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Hassanzadeh A, Shomali N, Kamrani A, Soltani-Zangbar MS, Nasiri H, Akbari M. Cancer therapy by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs): bench to bedside. EXCLI JOURNAL 2024; 23:862-882. [PMID: 38983782 PMCID: PMC11231458 DOI: 10.17179/excli2024-7076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
A major characteristic of cancer is dysregulated cell division, which results in aberrant growth of cells. Consequently, medicinal targets that prevent cell division would be useful in the fight against cancer. The primary regulator of proliferation is a complex consisting of cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). The FDA has granted approval for CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) to treat metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Specifically, CDK4/6 CDKIs block the enzyme activity of CDK4 and CDK6. Unfortunately, the majority of first-generation CDK inhibitors, also known as pan-CDK inhibitors because they target multiple CDKs, have not been authorized for clinical use owing to their serious side effects and lack of selection. In contrast to this, significant advancements have been created to permit the use of pan-CDK inhibitors in therapeutic settings. Notably, the toxicity and negative consequences of pan-CDK inhibitors have been lessened in recent years thanks to the emergence of combination therapy tactics. Therefore, pan-CDK inhibitors have renewed promise for clinical use when used in a combination regimen. The members of the CDK family have been reviewed and their primary roles in cell cycle regulation were covered in this review. Next, we provided an overview of the state of studies on CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hassanzadeh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Kamrani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Nasiri
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Gong J, Hu S, Shan Q, Qin J, Han N, Xie F, Lu H. Bone metastasis in non-small-cell lung cancer: genomic characterization and exploration of potential targets. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2024; 16:17588359241239293. [PMID: 38510678 PMCID: PMC10953105 DOI: 10.1177/17588359241239293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bone metastasis (BM) seriously affects the quality of life and reduces the survival time of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The genomic characteristics and potential targets of BMs are yet to be fully explored. Objective To explore the genetic characteristics and potential targets of BM in NSCLC. Design In all, 83 patients with NSCLC were retrospectively selected in this study. Genomic characterization of BMs was explored with the analysis of NGS results from primary tumors and BMs in 6 patients, then combined with NGS results of lung tumors in 16 patients with initial recurrence in bone to analyze mutations potentially associated with BMs, and finally, the correlation was further validated in 61 postoperative patients. Methods The next generation sequencing (NGS) was performed to identify genomic differences between pulmonary primary tumors and BM. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were performed in postoperative tumor tissues from patients who had undergone radical surgery to validate the predictive role of molecular targets for BM. The correlation between cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and BM was evaluated by Pearson's chi-square test. The university of alabama at birminghan cancer data analysis portal (UALCAN) was carried out for the detection of CDK4 expression in lung cancer and the relationship between CDK4 and clinicopathological parameters. The relationship between prognosis and CDK4 expression was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier plotter. Results The rate of gene amplification was increased (24% versus 36%) while gene substitution/indel was decreased (64% versus 52%) in BMs. The BM-specific mutations were analyzed in 16 recurrent patients which revealed the highest incidence of CDK4 amplification (18.8%). According to the Kaplan-Meier plotter database, the NSCLC patients with high CDK4 gene expression showed poor overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (p < 0.05). The incidence of CDK4 amplification tended to be higher in recurrent patients compared to the patients without BM (18.8% versus 4.7%, p = 0.118). Conclusion Compared to the primary tumors of NSCLC, the genome of BMs showed an increased proportion of amplification and a decreased proportion of gene substitution/indel. Furthermore, the CDK4 amplification ratio seemed to be elevated in NSCLC patients with BM which may be associated with poor OS and RFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Gong
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic and Cancer Medicine, Gongshu, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic and Cancer Medicine, Gongshu, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Shumin Hu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic and Cancer Medicine, Gongshu, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic and Cancer Medicine, Gongshu, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qianyun Shan
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic and Cancer Medicine, Gongshu, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic and Cancer Medicine, Gongshu, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing Qin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic and Cancer Medicine, Gongshu, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic and Cancer Medicine, Gongshu, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Na Han
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic and Cancer Medicine, Gongshu, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic and Cancer Medicine, Gongshu, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fajun Xie
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic and Cancer Medicine, Gongshu, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic and Cancer Medicine, Gongshu, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongyang Lu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic and Cancer Medicine, No. 1 East Banshan Road, Gongshu, Hangzhou 310022, P.R. China
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic and Cancer Medicine, Gongshu, Hangzhou 310022, P.R. China
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Prajapati KS, Kumar S. Piper chaba, an Indian spice plant extract, inhibits cell cycle G1/S phase transition and induces intrinsic apoptotic pathway in luminal breast cancer cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:1230-1241. [PMID: 37711079 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Piper chaba (Piperaceae) is a medicinal spice plant that possesses several pharmacological activities. In the present study, we for the first time studied the effect of P. chaba extract on breast cancer cells. P. chaba stem methanolic (PCSM) extract produced time and dose dependent cytotoxicity in luminal breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and T47D) with a minimal toxicity in breast normal cells (MCF-10A) at 10-100 µg/mL concentration. PCSM extract exerts 16.79 and 31.21 µg/mL IC50 for T47D and MCF-7 cells, respectively, in 48 h treatment. PCSM significantly arrests the T47D cells at the G0/G1 phase by reducing the CCND1 and CDK4 expression at mRNA and protein levels. PCSM extract treatment significantly altered nuclear morphology, mitochondria membrane potential, and production of reactive oxygen species in T47D cells at IC50 concentration. Extract treatment significantly altered the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and altered caspase 8 and 3 mRNA/protein levels in T47D cells. Confocal microscopy showed an increase in late apoptosis in PCSM extract-treated breast cancer cells at IC50 . Further, an increased caspase 9 and caspase 3/7 enzymatic activity was observed in test cells compared with nontreated cells. In conclusion, P. chaba phytocompound possesses the potential to induce cell cycle arrest and induce apoptosis in luminal breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Sunita Prajapati
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Shashank Kumar
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Jiang D, Song Q, Zhang F, Xu C, Li X, Zeng H, Su J, Huang J, Xu Y, Lu S, Hou Y. Prognostic significance of CCND1 amplification/overexpression in smoking patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Genet 2023; 278-279:1-8. [PMID: 37556965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the main subtype of esophageal cancer, with 5-year survival rate less than 30%. In order to offer an individual therapeutic approach, it is necessary to identify novel prognostic factors to recognize high-risk patients. Given the high frequency of CCND1 abnormalities and the important biological effects of smoking in ESCC, we explored the potential relationship between CCND1 abnormalities and smoking in ESCC patients. CCND1 status was examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining in ESCC tissue microarrays (n = 519). CCND1 amplification and cyclinD1 overexpression were found in 53.2 and 34.1% ESCC, respectively. CCND1 amplification (P = 0.142 for DFS and P = 0.191 for OS) and cyclinD1 overexpression (P = 0.035 for DFS and P = 0.092 for OS) tended to be poorer prognostic factors in all patients. Among smoking patients, those with CCND1 amplification had significantly poorer prognosis, with a median DFS and OS of 25.0 and 30.0 months compared to not reached and 52.0 months for those without CCND1 amplification (P = 0.020 and 0.018). A similar trend was found in the 68 patients with cyclinD1 overexpression (P = 0.043 and 0.048). Further univariate and multivariate analysis revealed CCND1 amplification was independently poorer prognostic factor in smoking patients, which was not found in non-smoking patients. Smokers with CCND1 amplification or cyclinD1 overexpression have poorer survival, which help us to identify distinct groups of patients with apparently poorer outcome and would enable appropriate follow-up and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxian Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Fuhan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Haiying Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jieakesu Su
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Shaohua Lu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Yingyong Hou
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Yin M, Lu C, Zhou H, Liu Q, Yang J. Differential molecular pathway expression according to chemotherapeutic response in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:298. [PMID: 37270486 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is a distinct entity from epithelial ovarian cancer. The prognosis of advanced and recurrent disease is very poor due to resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Our aim was to explore the molecular alterations among OCCC patients with different chemotherapeutic responses and to obtain insights into potential biomarkers. METHODS Twenty-four OCCC patients were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups based on the relapse time after the first-line platinum-based chemotherapy: the platinum-sensitive group (PS) and the platinum-resistant group (PR). Gene expression profiling was performed using NanoString nCounter PanCancer Pathways Panel. RESULTS Gene expression analysis comparing PR vs. PS identified 32 differentially expressed genes: 17 upregulated genes and 15 downregulated genes. Most of these genes are involved in the PI3K, MAPK and Cell Cycle-Apoptosis pathways. In particular, eight genes are involved in two or all three pathways. CONCLUSION The dysregulated genes in the PI3K, MAPK, and Cell Cycle-Apoptosis pathways identified and postulated mechanisms could help to probe biomarkers of OCCC platinum sensitivity, providing a research basis for further exploration of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Lu
- Neurospine Center, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huimei Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Dabbs DJ, Huang RS, Ross JS. Novel markers in breast pathology. Histopathology 2023; 82:119-139. [PMID: 36468266 DOI: 10.1111/his.14770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast pathology is an ever-expanding database of information which includes markers, or biomarkers, that detect or help treat the disease as prognostic or predictive information. This review focuses on these aspects of biomarkers which are grounded in immunohistochemistry, liquid biopsies and next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Dabbs
- PreludeDx, Laguna Hills, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Board Member, CASI (Consortium for Analytical Standardization in Immunohistochemistry), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richard S Huang
- Clinical Development, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Reddy S, Barkhane Z, Elmadi J, Satish Kumar L, Pugalenthi LS, Ahmad M. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 and 6 Inhibitors: A Quantum Leap in the Treatment of Advanced Breast Cancers. Cureus 2022; 14:e23901. [PMID: 35530846 PMCID: PMC9076043 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is defined as an uncontrolled growth of breast cells that affected 2.3 million women in 2020 alone. Until a few years earlier, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were the most commonly used treatments in treating BC; however, many trials and studies were conducted to test the competence of cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6) in arresting the cell cycle, and it was found that they were highly influential in halting the disease from progressing. Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are the three drugs that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are even more efficient when used in combination with aromatase inhibitors and fulvestrant. This article aimed to explain the effect of CDK4/6 inhibitors on tumor cells and their efficacy in combination with other drugs. We further explored the development of resistance to these treatments and future possibilities.
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Ammazzalorso A, Agamennone M, De Filippis B, Fantacuzzi M. Development of CDK4/6 Inhibitors: A Five Years Update. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051488. [PMID: 33803309 PMCID: PMC7967197 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6 plays a role in aromatase inhibitor resistant metastatic breast cancer. Three dual CDK4/6 inhibitors have been approved for the breast cancer treatment that, in combination with the endocrine therapy, dramatically improved the survival outcomes both in first and later line settings. The developments of the last five years in the search for new selective CDK4/6 inhibitors with increased selectivity, treatment efficacy, and reduced adverse effects are reviewed, considering the small-molecule inhibitors and proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) approaches, mainly pointing at structure-activity relationships, selectivity against different kinases and antiproliferative activity.
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Liu T, Song S, Wang X, Hao J. Small-molecule inhibitors of breast cancer-related targets: Potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 210:112954. [PMID: 33158576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite dramatic advances in cancer research and therapy, breast cancer remains a tricky health problem and represents a top biomedical research priority. Nowadays, breast cancer is still the leading cause of malignancy-related deaths in women, and incidence and mortality rates of it are expected to increase significantly the next years. Currently more and more researchers are interested in the study of breast cancer by its arising in young women. The common treatment options of breast cancer are chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. Most of them require chemical agents, such as PARP inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, and HER2 inhibitors. Recent studies suggest that some targets or pathways, including BRD4, PLK1, PD-L1, HDAC, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR, are tightly related to the occurrence and development of breast cancer. This article reviews the interplay between these targets and breast cancer and summarizes the progress of current research on small molecule inhibitors of these anti-breast cancer targets. The review aims to provide structural and theoretical basis for designing novel anti-breast cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China.
| | - Shubin Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, United States
| | - Jifu Hao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China
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El Hachem G, Gombos A, Awada A. Abemaciclib, a third CDK 4/6 inhibitor for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 21:81-92. [PMID: 33054442 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1834385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of metastatic luminal breast cancer (hormone receptor positive, HER-2 negative) is dynamic and evolving, harboring some of the most significant therapeutic advances in medical oncology. Over the last decade, many pivotal trials showed excellent results with drastic improvements in survival as well as the quality of life of metastatic luminal breast cancer patients. AREAS COVERED The successful inhibition of the cyclinD/cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6)-retinoblastoma protein (RB) pathway with potent CDK4/6 inhibitors improved the outcome of advanced luminal breast cancers. Abemaciclib is the third CDK 4/6 inhibitor arriving to the market after palbociclib and ribociclib. Here, we describe the biology of the CDK4/6 pathway and summarize clinical data of previously published pivotal trials emphasizing the efficacy and toxicity of abemaciclib. The aim was to define its place in the current guidelines and to make a brief comparison with other available drugs of same class in the absence of cross trials comparison. EXPERT OPINION As there are no available biomarkers to predict response or resistance to abemaciclib, the promising overall survival data of MONARCH-2 could possibly impact the clinician's choice to optimize treatment for endocrine-resistant metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges El Hachem
- Hematologist and Medical Oncologist, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, University of Balamand , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Andrea Gombos
- Medical Oncologist, Oncology Medicine Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre De Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Medical Oncologist, Oncology Medicine Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre De Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
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Guerini AE, Pedretti S, Salah E, Simoncini EL, Maddalo M, Pegurri L, Pedersini R, Vassalli L, Pasinetti N, Peretto G, Triggiani L, Costantino G, Figlia V, Alongi F, Magrini SM, Buglione M. A single-center retrospective safety analysis of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors concurrent with radiation therapy in metastatic breast cancer patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13589. [PMID: 32788596 PMCID: PMC7423932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors gained an essential role in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Nevertheless, data regarding their use in combination with radiotherapy are still scarce. We performed a retrospective preliminary analysis of breast cancer patients treated at our Center with palliative radiation therapy and concurrent CDK4/6 inhibitors. Toxicities were measured according to CTCAE 4.0, local response according to RECIST 1.1 or PERCIST 1.0 and pain control using verbal numeric scale. 18 patients (32 treated sites) were identified; 50% received palbociclib, 33.3% ribociclib and 16.7% abemacliclib. Acute non-hematologic toxicity was fair, with the only exception of a patient who developed G3 ileitis. During 3 months following RT, 61.1% of patients developed G 3–4 neutropenia; nevertheless no patient required permanent suspension of treatment. Pain control was complete in 88.2% of patients three months after radiotherapy; 94.4% of patients achieved and maintained local control of disease. Radiotherapy concomitant to CDK4/6 inhibitors is feasible and characterized by a fair toxicity profile, with isolated episodes of high-grade reversible intestinal toxicity. Rate of G 3–4 neutropenia was comparable with that measured for CDK4/6 inhibitors alone. Promising results were reported in terms of pain relief and local control of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Emanuele Guerini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brescia University, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Pedretti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emiliano Salah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Edda Lucia Simoncini
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marta Maddalo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ludovica Pegurri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pedersini
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Vassalli
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nadia Pasinetti
- Radiation Oncology Service, ASST Valcamonica, 25040, Esine, Italy
| | - Gloria Peretto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brescia University, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Triggiani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brescia University, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Costantino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brescia University, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Figlia
- Advanced Radiation Oncology Department, Cancer Care Center, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don Sempreboni 5, 37034, Verona, Negrar, Italy
| | - Filippo Alongi
- Advanced Radiation Oncology Department, Cancer Care Center, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don Sempreboni 5, 37034, Verona, Negrar, Italy
| | - Stefano Maria Magrini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brescia University, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Buglione
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brescia University, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
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Advances in anti-breast cancer drugs and the application of nano-drug delivery systems in breast cancer therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ding L, Cao J, Lin W, Chen H, Xiong X, Ao H, Yu M, Lin J, Cui Q. The Roles of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Cell-Cycle Progression and Therapeutic Strategies in Human Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061960. [PMID: 32183020 PMCID: PMC7139603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine kinases whose catalytic activities are regulated by interactions with cyclins and CDK inhibitors (CKIs). CDKs are key regulatory enzymes involved in cell proliferation through regulating cell-cycle checkpoints and transcriptional events in response to extracellular and intracellular signals. Not surprisingly, the dysregulation of CDKs is a hallmark of cancers, and inhibition of specific members is considered an attractive target in cancer therapy. In breast cancer (BC), dual CDK4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib, combined with other agents, were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently for the treatment of hormone receptor positive (HR+) advanced or metastatic breast cancer (A/MBC), as well as other sub-types of breast cancer. Furthermore, ongoing studies identified more selective CDK inhibitors as promising clinical targets. In this review, we focus on the roles of CDKs in driving cell-cycle progression, cell-cycle checkpoints, and transcriptional regulation, a highlight of dysregulated CDK activation in BC. We also discuss the most relevant CDK inhibitors currently in clinical BC trials, with special emphasis on CDK4/6 inhibitors used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/human epidermal growth factor 2-negative (HER2−) M/ABC patients, as well as more emerging precise therapeutic strategies, such as combination therapies and microRNA (miRNA) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jiaqi Cao
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Wen Lin
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Hongjian Chen
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xianhui Xiong
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Hongshun Ao
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Min Yu
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Oral inhibitors of CDK4/6 have been shown to increase response rates and prolong disease control when combined with endocrine therapy in hormone-responsive (HR+) HER2-negative advanced breast cancer. Palbociclib, ribociclib and abemaciclib are all approved in combination with non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors in first-line therapy for post-menopausal women, with a 40-45% improvement in progression-free survival seen with the addition of any of these CDK4/6 inhibitors. Additional approved indications, including first- and second-line combination therapy for pre-menopausal women, combination with fulvestrant and use as monotherapy, vary with each agent and are reviewed fully in the subsequent texts. These agents also differ in their toxicity profiles and monitoring requirements, and prescribers should be aware of the individual requirements for each agent. Current clinical trials are investigating the expanded use of these agents in other breast cancer subtypes, such as HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer, as well as in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatments of early breast cancer. Resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition can occur through multiple mechanisms. Rational combinations with other therapies, such as PI3K inhibitors, HER2-directed therapies and immunotherapy, are being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conleth G Murphy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bon Secours Hospital, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
- University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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15
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Lynce F, Shajahan-Haq AN, Swain SM. CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer therapy: Current practice and future opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:65-73. [PMID: 29933034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the cyclin dependent kinase pathway in luminal breast cancer creates a new therapeutic opportunity for estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Initial pan-CDK inhibitors were associated with extensive toxicities but in recent years, the development of potent specific CDK inhibitors with favorable tolerability has driven renewed interests in this class of targeted therapies. Palbociclib, ribociclib and abemaciclib are specific CDK4/6 inhibitors that have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in combination with endocrine therapy for women with advanced hormone receptor positive breast cancer. These three anticancer therapeutics were approved based on progression free survival benefit seen on phase III trials with the most common grade 3 treatment-related side effects being neutropenia, fatigue, nausea and diarrhea. Except for estrogen receptor positivity, no biomarkers predictive of response to CDK4/6 inhibitors have been identified to date. Based on mechanistic insights here described, CDK4/6 inhibitors are currently being explored in combination with other agents, including targeted therapies, immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Lynce
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ayesha N Shajahan-Haq
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Sandra M Swain
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
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16
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Du C, Zhang X, Yao M, Lv K, Wang J, Chen L, Chen Y, Wang S, Fu P. Bcl-2 promotes metastasis through the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the BCap37 medullary breast cancer cell line. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8991-8898. [PMID: 29844816 PMCID: PMC5958888 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is one of the major types of cancer in women. However, despite being the focus of considerable research efforts, its molecular mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. The B-cell lymphoma/leukemia gene-2 (Bcl-2) protein is well known for its role in inhibiting programmed cell death/apoptosis. However, little is known concerning its function in cell invasion and migration. In the present study, cell migration and invasion assays revealed that anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein induced migration and invasion without affecting cell proliferation in the BCap37 breast cancer cell line. In addition, it was found that the overexpression of Bcl-2 in BCap37 cells increased metastasis to the lung in a mouse model. Using western blotting and RT q-PCR analysis, it was demonstrated that the overexpression of Bcl-2 inhibited the expression of E-cadherin, an epithelial marker, whereas it increased the levels of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin. Therefore, the results suggested that Bcl-2 may induce cellular metastasis in breast cancer via the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Du
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Minya Yao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Kezhen Lv
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jiannan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Luyan Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yaomin Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Shuqian Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Peifen Fu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Onur Çağlar H, Yılmaz Süslüer S, Gündüz C, Haydaroğlu A. Meme kanseri kanser kök hücrelerinde PD-0332991 uygulanmasının hücre döngüsü düzenleyici genler üzerine etkisi. EGE TIP DERGISI 2018. [DOI: 10.19161/etd.414615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Wang D, Sun Y, Li W, Ye F, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Zhang DY, Suo J. Antiproliferative effects of the CDK6 inhibitor PD0332991 and its effect on signaling networks in gastric cancer cells. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2473-2484. [PMID: 29436583 PMCID: PMC5846637 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PD0332991 (palbociclib/Ibrance®) is a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6 inhibitor that has recently been approved for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. The present study investigated the antiproliferative effects of PD0332991 on gastric cancer (GC) cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. The activity of PD0332991 was tested in several GC cell lines, including AGS, KATO-III, NCI-N87 and HS746T. Growth inhibitory activity of PD0332991, alone or in combination with fluorouracil (5-FU), was measured by MTT assay. The effects of PD0332991 on cell cycle progression were analyzed by flow cytometry and western blotting. Protein pathway array and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis were used to identify signaling pathways that may mediate the antiproliferative effects of PD0332991. PD0332991 inhibited proliferation in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced the activity of 5-FU in all GC cell lines tested. Cells treated with PD0332991 exhibited cell cycle arrest in G1 phase of the cell cycle, whereas the number of cells in G2/M phase was decreased. PD0332991 also inhibited CDK6-specific phosphorylation of retinoblastoma on Ser780, reduced the expression of cyclin D1, and induced expression of p53 and p27. Furthermore, 31 proteins were identified, the expression of which was significantly altered following treatment with PD0332991 in at least three cell lines. Pathway analysis indicated that the altered proteins were frequently associated with cell death, cell cycle and the molecular mechanism of cancer. The results of the present study indicated that PD0332991 may inhibit cell proliferation via modulation of the cell cycle, and may affect numerous oncogenic signaling pathways. Therefore, PD0332991 may be considered effective for the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daguang Wang
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yabin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - David Y Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jian Suo
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Hirakawa T, Nasu K, Aoyagi Y, Takebayashi K, Narahara H. Arcyriaflavin a, a cyclin D1-cyclin-dependent kinase4 inhibitor, induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of human endometriotic stromal cells: a potential therapeutic agent in endometriosis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2017; 15:53. [PMID: 28720098 PMCID: PMC5516342 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-017-0272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed that microRNA-503 (miR-503) transfection into endometriotic cyst stromal cells (ECSCs) induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase by suppressing cyclin D1. This finding prompted us to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of cyclin D1 inhibitors in endometriotic cells. This study aimed to determine whether arcyriaflavin A, a representative inhibitor of cyclin D1-cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), is beneficial in the treatment of endometriosis. METHODS ECSCs were isolated from the ovarian endometriotic tissues of 32 women. The effects of arcyriaflavin A on cell viability and proliferation, vascular endothelial growth factor A expression, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression were evaluated using a modified methylthiazoletetrazolium assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Caspase-Glo® 3/7 assay, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Arcyriaflavin A significantly inhibited cell viability, proliferation, and angiogenesis of ECSCs as assessed using the 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and methylthiazoletetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ELISA. Arcyriaflavin A induced apoptosis as shown in the Caspase-Glo® 3/7 assay and cell death detection ELISA whilethe cell cycle was arrested at the G0/G1 phase. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that cyclin D1-CDK4 inhibitors may be promising candidates for the treatment of endometriosis. This is the first study to demonstrate the potential usefulness of arcyriaflavin A as a therapeutic agent for endometriosis. Further studies of the effects of cyclin D1-CDK4 inhibitors on endometriosis may provide useful information on pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hirakawa
- 0000 0001 0665 3553grid.412334.3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Kaei Nasu
- 0000 0001 0665 3553grid.412334.3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593 Japan
- 0000 0001 0665 3553grid.412334.3Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Support System for Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita Prefecture, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Yoko Aoyagi
- 0000 0001 0665 3553grid.412334.3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Kanetoshi Takebayashi
- 0000 0001 0665 3553grid.412334.3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Hisashi Narahara
- 0000 0001 0665 3553grid.412334.3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593 Japan
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20
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Torres-Guzmán R, Calsina B, Hermoso A, Baquero C, Alvarez B, Amat J, McNulty AM, Gong X, Boehnke K, Du J, de Dios A, Beckmann RP, Buchanan S, Lallena MJ. Preclinical characterization of abemaciclib in hormone receptor positive breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69493-69507. [PMID: 29050219 PMCID: PMC5642494 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abemaciclib is an ATP-competitive, reversible kinase inhibitor selective for CDK4 and CDK6 that has shown antitumor activity as a single agent in hormone receptor positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer in clinical trials. Here, we examined the mechanistic effects of abemaciclib treatment using in vitro and in vivo breast cancer models. Treatment of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cells with abemaciclib alone led to a decrease in phosphorylation of Rb, arrest at G1, and a decrease in cell proliferation. Moreover, abemaciclib exposure led to durable inhibition of pRb, TopoIIα expression and DNA synthesis, which were maintained after drug removal. Treatment of ER+ breast cancer cells also led to a senescence response as indicated by accumulation of β-galactosidase, formation of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci, and a decrease in FOXM1 positive cells. Continuous exposure to abemaciclib altered breast cancer cell metabolism and induced apoptosis. In a xenograft model of ER+ breast cancer, abemaciclib monotherapy caused regression of tumor growth. Overall these data indicate that abemaciclib is a CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitor that, as a single agent, blocks breast cancer cell progression, and upon longer treatment can lead to sustained antitumor effects through the induction of senescence, apoptosis, and alteration of cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Calsina
- Quantitative Biology, Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Hermoso
- Quantitative Biology, Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Baquero
- Quantitative Biology, Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Amat
- Quantitative Biology, Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ann M McNulty
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Xueqian Gong
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Jian Du
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Alfonso de Dios
- Discovery Chemistry, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Sean Buchanan
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Weng JR, Bai LY, Lin WY, Chiu CF, Chen YC, Chao SW, Feng CH. A Flavone Constituent from Myoporum bontioides Induces M-Phase Cell Cycle Arrest of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030472. [PMID: 28294989 PMCID: PMC6155216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoporum bontioides is a traditional medicinal plant in Asia with various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial characteristics. To identify the bioactive constituents from M. bontioides, a newly-identified flavone, 3,4'-dimethoxy-3',5,7-trihydroxyflavone (compound 1), along with eight known compounds, were investigated in human MCF-7 breast cancer, SCC4 oral cancer, and THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells. Among these compounds, compound 1 exhibited the strongest antiproliferative activity with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 3.3 μM (MCF-7) to 8.6 μM (SCC4). Flow cytometric analysis indicated that compound 1 induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells. Mechanistic evidence suggests that the G2/M arrest could be attributable to compound 1's modulatory effects on the phosphorylation and expression of numerous key signaling effectors, including cell division cycle 2 (CDC2), CDC25C, and p53. Notably, compound 1 downregulated the expression of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and HDAC4, leading to increased histone H3 acetylation and p21 upregulation. Together, these findings suggest the translational potential of compound 1 as a breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ru Weng
- Department of Marine Technology and Resources, National Sun-Yat-sen University, Kaohisung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Yuan Bai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinmen Hospital, Kinmen 891, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Fang Chiu
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Cancer Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Shi-Wei Chao
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hsien Feng
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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22
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Ross JS, Gay LM. Comprehensive genomic sequencing and the molecular profiles of clinically advanced breast cancer. Pathology 2017; 49:120-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Qie S, Diehl JA. Cyclin D1, cancer progression, and opportunities in cancer treatment. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:1313-1326. [PMID: 27695879 PMCID: PMC5145738 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells encode three D cyclins (D1, D2, and D3) that coordinately function as allosteric regulators of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6 to regulate cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase. Cyclin expression, accumulation, and degradation, as well as assembly and activation of CDK4/CDK6 are governed by growth factor stimulation. Cyclin D1 is more frequently dysregulated than cyclin D2 or D3 in human cancers, and as such, it has been more extensively characterized. Overexpression of cyclin D1 results in dysregulated CDK activity, rapid cell growth under conditions of restricted mitogenic signaling, bypass of key cellular checkpoints, and ultimately, neoplastic growth. This review discusses cyclin D1 transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulations and its biological function with a particular focus on the mechanisms that result in its dysregulation in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas St, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas St, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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Selli C, Dixon JM, Sims AH. Accurate prediction of response to endocrine therapy in breast cancer patients: current and future biomarkers. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:118. [PMID: 27903276 PMCID: PMC5131493 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 70% of patients have breast cancers that are oestrogen receptor alpha positive (ER+) and are therefore candidates for endocrine treatment. Many of these patients relapse in the years during or following completion of adjuvant endocrine therapy. Thus, many ER+ cancers have primary resistance or develop resistance to endocrine therapy during treatment. Recent improvements in our understanding of how tumours evolve during treatment with endocrine agents have identified both changes in gene expression and mutational profiles, in the primary cancer as well as in circulating tumour cells. Analysing these changes has the potential to improve the prediction of which specific patients will respond to endocrine treatment. Serially profiled biopsies during treatment in the neoadjuvant setting offer promise for accurate and early prediction of response to both current and novel drugs and allow investigation of mechanisms of resistance. In addition, recent advances in monitoring tumour evolution through non-invasive (liquid) sampling of circulating tumour cells and cell-free tumour DNA may provide a method to detect resistant clones and allow implementation of personalized treatments for metastatic breast cancer patients. This review summarises current and future biomarkers and signatures for predicting response to endocrine treatment, and discusses the potential for using approved drugs and novel agents to improve outcomes. Increased prediction accuracy is likely to require sequential sampling, utilising preoperative or neoadjuvant treatment and/or liquid biopsies and an improved understanding of both the dynamics and heterogeneity of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Selli
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, 35050, Turkey
| | - J Michael Dixon
- Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
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Im SA, Kim JW, Kim HS, Park CS, Shin E, Do SG, Park YI, Lee CK. Prevention of azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced mouse colon carcinogenesis by processed Aloe vera gel. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 40:428-435. [PMID: 27697726 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The preventive effect of a processed Aloe vera gel (PAG) on colon carcinogenesis was examined using an azoxymethane (AOM)-initiated and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-promoted mouse colon carcinogenesis model. Oral administration of PAG (200, or 400mg/kg/day) significantly reduced the multiplicity of colonic adenomas and adenocarcinomas compared with the AOM/DSS only-treated mice. In the mice treated with 400mg/kg of PAG, adenoma and adenocarcinoma development was reduced to 80% and 60%, respectively, compared to 100% in the PAG-untreated AOM/DSS-treated mice. Western blot analysis using colon extracts showed that PAG reduced the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), resulting in the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. PAG appeared to inhibit the NF-κB activation through the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. PAG also inhibited the expression and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, which is known to connect inflammation and cancer. In addition, PAG inhibited cell cycle progression-inducing cellular factors, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, cyclin-dependent kinase 4, and cyclin D1. On the other hand, PAG increased the expression of Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2, which is known to be a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer. These findings show that PAG suppresses colitis-related colon carcinogenesis by inhibiting both chronic inflammation and cell cycle progression in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Im
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Ji-Wan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Hee-Suk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Chan-Su Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | | | | | - Young In Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
| | - Chong-Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea.
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Kümler I, Knoop AS, Jessing CAR, Ejlertsen B, Nielsen DL. Review of hormone-based treatments in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer focusing on aromatase inhibitors and fulvestrant. ESMO Open 2016; 1:e000062. [PMID: 27843622 PMCID: PMC5070302 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2016-000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endocrine therapy constitutes a central modality in the treatment of oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive advanced breast cancer. Purpose To evaluate the evidence for endocrine treatment in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer focusing on the aromatase inhibitors, letrozole, anastrozole, exemestane and fulvestrant. Methods A review was carried out using PubMed. Randomised phase II and III trials reporting on ≥100 patients were included. Results 35 trials met the inclusion criteria. If not used in the adjuvant setting, a non-steroid aromatase inhibitor was the optimal first-line option. In general, the efficacy of the different aromatase inhibitors and fulvestrant was similar in tamoxifen-refractory patients. A randomised phase II trial of palbociclib plus letrozole versus letrozole alone showed significantly increased progression-free survival (PFS) when compared with endocrine therapy alone in the first-line setting (20.2 vs 10.2 months). Furthermore, the addition of everolimus to exemestane in the Breast Cancer Trials of OraL EveROlimus-2 (BOLERO-2) study resulted in an extension of median PFS by 4.5 months after recurrence/progression on a non-steroid aromatase inhibitor. However, overall survival was not significantly increased. Conclusion Conventional treatment with an aromatase inhibitor or fulvestrant may be an adequate treatment option for most patients with hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition and cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibition might represent substantial advances for selected patients in some specific settings. However, there is an urgent need for prospective biomarker-driven trials to identify patients for whom these treatments are cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iben Kümler
- Department of Oncology , Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark
| | - Ann S Knoop
- Department of Oncology , Finsen Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Christina A R Jessing
- Department of Oncology , Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark
| | - Bent Ejlertsen
- Department of Oncology , Finsen Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Dorte L Nielsen
- Department of Oncology , Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark
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Chen P, Lee NV, Hu W, Xu M, Ferre RA, Lam H, Bergqvist S, Solowiej J, Diehl W, He YA, Yu X, Nagata A, VanArsdale T, Murray BW. Spectrum and Degree of CDK Drug Interactions Predicts Clinical Performance. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2273-2281. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhu X, Yang S, Lin W, Wang L, Ying J, Ding Y, Chen X. Roles of Cell Cyle Regulators Cyclin D1, CDK4, and p53 in Knee Osteoarthritis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:529-34. [PMID: 27391794 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of cyclin D1, CDK4, and p53 in knee osteoarthritis (KOA). METHODS A total of 76 healthy controls and 154 KOA cases (grades ranging from II to IV) were recruited. Protein expression of cyclin D1, CDK4, and p53 were detected by immunohistochemistry, and mRNA expression levels of the cyclin D1, the CDK4, and the p53 genes were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Both protein and mRNA expression levels of cyclin D1 and CDK4 were significantly lower in KOA cases than those in healthy controls, while protein and mRNA expression of p53 was significantly higher in KOA cases than that in healthy controls (all p < 0.05). As the grades of KOA increased, Cyclin D1 and CDK4 mRNA expressions decreased, whereas p53 mRNA expression increased (all p < 0.05). In KOA cases, mRNA expression of Cyclin D1 was positively correlated to CDK4 mRNA levels (r = 0.386, p < 0.001), while negatively correlated with p53 mRNA levels (r = -0.227, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Expression of the Cyclin D1, CDK4, and p53 genes are correlated with the disease grades of KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongbai Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwei Ying
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yewei Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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O'Sullivan CC. CDK4/6 inhibitors for the treatment of advanced hormone receptor positive breast cancer and beyond: 2016 update. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:1657-67. [PMID: 27322766 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1201072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Given the central role of cyclin-dependent kinases in regulating cell division, there has been a longstanding interest in developing compounds which target the cyclin D1: CDK4/6 axis in breast cancer. The recent discovery of potent and selective CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) was an important breakthrough. AREAS COVERED There are three CDK4/6i in clinical development (palbociclib, ribociclib and abemaciclib). Phase II and III studies using palbociclib in combination with endocrine therapy demonstrated remarkable clinical activity in women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced breast cancer, resulting in two separate FDA approvals in 2015 and 2016. In this article, we review the preclinical and clinical development of these compounds as well as discussing the role for novel applications of these agents outside the arena of HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer. EXPERT OPINION In combination with endocrine therapy, CDK4/6i have shown promising efficacy in patients with advanced HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer. Numerous trials in a variety of clinical settings and in different tumor types are ongoing or planned.
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Ehab M, Elbaz M. Profile of palbociclib in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2016; 8:83-91. [PMID: 27274308 PMCID: PMC4876680 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s83146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women. Each year, thousands die either because of disease progression or failure of treatment. Breast cancer is classified into different subtypes based on the molecular expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, and/or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). These receptors represent important therapeutic targets either through monoclonal antibodies or through small-molecule inhibitors directed toward them. However, up to 40% of patients develop either a primary or a secondary resistance to the current treatments. Therefore, there is an urgent need for investigating new targets in order to overcome the resistance and/or enhance the current therapies. Cell cycle is altered in many human cancers, especially in breast cancer. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), especially CDK4 and CDK6, play a pivotal role in cell cycle progression that makes them potential targets for new promising therapies. CDK inhibition has shown strong antitumor activities, ranging from cytostatic antiproliferative effects to synergistic effects in combination with other antitumor drugs. In order to overcome the drawbacks of the first-generation CDK inhibitors, recently, new CDK inhibitors have emerged that are more selective to CDK4 and CDK6 such as palbociclib, which is the most advanced CDK4/6 inhibitor in trials. In preclinical studies, palbociclib has shown a very promising antitumor activity, especially against ERα+ breast cancer subtype. Palbociclib has gained world attention, and US the Food and Drug Administration has accelerated its approval for first-line treatment in combination with letrozole for the first-line systematic treatment of postmenopausal women with ERα+/HER2− locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. In this review, we discuss the potential role of CDK inhibition in breast cancer treatment, and focus on palbociclib progress from preclinical studies to clinical trials with mentioning the most recent ongoing as well as planned Phase II and Phase III trials of palbociclib in advanced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Ehab
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - Mohamad Elbaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy School, Helwan University, Egypt; Department of Pathology, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Kibel AS, Ahn J, Isikbay M, Klim A, Wu WS, Hayes RB, Isaacs WB, Daw EW. Genetic variants in cell cycle control pathway confer susceptibility to aggressive prostate carcinoma. Prostate 2016; 76:479-90. [PMID: 26708993 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because a significant number of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) are diagnosed with disease unlikely to cause harm, genetic markers associated with clinically aggressive PCa have potential clinical utility. Since cell cycle checkpoint dysregulation is crucial for the development and progression of cancer, we tested the hypothesis that common germ-line variants within cell cycle genes were associated with aggressive PCa. METHODS Via a two-stage design, 364 common sequence variants in 88 genes were tested. The initial stage consisted of 258 aggressive PCa patients and 442 controls, and the second stage added 384 aggressive PCa Patients and 463 controls. European-American and African-American samples were analyzed separately. In the first stage, SNPs were typed by Illumina Goldengate assay while in the second stage SNPs were typed by Pyrosequencing assays. Genotype frequencies between cases and controls were compared using logistical regression analysis with additive, dominant and recessive models. RESULTS Eleven variants within 10 genes (CCNC, CCND3, CCNG1, CCNT2, CDK6, MDM2, SKP2, WEE1, YWHAB, YWHAH) in the European-American population and nine variants in 7 genes (CCNG1, CDK2, CDK5, MDM2, RB1, SMAD3, TERF2) in the African-American population were found to be associated with aggressive PCa using at least one model. Of particular interest, CCNC (rs3380812) was associated with risk in European-American cohorts from both institutions. CDK2 (rs1045435) and CDK5 (rs2069459) were associated with risk in the African-American cohorts from both institutions. Lastly, variants within MDM2 and CCNG1 were protective for aggressive PCa in both ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that polymorphisms within cell cycle genes are associated with clinically aggressive PCa. Validation of these markers in additional populations is necessary, but these markers may help identify patients at risk for potentially lethal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Kibel
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Masis Isikbay
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aleksandra Klim
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - William S Wu
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richard B Hayes
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - William B Isaacs
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - E Warwick Daw
- Departments of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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