of motion (ROM), cage migration, and subsidence. METHODS Five finite element (FE) models were developed from a C2-C7 cervical spine model. The first model was an intact C2-C7 spine model, and the second model was an altered C2-C7 model with C4-C6 cage insertion and a 2-level static plate. The other three models were altered C2-C7 models with the same C4-C6 cage insertion and a 2-level dynamic plate. RESULTS ROM of C4-C6 in the static plate model was reduced by about 14º from the intact model, while only reduced by about 9o in dynamic plate models. The maximum migration and subsidence at the cage-endplate interface in the dynamic plate models were lower than that in the static plate model under all moments. The von-Mises stress of the C3-C4 and C6-C7 discs in the dynamic plate models was lower than that in the static plate model. CONCLUSION Results indicate dynamic plating has promising potential (higher ROM and lower von Mises stress of discs) for stabilization in multilevel ACDF than static plate, though both dynamic plate and static plate has lower ROM than the intact model. Lower screw rotational angle has superior biomechanical performance (lower migration and subsidence) to higher rotational angle in multilevel applications regardless of loading.
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Jin ZY, Teng Y, Wang HZ, Yang HL, Lu YJ, Gan MF. Comparative Analysis of Cage Subsidence in Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion: Zero Profile Anchored Spacer (ROI-C) vs. Conventional Cage and Plate Construct. Front Surg 2021; 8:736680. [PMID: 34778358 PMCID: PMC8579909 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.736680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has been widely performed to treat cervical generative diseases. Cage subsidence is a complication after ACDF. Although it is known that segmental kyphosis, acceleration of adjacent segmental disease, and restenosis may occur due to cages subsidence; however detailed research comparing zero-profile cages (ROI-C) and conventional plate and cage construct (CPC) on cage subsidence has been lacking. Objective: The objectives of this study was to compare the rate of postoperative cage subsidence between zero profile anchored spacer (ROI-C) and conventional cage and plate construct (CPC) and investigate the risk factors associated with cage subsidence following ACDF. Methods: Seventy-four patients with ACDF who received either ROI-C or CPC treatment from October 2013 to August 2018 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Clinical and radiological outcomes and the incidence of cage subsidence at final follow up-were compared between groups. All patients were further categorized into the cage subsidence (CS) and non-cage subsidence (NCS) groups for subgroup analysis. Results: The overall subsidence rate was higher in the ROI-C group than in the CPC group (66.67 vs. 38.46%, P = 0.006). The incidence of cage subsidence was significantly different between groups for multiple-segment surgeries (75 vs. 34.6%, P = 0.003), but not for single-segment surgeries (54.55 vs. 42.30%, P = 0.563). Male sex, operation in multiple segments, using an ROI-C, and over-distraction increased the risk of subsidence. Clinical outcomes and fusion rates were not affected by cage subsidence. Conclusion: ROI-C use resulted in a higher subsidence rate than CPC use in multi-segment ACDF procedures. The male sex, the use of ROI-C, operation in multiple segments, and over-distraction were the most significant factors associated with an increase in the risk of cage subsidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Yu Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yun Teng
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua-Zheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui-Lin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying-Jie Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min-Feng Gan
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Singhatanadgige W, Sukthuayat A, Tanaviriyachai T, Kongtharvonskul J, Tanasansomboon T, Kerr SJ, Limthongkul W. Risk factors for polyetheretherketone cage subsidence following minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2021; 163:2557-2565. [PMID: 34297205 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-021-04923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interbody cage subsidence is a postoperative complication leading to poor outcomes after minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF). This study aimed to identify risk factors of cage subsidence in lumbar spinal diseases after MIS-TLIF using polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cage. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, plain radiographs and three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) performed 12 months after MIS-TLIF were evaluated, and the risk of cage subsidence was calculated with odds ratio (OR), confidence interval (CI), and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 114 patients (mean age, 65 years) and 135 levels were included in this study: 80 (59.3%) with and 55 (40.7%) without cage subsidence. Multifidus atrophy showed the strongest association with PEEK cage subsidence (p < 0.001). Compared to those with normal mass, the odds of PEEK cage subsidence were 76.0 (95% CI: 3.9-1472.9) for severe atrophy. The factors significantly associated with cage subsistence were posterior cage position (OR = 4.2; p = 0.005), cage height ≥ 12 mm (OR = 7.6; p = 0.008), use of an autograft mixed with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) (OR = 5.8; p = 0.002), body mass index (BMI) > 27.5 kg/m2 (OR = 4.2; p = 0.03), and titanium-coated PEEK (Ti-PEEK) cage-type (OR = 38.4, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In MIS-TLIF with a PEEK cage, the factors associated with an increased risk of cage subsidence were higher BMI, increased severity of multifidus muscle atrophy, Ti-coated PEEK cage-type, cage height ≥ 12 mm, use of DBM mixed autograft, and posterior cage position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerasak Singhatanadgige
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Biomechanics and Innovative Spine Surgery, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Amnat Sukthuayat
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Terdpong Tanaviriyachai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Jatupon Kongtharvonskul
- Section for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerachat Tanasansomboon
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Stephen J Kerr
- Biostatistics Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Worawat Limthongkul
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Biomechanics and Innovative Spine Surgery, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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A critical review on the biomechanical study of cervical interbody fusion cage. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2021.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Segmental Height Decrease Adversely Affects Foraminal Height and Cervical Lordosis, But Not Clinical Outcome After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Using Allografts. World Neurosurg 2021; 154:e555-e565. [PMID: 34325033 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to elucidate the clinical significance of postoperative segmental height decrease (SHD) in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) using allografts. METHODS We reviewed 88 patients who underwent ACDF using allografts as interbody spacers. Cervical lordosis, segmental lordosis, segmental height, foraminal height, fusion, allograft fracture, and resorption were assessed. Significant SHD was defined as that ≥2 mm. Neck pain visual analog scale (VAS) score, arm pain VAS score, and Neck Disability Index (NDI) score were also recorded. Significant segmental height decreased (SH-D) segments were compared with segmental height maintained (SH-M) segments. RESULTS Thirty-two patients (36.4%) and 34 segments (23.1%) demonstrated significant SHD. SH-D segments demonstrated significantly lower segmental lordosis (3.7 ± 4.1 vs. 0.9 ± 4.8°; P < 0.01), foraminal height (9.6 ± 1.1 vs. 8.7 ± 0.9 mm; P < 0.01), and fusion rate (88 [77.9%] vs. 20 [58.9%]; P = 0.04) than SH-M segments at the final follow-up, respectively. Furthermore, global lordosis was significantly lower in the SH-D group (18.3 ± 8.5 vs. 13.9 ± 8.9°, respectively; P = 0.02). However, neck and arm pain VAS scores and NDI score did not demonstrate a significant difference between patients with and without significant SHD. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that higher allograft height (P = 0.03), greater allograft anteroposterior length (P = 0.04), and allograft resorption or fracture (P < 0.01) were associated with increased risk of significant SHD. Logistic regression analysis also demonstrated that allograft resorption or fracture (P < 0.01) was associated with risk of nonunion. CONCLUSIONS Significant SHD was associated with decreased segmental lordosis, global cervical lordosis, and foraminal height. However, significant SHD did not result in worsening of clinical symptoms. Larger allograft size was associated with risk of significant SHD. This study demonstrates provisional results that suggest allograft resorption or fracture may be a factor that adversely affects fusion or SHD.
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Hara T, Ohara Y, Abe E, Takami K, Orías AAE, Arai H, Inoue N. Cervical endplate bone density distribution measured by CT osteoabsorptiometry and direct comparison with mechanical properties of the endplate. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2021; 30:2557-2564. [PMID: 34268667 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-021-06920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intervertebral device subsidence is one of the complications of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. The biomechanical properties of vertebral bony endplate may be related to device subsidence. The aim of this study is to measure the cervical endplate bone density distribution using a novel 3D measurement method. METHODS Eight human cadaver cervical spines were obtained and levels C3-C7 were dissected and CT scanned. Three-dimensional (3D) CT model was created with the same 3D coordinates of the original DICOM dataset. The regional strength and stiffness of the endplate were determined by indentation testing. The indentation points were recorded by a photograph and the location of the indentation points was projected to the 3D CT model. Three-dimensional coordinates of the indentation point was obtained in the 3D space determined by the DICOM dataset. The area underneath the indentation point was calculated by a trilinear interpolation method directly. Data in HU and correlations with the indentation strength and stiffness were analysed. RESULTS A positive correlation was found between HU and strength (r = 0.52) and between HU and stiffness (r = 0.41). Overall, mechanical strength and stiffness and HU in the superior endplate of the caudal vertebra were lower than those in the inferior endplate of the cranial vertebra in the same intervertebral disc. CONCLUSIONS The mechanical properties and the HU were found to be significantly correlated, which employed a novel 3D HU measurement method, thus demonstrating potential to predict cervical endplate failure risk in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yukoh Ohara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Abe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaosu Takami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Hajime Arai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
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Wang S, Zhu J, Sun K, Chen R, Cao J, You R, Liu A, Zhao F, Shi J. Clinical impact and imaging results after a modified procedure of ACDF: a prospective case-controlled study based on ninety cases with two-year follow-up. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:605. [PMID: 34217257 PMCID: PMC8254952 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Study design This is a prospective case-controlled study. Background To analyze the postoperative axial pain and cage subsidence of patients presenting with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) after a modified procedure of ACDF (mACDF). Methods Ninety patients with CSM were prospectively collected from 2014 to 2018. The patients were divided into spread group and non-spread group (48:42 ratio) according to the cage placement with or without releasing the Caspar cervical retractor after decompression. Spread group received conventional ACDF and non-spread group received mACDF. Patients were followed-up for at least 24 months after surgery. Radiologic data, including height of intervertebral space and Cobb Angle, were collected. Nervous system function was obtained using JOA scores, and level of pain was assessed using VAS scores. Results A total of 90 patients were enrolled and the patients were divided into spread group (n = 48) and none-spread group(n = 42). Cage subsidence of (spread group vs none-spread group) was (0.82 ± 0.68 vs 0.58 ± 0.81) mm, (0.64 ± 0.77 vs 0.34 ± 0.46) mm, (0.48 ± 0.43 vs 0.25 ± 0.28) mm, and (0.45 ± 0.47 vs 0.17 ± 0.32) mm at 3 months, 6 months, 12 months and 24 months, respectively. The period exhibiting the most decrease of the height of intervertebral space was 3 months postoperatively. However, there was no statistical difference in the height of intervertebral space, JOA or VAS scores at the final follow-up between the two groups. Conclusions The mACDF can avoid excessive distraction by releasing the Caspar Cervical retractor, restore the “natural height” of cervical vertebra, relieve immediate pain after surgery, and prevent rapid Cage subsidence and the loss of cervical curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunmin Wang
- 910 Hospital of China Joint Logistics Support Force, 180 Garden Road, Fengze District, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiqiang Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongzi Chen
- 910 Hospital of China Joint Logistics Support Force, 180 Garden Road, Fengze District, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jie Cao
- 910 Hospital of China Joint Logistics Support Force, 180 Garden Road, Fengze District, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ruijin You
- 910 Hospital of China Joint Logistics Support Force, 180 Garden Road, Fengze District, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Aigang Liu
- 910 Hospital of China Joint Logistics Support Force, 180 Garden Road, Fengze District, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- 910 Hospital of China Joint Logistics Support Force, 180 Garden Road, Fengze District, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Jiangang Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China.
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Ma F, Xu S, Liao Y, Tang Q, Tang C, Wang Q, Zhong D. Using a mixture of local bone dust and morselized bone as graft materials in single- and double-level ACDF. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:510. [PMID: 34078352 PMCID: PMC8173926 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Using a cage filled with local bone in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) can eliminate morbidities associated with autograft harvest from the iliac crest while achieving high fusion rates. However, there is still no consensus regarding the methods for using local bone grafts. This retrospective study was performed to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of using a mixture of bone dust and morselized bone versus morselized bone alone in ACDF. Methods A retrospective study of 228 patients affected by cervical degenerative disease who had undergone single- or double-level ACDF between January 2014 and June 2018 was performed. Nanohydroxyapatite/polyamide-66 (n-HA/PA66) combined with morselized bone was used in 111 patients (group A: single-level ACDF in 51 patients and double-level ACDF in 60 patients), whereas the n-HA/PA66 cage combined with a mixture of bone dust and morselized bone was used in 117 patients (group B: single-level ACDF in 58 patients and double-level ACDF in 59 patients). The fusion rate, extent of cage subsidence, fusion segmental height (FSH), C2-7 lordosis, segmental sagittal alignment (SSA), 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) score, and Neck Disability Index (NDI) were compared between the two groups. Results The VAS score and NDI were significantly reduced after the operation in group A and group B. At the final follow-up, the fusion rate was 90.2 % (46/51) and 94.8 % (55/58) in patients treated with single-level ACDF in group A and group B, respectively (p > 0.05). In patients treated with double-level ACDF, bone fusion was achieved in 52 patients (86.7 %) in group A and 55 patients (93.2 %) in group B (p > 0.05). The fusion rate of single- and double-level ACDF was higher in patients in group B than those in group A at the 3-month, 6-month and 12-month follow-ups (p < 0.05). The extent of cage subsidence after single- and double-level ACDF was lower in patients in group B (1.5 ± 0.5 mm and 2.3 ± 0.8 mm, respectively) than in those in group A (1.8 ± 0.7 mm and 2.9 ± 1.4 mm, respectively) (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the C2-7 lordosis, FSH, SSA, VAS score, or NDI before or after the operation (p > 0.05). Conclusions Using a mixture of local bone dust and morselized bone as cage-filling materials yielded comparably good clinical outcomes as using morselized bone alone in single- and double-level ACDF. However, the mixture graft of bone dust and morselized bone was more beneficial in promoting early fusion and reducing cage subsidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Sichuan, 646000, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopedic Engineering, No. 25 Taiping Street, Sichuan, 646000, Luzhou, China
| | - Shicai Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Sichuan, 646000, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopedic Engineering, No. 25 Taiping Street, Sichuan, 646000, Luzhou, China
| | - Yehui Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Sichuan, 646000, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopedic Engineering, No. 25 Taiping Street, Sichuan, 646000, Luzhou, China
| | - Qiang Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Sichuan, 646000, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopedic Engineering, No. 25 Taiping Street, Sichuan, 646000, Luzhou, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Sichuan, 646000, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopedic Engineering, No. 25 Taiping Street, Sichuan, 646000, Luzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Sichuan, 646000, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopedic Engineering, No. 25 Taiping Street, Sichuan, 646000, Luzhou, China
| | - Dejun Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Sichuan, 646000, Luzhou, China. .,Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopedic Engineering, No. 25 Taiping Street, Sichuan, 646000, Luzhou, China.
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Wang M, Mummaneni PV, Xi Z, Chang CC, Rivera J, Guinn J, Mayer R, Chou D. Lower Hounsfield units on CT are associated with cage subsidence after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. J Neurosurg Spine 2020; 33:425-432. [PMID: 32503001 DOI: 10.3171/2020.3.spine2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A consequence of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is graft subsidence, potentially leading to kyphosis, nonunion, foraminal stenosis, and recurrent pain. Bone density, as measured in Hounsfield units (HUs) on CT, may be associated with subsidence. The authors evaluated the association between HUs and subsidence rates after ACDF. METHODS A retrospective study of patients treated with single-level ACDF at the University of California, San Francisco, from 2008 to 2017 was performed. HU values were measured according to previously published methods. Only patients with preoperative CT, minimum 1-year follow-up, and single-level ACDF were included. Patients with posterior surgery, tumor, infection, trauma, deformity, or osteoporosis treatment were excluded. Changes in segmental height were measured at 1-year follow-up compared with immediate postoperative radiographs. Subsidence was defined as segmental height loss of more than 2 mm. RESULTS A total of 91 patients met inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference in age or sex between the subsidence and nonsubsidence groups. Mean HU values in the subsidence group (320.8 ± 23.9, n = 8) were significantly lower than those of the nonsubsidence group (389.1 ± 53.7, n = 83, p < 0.01, t-test). There was a negative correlation between the HU values and segmental height loss (Pearson's coefficient -0.735, p = 0.01). Using receiver operating characteristic curves, the area under the curve was 0.89, and the most appropriate threshold of HU value was 343.7 (sensitivity 77.1%, specificity 87.5%). A preoperative lower HU is a risk factor for postoperative subsidence (binary logistic regression, p < 0.05). The subsidence rate and distance between allograft and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) materials were not significantly different (PEEK 0.9 ± 0.7 mm, allograft 1.0 ± 0.7 mm; p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Lower preoperative CT HU values are associated with cage subsidence in single-level ACDF. Preoperative measurement of HUs may be useful in predicting outcomes after ACDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Wang
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Praveen V Mummaneni
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Zhuo Xi
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Chih-Chang Chang
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Joshua Rivera
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Jeremy Guinn
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Rory Mayer
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Dean Chou
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
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Park BJ, Nourski KV, Noeller J, Seaman SC, Woodroffe RW, Hitchon PW. Indications and Outcomes for Contemporaneous Anteroposterior Surgery in Cervical Stenosis and Myelopathy: Single Center Experience. World Neurosurg 2020; 140:e348-e359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Safety of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using titanium-coated polyetheretherketone stand-alone cages: Multicenter prospective study of incidence of cage subsidence. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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