1
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Dana SMMA, Meghdadi M, Kakhki SK, Khademi R. Anti-leukemia effects of ginsenoside monomer: A narrative review of pharmacodynamics study. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2024; 100:100739. [PMID: 38706463 PMCID: PMC11066596 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2024.100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Leukemia is a prevalent disease with high mortality and morbidity rates. Current therapeutic approaches are expensive and have side effects. Objective In this investigation, we reviewed studies that investigated the anticancer effects of ginsenoside derivatives against leukemia and also explained the three main Ginsenoside derivatives (ginsenoside Rg3, Rh2, and Rg1) separately. Methods An extensive search was conducted in Pubmed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and relevant studies that investigated anticancer effects of ginsenoside derivatives against leukemia cancer were extracted and reviewed. Results Preclinical studies reported that ginsenoside derivatives can induce apoptosis, suppress the proliferation of cancer cells, and induce differentiation and cell cycle arrest in leukemia cells. in addition, it can suppress the chemokine activity and extramedullary infiltration of leukemia cells from bone marrow. using herbal medicine and its derivatives is a promising approach to current health problems. Conclusion This review shows that ginsenoside derivatives can potentially suppress the growth of leukemia cells via various pathways and can be applied as a new natural medicine for future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammadreza Meghdadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Khayat Kakhki
- Department of Gerontological Nursing, School of Nursing, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Reza Khademi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Wu L, Bai L, Dai W, Wu Y, Xi P, Zhang J, Zheng L. Ginsenoside Rg3: A Review of its Anticancer Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:869-884. [PMID: 38441023 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266283661240226052054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a long history of treating various diseases and is increasingly being recognized as a complementary therapy for cancer. A promising natural compound extracted from the Chinese herb ginseng is ginsenoside Rg3, which has demonstrated significant anticancer effects. It has been tested in a variety of cancers and tumors and has proven to be effective in suppressing cancer. OBJECTIVES This work covers various aspects of the role of ginsenoside Rg3 in cancer treatment, including its biological functions, key pathways, epigenetics, and potential for combination therapies, all of which have been extensively researched and elucidated. The study aims to provide a reference for future research on ginsenoside Rg3 as an anticancer agent and a support for the potential application of ginsenoside Rg3 in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenshu Dai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Frontier Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaping Wu
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Pengjun Xi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jie Zhang
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lily Zheng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Wan J, Cheng W, Xing X, He Y, Tang P, Feng Y, Liu S, Lu X, Zhong L. A SERS-Based Dual-Parameter Monitoring Nanoprobe of ROS and PI3K/Akt during Ginsenoside Rg3-Induced Cell Apoptosis. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:212. [PMID: 36831977 PMCID: PMC9953484 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Both the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase (PI3K) protein content are two crucial parameters for characterizing states of cell apoptosis. Current methods measure these parameters with two different techniques, respectively, which usually lead to evaluation contingency. Ginsenoside Rg3 exhibits an excellent anticancer effect, which is enacted by the Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase/Protein Kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway involving ROS; however, the precise mechanism that induces cell apoptosis remains unknown. This is due to the lack of information on quantitative intracellular ROS and PI3K. Here, we used a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based boric acid nanoprobe to monitor the intracellular ROS level and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) content, which reflects the regulatory effect of the PI3K/Akt pathway. After treatment with ginsenoside Rg3, the PI3K/Akt content first increased and then decreased as the ROS level increased. Moreover, when the ROS level significantly increased, the mitochondrial membrane potential reduced, thus indicating the dynamic regulation effect of intracellular ROS level on the PI3K/Akt pathway. Importantly, in addition to avoiding evaluation contingency, which is caused by measuring the aforementioned parameters with two different techniques, this SERS-based dual-parameter monitoring nanoprobe provides an effective solution for simultaneous ROS level and PI3K content measurements during cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the intracellular ROS level was also able to have a dynamic regulatory effect on the PI3K/Akt pathway, which is essential for studying ROS/PI3K/Akt-pathway-related cell apoptosis and its activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wendai Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinyue Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuting He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ping Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Information Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yaping Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengde Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoxu Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liyun Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Information Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Balaei N, Shoorei H, Hasan SMF, Hussen BM, Talebi SF, Taheri M, Ayatollahi SA. The effects of Ginsenosides on PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6701-6716. [PMID: 35220526 PMCID: PMC9270311 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides belong to a group of steroid glycosides that are extracted from the plant genus Panax (ginseng). This plant has been used for a long time for the treatment of a variety of disorders in traditional medicine. Recent studies have assessed the biological impact of Ginsenosides in cell culture or animal models. Animal studies have shown their beneficial impacts in the remedy of pathological conditions in different tissues. The ameliorating effects of Ginsenosides in diverse pathogenic conditions can be attributed to their effects on the production of reactive oxygen species. These substances mainly affect the activity of AMPK/AKT and PI3K/AKT pathways. The beneficial effects of Ginsenosides have been appraised in diabetes-related complications, spinal cord injury, cerebral ischemia, myocardial ischemia, and other disorders which are associated with oxidative stress. Moreover, these substances have been shown to interfere with the pathologic conditions during carcinogenesis. In the current study, we explain these impacts in two distinct sections including non-neoplastic conditions and neoplastic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Balaei
- Department of Pharmacology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Syed Muhammad Farid Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Seyedeh Fahimeh Talebi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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Shandilya UK, Lamers K, Zheng Y, Moran N, Karrow NA. Ginsenoside Rb1 selectively improved keratinocyte functions in vitro without affecting tissue regeneration in zebrafish larvae tail regrowth. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:269-277. [PMID: 35501555 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh K Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kristen Lamers
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yashi Zheng
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicole Moran
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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6
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LI H, WANG T, CUI W, GAO Z, CHE Z. Effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on proliferation and apoptosis of 786-0 cells and AktmTORSTAT3 signaling in renal carcinoma. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.124121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei CUI
- Zibo Central Hospital, China
| | | | - Zi CHE
- Zibo Central Hospital, China
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Baghal-Sadriforoush S, Bagheri M, Abdi Rad I, Sotoodeh Nejadnematalahi F. PI3K Inhibition Sensitize the Cisplatin-resistant Human Ovarian Cancer Cell OVCAR3 by Induction of Oxidative Stress. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 10:675-685. [PMID: 35291604 PMCID: PMC8903357 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.10.4.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluates the effect of simultaneous AKT inhibition and cisplatin therapy in changes of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production, apoptosis induction, and cell survival in cisplatin-resistant OVCAR3 cell. METHODS OVCAR3 cancer cells were treated with cisplatin, Ly 294002 (LY), and cisplatin+Ly to investigate the cytotoxicity effect of the mentioned groups via MTT assay. Then, DCFH-DA (2', 7'-dichlorodihydro fluorescein diacetate) assay kit is used to assess the potential of treated groups in intracellular ROS generation. Protein expression levels of caspase-3, cleaved caspase 3, PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, XIAP, and Survivin are estimated through immunoblotting assay in all three experimental groups. RESULTS The results showed that all three treated groups, including cisplatin and Ly alone and co-administration of cisplatin+Ly, could reduce the cell vitality of OVCAR3 cancer cells, induced intracellular production of ROS and increased the expression level of activated caspase 3 and Akt protein, whereas down-regulated the phosphorylation of Akt protein. However, the effect of combination therapy was more tangible compared to single therapy and control groups. In contrast, the expression amount of XIAP, Survivin, and PI3K did not show detectable changes in comparison with the control group. CONCLUSION The results showed that the AKT inhibition by Ly could sensitize the OVCAR3 cancer cells to the cisplatin and lower the effective dose of cisplatin through hyperactivation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Corresponding author: Morteza Bagheri; Tel: +98 4433457277; E-mail:
| | - Isa Abdi Rad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Cai Z, Teng Y, Chen Y. The Effect of Shenyi Capsule on Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Combined with Chemotherapy from the Yin-Yang Perspective. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:1653750. [PMID: 34512772 PMCID: PMC8426066 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1653750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As an example of Shenyi capsule on non-small-cell lung cancer combined with chemotherapy, this review discusses the synergistic effect and mechanism of natural drugs in oncotherapy from the yin-yang perspective in ancient Chinese philosophy, so as to reflect the therapeutic principle of natural drugs for tumor more comprehensively. The major focuses of this review are on the philosophical thinking of yin-yang as a tool which can not only explain the effect of Shenyi capsule in NSCLC combined with chemotherapy but also explore the mechanism of Shenyi capsule at the cellular and molecular level. Learning from the "yin-yang" thinking of ancient Chinese philosophy will bring more enlightenment to the research and development of traditional Chinese drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Cai
- Department of T.C.M, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xianxia Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yue Teng
- Outpatient Department of Clinic Center, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of T.C.M, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xianxia Road, Shanghai 200336, China
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9
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Liu Z, Liu T, Li W, Li J, Wang C, Zhang K. Insights into the antitumor mechanism of ginsenosides Rg3. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2639-2652. [PMID: 33661439 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng, an ancient herb, belonging to Chinese traditional medicine, is an important herb that has a remarkable impact on various diseases. Ginsenoside Rg3, one of the most abundant ginsenosides, exerts significant functions in the prevention of various types of cancers with few side effects. In the present review, its functional molecular mechanisms are explored, including the improvement of antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties, immune regulation, induction of tumor apoptosis, prevention of tumor invasion and metastasis, tumor proliferation and angiogenesis, and reduction of chemoresistance and radioresistance. On the other hand, metabolism, pharmacokinetics and clinical indications of Rg3 are also discussed. The biological functional role of ginsenoside Rg3 may be associated with that it is a steroid glycoside with diverse biological activities and many signaling pathway can be regulated. Many clinical trials are highly needed to confirm the functions of ginsenoside Rg3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Tongjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Cuizhu Wang
- Department of New Drug Research Office, College of Pharmacy of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China.
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10
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He P, Lei J, Miao JN, Wu D, Wang C. Cordyceps sinensis attenuates HBx‑induced cell apoptosis in HK‑2 cells through suppressing the PI3K/Akt pathway. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1261-1269. [PMID: 32124952 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors' previous studies demonstrated that the major renal damage from hepatitis B virus infection is HBx‑induced apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. Cordyceps sinensis is one of the most valuable of traditional Chinese medicines and is extensively used to treat chronic renal diseases. However, there is no research on the potential renal protective effect of C. sinensis on HBx‑induced apoptosis of renal tubular cells. The protective effect and underlying mechanism of C. sinensis were examined using a renal tubular epithelial cell line stably overexpressing HBx. HK‑2 cells were stably transfected with pCMV‑HBx to establish HBx‑overexpression in an in vitro cell model and HK‑2 cells transfected with an empty vector were generated as a control. The effect of C. sinensis on cell proliferation and apoptosis, the phosphatidylinositol‑3‑kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, and the enzyme activity of caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 was measured. The present study demonstrated that HBx transfection inhibited cell proliferation; increased apoptosis, caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 activity; and increased the activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Treatment with C. sinensis attenuated all of these HBx‑induced responses. HBx triggered apoptosis and activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in HK‑2 cells. C. sinensis treatment significantly attenuated the effect of HBx, at least in part by suppressing the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Jing Lei
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Ning Miao
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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A 26-week 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 oral toxicity study in Beagle dogs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 110:104522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhuang J, Yin J, Xu C, Jiang M, Lv S. Diverse autophagy and apoptosis in myeloid leukemia cells induced by 20(s)-GRh2 and blue LED irradiation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39124-39132. [PMID: 35540666 PMCID: PMC9075934 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08049j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important mechanism for cell death regulation. To improve the anticancer effect during the treatment of leukemia and promote the apoptosis of leukemic cells, it is important to define the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis. A key bioactive compound in traditional Chinese medicine, 20(s)-Ginsenoside (GRh2), demonstrated an advancement in leukemia treatment. Blue LED therapy (BL) is a physical treatment method that can induce leukemic cell death. In this study, we tested the effect of 20(s)-GRh2, BL, and their combination (BL-GRh2) on the activation of leukemic cell apoptosis and autophagy. Both treatments, whether used individually or simultaneously, induce apoptosis through the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and regulated the expression of apoptosis-related genes and proteins. Furthermore, using western blotting to analyze the autophagy markers LC3B and P62, we detected the activation of autophagy. In cells treated with autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, both autophagy and apoptosis were inhibited, either by BL alone or by BL-GRh2. However, apoptosis in 20(s)-GRh2-treated cells was enhanced. In cells treated with apoptosis suppressor Z-VAD-FMK, autophagy was inhibited in the BL and BL-GRh2-treated cells, although it was enhanced in cells treated with 20(s)-GRh2 alone. Moreover, we observed a stronger induction of apoptosis by BL-GRh2 in myeloid leukemia cells. Our data indicate that autophagy induced by different factors can play diverse roles on the same cells. Our results also indicate that the combination of traditional Chinese medicine with physical therapy may be a new strategy for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University Changchun 130000 China
| | - Juxin Yin
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University Changchun 130000 China
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310058 P. R. China
| | - Chaojian Xu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University Changchun 130000 China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University Changchun 130000 China
| | - Shaowu Lv
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University Changchun 130000 China
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13
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Meng L, Ji R, Dong X, Xu X, Xin Y, Jiang X. Antitumor activity of ginsenoside Rg3 in melanoma through downregulation of the ERK and Akt pathways. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:2069-2079. [PMID: 31081060 PMCID: PMC6521931 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced metastatic melanoma is a malignant tumor for which there is currently no effective treatment due to resistance development. Ginsenoside Rg3, a saponin component extracted from ginseng roots, has been shown to reduce melanoma cell proliferation by decreasing histone deacetylase 3 and increasing p53 acetylation. The availability of data on the role of Rg3 in melanoma is currently extremely limited. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the effects of Rg3 on B16 melanoma cells and the underlying molecular events. The findings demonstrated that Rg3 suppressed the proliferation and DNA synthesis of B16 cells. Rg3 exposure induced tumor cell cycle arrest at the S phase and reduced the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Rg3 treatment also decreased metastasis of B16 cells in vitro and in vivo. The results indicated that this reduction was due to downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Moreover, Rg3 inhibited melanoma-induced angiogenesis, most likely by downregulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in B16 cells. Rg3 exposure decreased the expression of VEGF in B16 cells and the VEGF downregulation further suppressed angiogenesis by attenuating the proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells. Finally, the western blotting data demonstrated that Rg3 reduced the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (Akt) in vitro and in vivo. This result indicated that the antimelanoma effects of Rg3 may be mediated through suppression of ERK and Akt signaling. Further research is required to assess the value of Rg3 as a novel therapeutic strategy for melanoma in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Meng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Rui Ji
- Department of Biology, Valencia College, Orlando, FL 32825, USA
| | - Xiaoming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Xu
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Ginsenoside Rg3: Potential Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Indication in Metastatic Breast Cancer. MEDICINES 2019; 6:medicines6010017. [PMID: 30678106 PMCID: PMC6473622 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is still one of the most prevalent cancers and a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The key challenge with cancer treatment is the choice of the best therapeutic agents with the least possible toxicities on the patient. Recently, attention has been drawn to herbal compounds, in particular ginsenosides, extracted from the root of the Ginseng plant. In various studies, significant anti-cancer properties of ginsenosides have been reported in different cancers. The mode of action of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) in in vitro and in vivo breast cancer models and its value as an anti-cancer treatment for breast cancer will be reviewed.
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15
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Li C, Wang Z, Li G, Wang Z, Yang J, Li Y, Wang H, Jin H, Qiao J, Wang H, Tian J, Lee AW, Gao Y. Acute and repeated dose 26-week oral toxicity study of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in Kunming mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. J Ginseng Res 2018; 44:222-228. [PMID: 32148403 PMCID: PMC7031733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3 (C42H72O13), a natural triterpenoid saponin, is extracted from red ginseng. The increasing use of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 has raised product safety concerns. Methods In acute toxicity, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 was singly and orally administrated to Kunming mice and Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats at the maximum doses of 1600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, respectively. In the 26-week toxicity study, we used repeated oral administration of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in SD rats over 26 weeks at doses of 0, 20, 60, or 180 mg/kg. Moreover, a 4-week recovery period was scheduled to observe the persistence, delayed occurrence, and reversibility of toxic effects. Results The result of acute toxicity shows that oral administration of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 to mice and rats did not induce mortality or toxicity up to 1600 and 800 mg/kg, respectively. During a 26-week administration period and a 4-week withdrawal period (recovery period), there were no significant differences in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, urinalysis parameters, biochemical and hematological values, or histopathological findings. Conclusion The mean oral lethal dose (LD50) of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3, in acute toxicity, is above 1600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg in mice and rats, respectively. In a repeated-dose 26-week oral toxicity study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level for female and male SD rats was 180 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhezhe Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Guisheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yanshen Li
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Haizhu Jin
- Department of Food and Biological Engineering, Wenjing College of Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Junhua Qiao
- Yantai University Hospital, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | | | - Yonglin Gao
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- Corresponding author. School of Life Science, Yantai University, 30, Qingquan RD, Laishan District, Yantai, 264005, China.
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16
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Jung Y, Kim K, Bian Y, Ngo T, Bae ON, Lim KM, Chung JH. Ginsenoside Rg3 disrupts actin-cytoskeletal integrity leading to contractile dysfunction and apoptotic cell death in vascular smooth muscle. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:645-652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Oh J, Yoon HJ, Jang JH, Kim DH, Surh YJ. The standardized Korean Red Ginseng extract and its ingredient ginsenoside Rg3 inhibit manifestation of breast cancer stem cell-like properties through modulation of self-renewal signaling. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:421-430. [PMID: 31308814 PMCID: PMC6606826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ginsenoside Rg3, one of active components of red ginseng, has chemopreventive and anticancer potential. Cancer stem cells retain self-renewal properties which account for cancer recurrence and resistance to anticancer therapy. In our present study, we investigated whether the standardized Korean Red Ginseng extract (RGE) and Rg3 could modulate the manifestation of breast cancer stem cell–like features through regulation of self-renewal activity. Methods The effects of RGE and Rg3 on the proportion of CD44high/CD24low cells, as representative characteristics of stem-like breast cancer cells, were determined by flow cytometry. The mammosphere formation assay was performed to assess self-renewal capacities of breast cancer cells. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity of MCF-7 mammospheres was measured by the ALDEFLUOR assay. The expression levels of Sox-2, Bmi-1, and P-Akt and the nuclear localization of hypoxia inducible factor-1α in MCF-7 mammospheres were verified by immunoblot analysis. Results Both RGE and Rg3 decreased the viability of breast cancer cells and significantly reduced the populations of CD44high/CD24low in MDA-MB-231 cells. RGE and Rg3 treatment attenuated the expression of Sox-2 and Bmi-1 by inhibiting the nuclear localization of hypoxia inducible factor-1α in MCF-7 mammospheres. Suppression of the manifestation of breast cancer stem cell–like properties by Rg3 was mediated through the blockade of Akt-mediated self-renewal signaling. Conclusion This study suggests that Rg3 has a therapeutic potential targeting breast cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Oh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Yoon
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Jang
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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18
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Peng M, Yi YX, Zhang T, Ding Y, Le J. Stereoisomers of Saponins in Panax notoginseng (Sanqi): A Review. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:188. [PMID: 29593531 PMCID: PMC5859349 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Sanqi), a traditional Chinese medical drug which has been applied to medical use for over four centuries, contains high content of dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins. A number of stereoisomeric dammarane-type saponins exist in this precious herb, and some are particularly regarded as “biomarkers” in processed notoginseng. Contemporary researches have indicated that some saponin stereoisomers may show stereospecific pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, antioxidative, anti-photoaging, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and neuro-protective activities, as well as stereoselective effects on ion channel current regulation, cardiovascular system, and immune system. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of chemical compositions of raw and processed P. notoginseng with a particular emphasis on saponin stereoisomers. Besides, the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic researches, as well as determination and biotechnological preparation methods of stereoisomeric saponins in notoginseng are discussed extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya X Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Ding
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Le
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
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19
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Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) are common leukemia in adults. 20(S)-GRh2 is an important bioactive substance that is present in Panax ginseng. However, there are no investigations that deal with the comparison of apoptosis, the occurrence of autophagy, and the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy after being treated with 20(S)-GRh2 in AML and CML. In this study, we explored the effect of 20(S)-GRh2 on the AML and CML (U937 and K562). Fluorescence microscopy, CCK-8, Quantitative realtime PCR, Western blot, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and flow cytometric analysis were used to detect the occurrence of cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, and autophagy. By using the above methods, it was determined that apoptosis induced by 20(S)-GRh2 was more obvious in K562 than U937 cells and 20(S)-GRh2 could generate autophagy in K562 and U937 cells. When pretreated by a specific inhibitor of autophagy, (3-methyladenine), the 20(S)-GRh2-induced apoptosis was enhanced, which indicated that 20(S)-GRh2-induced autophagy may protect U937 and K562 cells from undergoing apoptotic cell death. On the other hand, pretreated by an apoptosis suppressor (Z-VAD-FMK), it greatly induced the autophagy and partially prevented 20(S)-GRh2 induced apoptosis. This phenomenon indicated that 20(S)-GRh2-induced autophagy may serve as a survival mechanism and apoptosis and autophagy could act as partners to induce cell death in a cooperative manner. These findings may provide a rationale for future clinical application by using 20(S)-GRh2 combined autophagy inhibitors for AML and CML.
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20
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Lu M, Fei Z, Zhang G. Synergistic anticancer activity of 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 and Sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating PTEN/Akt signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:1282-1288. [PMID: 29156516 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment, inhibits the Raf/MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. However, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is activated by Sorafenib and cross-talks with the Raf/MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, leading to drug resistance. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 has been reported with significant anticancer effect to numerous carcinomas by inhibition of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Hence, we aim to examine the synergistic anticancer activity of 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 and Sorafenib via modulation of PTEN/Akt signaling pathway. Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines HepG2 and Huh7 were used. Cell viability, clonogenic assay, apoptosis assay, western blot analysis, xenograft treatment and immunohistochemistry were carried out. The viability of hepatocellular carcinoma cells significantly decreased by the treatment of Sorafenib combined with 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3, as well as the enhanced apoptotic rates. The levels of PTEN, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression increased, while the levels of phospho-PDK1 and phospho-Akt expression decreased by the treatment of Sorafenib combined with 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3. In vivo, the tumor volumes and weight decreased in the Sorafenib combined with 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 group. The results demonstrated the synergistic anticancer activity of 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 and Sorafenib in HCC by modulating PTEN/Akt signaling pathway. These findings suggest a promising strategy for HCC treatment, which could be performed in a sufficiently frequent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Jinhua People's Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, PR China
| | - Zhenghua Fei
- Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
| | - Ganlu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, PR China.
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21
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Ginsenoside Rg3 enhances the anti-proliferative activity of erlotinib in pancreatic cancer cell lines by downregulation of EGFR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:619-625. [PMID: 29035827 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Erlotinib has shown activity in the management of pancreatic cancer. However, the benefit of EGFR blockade is limited due to EGFR independent PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Studies have reported that Ginsenoside Rg3 strongly inhibited PI3K-Akt signaling pathway of many carcinomas. We aimed to investigate the activity of Ginsenoside Rg3 to sensitize erlotinib in treating pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo. Human pancreatic cancer cell lines BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 were used. Cell proliferation and colony formation assay, Annexin V/PI apoptosis analysis, Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and in vivo study were carried out. Ginsenoside Rg3 enhanced the anti-proliferative effects of erlotinib in BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells and xenograft. Ginsenoside Rg3 enhanced erlotinib-induced apoptosis and increased caspase-3,9 and PARP cleavage expression levels. Erlotinib/Ginsenoside Rg3 treatment decreased the levels of p-EGFR, p-PI3K, and p-Akt expression significantly. Ginsenoside Rg3 could enhance the efficacy of erlotinib to inhibit the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells via induction of apoptosis and downregulation of the EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway.
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22
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Liu T, Zhao L, Hou H, Ding L, Chen W, Li X. Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 suppresses ovarian cancer migration via hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and nuclear factor-kappa B signals. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692225. [PMID: 28459376 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is believed to play a prominent role in the survival and developing progress of cancers. As a result, inhibiting α subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 represents an attractive strategy against tumor. Although hypoxia-inducible factor 1α is a hypoxia-regulated subunit, increasing evidence indicates that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α could stable expression under normoxic conditions, regulated by non-hypoxia-mediated mechanisms. However, there are few strategies to target hypoxia-inducible factor 1α under normoxic conditions. Here, we report that ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3, one of the main active ingredients in red ginseng, restrains hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression under normal oxygen levels in human ovarian cancer cell lines, SKOV3 and 3AO, which leads to potently inhibits migration of ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. 20(S)-Rg3 could decrease the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α by upregulation of prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 1 to promoting hypoxia-inducible factor 1α ubiquitin-proteasome degradation under normal oxygen levels. Furthermore, 20(S)-Rg3 could attenuate the expression of nuclear factor-κ B, which may be another possible mechanism for 20(S)-Rg3 to block ovarian cancer migration. Taken together, our study suggests that 20(S)-Rg3 is a strong inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, which may provide a novel agent for future treatments for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- 1 Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,2 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Le Zhao
- 3 Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huilian Hou
- 4 Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Ding
- 5 Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Chen
- 6 Center for Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu Li
- 3 Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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23
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Xie Q, Wen H, Zhang Q, Zhou W, Lin X, Xie D, Liu Y. Inhibiting PI3K-AKt signaling pathway is involved in antitumor effects of ginsenoside Rg3 in lung cancer cell. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Kang S, Park SJ, Lee AY, Huang J, Chung HY, Im DS. Ginsenoside Rg 3 promotes inflammation resolution through M2 macrophage polarization. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:68-74. [PMID: 29348724 PMCID: PMC5766702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides have been reported to have many health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects, and the resolution of inflammation is now considered to be an active process driven by M2-type macrophages. In order to determine whether ginsenosides modulate macrophage phenotypes to reduce inflammation, 11 ginsenosides were studied with respect to macrophage polarization and the resolution of inflammation. Methods Mouse peritoneal macrophages were polarized into M1 or M2 phenotypes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and measurement of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 levels were performed in vitro and in a zymosan-induced peritonitis C57BL/6 mouse model. Results Ginsenoside Rg3 was identified as a proresolving ginseng compound based on the induction of M2 macrophage polarization. Ginsenoside Rg3 not only induced the expression of arginase-1 (a representative M2 marker gene), but also suppressed M1 marker genes, such as inducible NO synthase, and NO levels. The proresolving activity of ginsenoside Rg3 was also observed in vivo in a zymosan-induced peritonitis model. Ginsenoside Rg3 accelerated the resolution process when administered at peak inflammatory response into the peritoneal cavity. Conclusion These results suggest that ginsenoside Rg3 induces the M2 polarization of macrophages and accelerates the resolution of inflammation. This finding opens a new avenue in ginseng pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeromi Kang
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Yeon Lee
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Huang
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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25
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Xu XH, Li T, Fong CMV, Chen X, Chen XJ, Wang YT, Huang MQ, Lu JJ. Saponins from Chinese Medicines as Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101326. [PMID: 27782048 PMCID: PMC6272920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are glycosides with triterpenoid or spirostane aglycones that demonstrate various pharmacological effects against mammalian diseases. To promote the research and development of anticancer agents from saponins, this review focuses on the anticancer properties of several typical naturally derived triterpenoid saponins (ginsenosides and saikosaponins) and steroid saponins (dioscin, polyphyllin, and timosaponin) isolated from Chinese medicines. These saponins exhibit in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects, such as anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis, anti-angiogenesis, anti-multidrug resistance, and autophagy regulation actions. In addition, related signaling pathways and target proteins involved in the anticancer effects of saponins are also summarized in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Chi Man Vivienne Fong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Xiao-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Ming-Qing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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26
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Peng M, Li X, Zhang T, Ding Y, Yi Y, Le J, Yang Y, Chen X. Stereoselective pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies of 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg 3 epimers in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 121:215-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Pharmacokinetics of Single Ascending Doses and Multiple Doses of 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 in Chinese Healthy Volunteers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 41:845-853. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-015-0304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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Zhang F, Li M, Wu X, Hu Y, Cao Y, Wang X, Xiang S, Li H, Jiang L, Tan Z, Lu W, Weng H, Shu Y, Gong W, Wang X, Zhang Y, Shi W, Dong P, Gu J, Liu Y. 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 promotes senescence and apoptosis in gallbladder cancer cells via the p53 pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:3969-87. [PMID: 26309394 PMCID: PMC4539091 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s84527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC), the most frequent malignancy of the biliary tract, is associated with high mortality and extremely poor prognosis. 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (20(S)-Rg3) is a steroidal saponin with high pharmacological activity. However, the anticancer effect of 20(S)-Rg3 in human GBC has not yet been determined. In this study, we primarily found that 20(S)-Rg3 exposure suppressed the survival of both NOZ and GBC-SD cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, induction of cellular senescence and G0/G1 arrest by 20(S)-Rg3 were accompanied by a large accumulation of p53 and p21 as a result of murine double minute 2 (MDM2) inhibition. 20(S)-Rg3 also caused a remarkable increase in apoptosis via the activation of the mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic caspase pathway. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of 20(S)-Rg3 (20 or 40 mg/kg) for 3 weeks markedly inhibited the growth of xenografts in nude mice. Our results demonstrated that 20(S)-Rg3 potently inhibited growth and survival of GBC cells both in vitro and in vivo. 20(S)-Rg3 attenuated GBC growth probably via activation of the p53 pathway, and subsequent induction of cellular senescence and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. Therefore, 20(S)-Rg3 may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for GBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Maolan Li
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangsong Wu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunping Hu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu'an Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Xiang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaifeng Li
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhujun Tan
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Weng
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Shu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Shi
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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