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Thompson D, Lawrentschuk N, Bolton D. New Approaches to Targeting Epigenetic Regulation in Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061856. [PMID: 36980741 PMCID: PMC10046617 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is a growing field and in bladder cancer, it is of particular interest in advanced or metastatic disease. As opposed to genetic mutations in which the nucleotide sequence itself is altered, epigenetic alterations refer to changes to the genome that do not involve nucleotides. This is of great interest in cancer research because epigenetic alterations are reversible, making them a promising target for pharmacological agents. While chemoimmunotherapy is the mainstay for metastatic disease, there are few alternatives for patients who have progressed on first- or second-line treatment. By targeting reversible epigenetic alterations, novel epigenetic therapies are important potential treatment options for these patients. A search of clinical registries was performed in order to identify and collate epigenetic therapies currently in human trials. A literature search was also performed to identify therapies that are currently in preclinical stages, whether this be in vivo or in vitro models. Twenty-five clinical trials were identified that investigated the use of epigenetic inhibitors in patients with bladder cancer, often in combination with another agent, such as platinum-based chemotherapy or pembrolizumab. The main classes of epigenetic inhibitors studied include DNA-methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and histone methyltransferase (HMT) inhibitors. At present, no phase 3 clinical trials have been registered. Few trials have published results, though DNMT inhibitors have shown the most promise thus far. Many patients with advanced or metastatic bladder cancer have limited treatment options, particularly when first- or second-line chemoimmunotherapy fails. Epigenetic alterations, which are common in bladder cancer, are potential targets for drug therapies, and these epigenetic agents are already in use for many cancers. While they have shown promise in pre-clinical trials for bladder cancer, more research is needed to assess their benefit in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Nathan Lawrentschuk
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Urology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
- EJ Whitten Prostate Cancer Research Centre at Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VC 3121, Australia
| | - Damien Bolton
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
- Correspondence:
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2
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Hou F, Wei W, Qin X, Liang J, Han S, Han A, Kong Q. The posttranslational modification of HDAC4 in cell biology: Mechanisms and potential targets. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:930-937. [PMID: 31588631 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) is a member of the HDACs family, its expression is closely related to the cell development. The cell is an independent living entity that undergoes proliferation, differentiation, senescence, apoptosis, and pathology, and each process has a strict and complex regulatory system. With deepening of its research, the expression of HDAC4 is critical in the life process. This review focuses on the posttranslational modification of HDAC4 in cell biology, providing an important target for future disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hou
- Lupus Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong, Jining, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Lupus Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong, Jining, China
| | - Xiao Qin
- Lupus Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong, Jining, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong, Jining, China.,College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Sha Han
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong, Jining, China
| | - Aizhong Han
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong, Jining, China
| | - Qingsheng Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong, Jining, China
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Revisiting Histone Deacetylases in Human Tumorigenesis: The Paradigm of Urothelial Bladder Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061291. [PMID: 30875794 PMCID: PMC6471041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary bladder cancer is a common malignancy, being characterized by substantial patient mortality and management cost. Its high somatic-mutation frequency and molecular heterogeneity usually renders tumors refractory to the applied regimens. Hitherto, methotrexate-vinblastine-adriamycin-cisplatin and gemcitabine-cisplatin represent the backbone of systemic chemotherapy. However, despite the initial chemosensitivity, the majority of treated patients will eventually develop chemoresistance, which severely reduces their survival expectancy. Since chromatin regulation genes are more frequently mutated in muscle-invasive bladder cancer, as compared to other epithelial tumors, targeted therapies against chromatin aberrations in chemoresistant clones may prove beneficial for the disease. “Acetyl-chromatin” homeostasis is regulated by the opposing functions of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). The HDAC/SIRT (super-)family contains 18 members, which are divided in five classes, with each family member being differentially expressed in normal urinary bladder tissues. Since a strong association between irregular HDAC expression/activity and tumorigenesis has been previously demonstrated, we herein attempt to review the accumulated published evidences that implicate HDACs/SIRTs as critical regulators in urothelial bladder cancer. Moreover, the most extensively investigated HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) are also analyzed, and the respective clinical trials are also described. Interestingly, it seems that HDACis should be preferably used in drug-combination therapeutic schemes, including radiation.
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Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Trichostatin A, Synergistically Enhances Paclitaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity in Urothelial Carcinoma Cells by Suppressing the ERK Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051162. [PMID: 30866433 PMCID: PMC6429437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichostatin A (TSA), an antifungal antibiotic derived from Streptomyces, inhibits mammalian histone deacetylases, and especially, selectively inhibits class I and II histone deacetylase (HDAC) families of enzymes. TSA reportedly elicits an antiproliferative response in multifarious tumors. This study investigated the antitumor effects of TSA alone and in combination with paclitaxel when applied to two high-grade urothelial carcinoma (UC) cell lines (BFTC-905 and BFTC-909). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting, flow cytometry, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium assay were used to assess TSA's cytotoxicity and effects on apoptosis induction. TSA induced synergistic cytotoxicity, when combined with paclitaxel (combination index < 1), resulted in concomitant suppression of paclitaxel-induced activation of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. A xenograft nude mouse model confirmed that TSA enhances the antitumor effects of paclitaxel. These findings demonstrate that the administration of TSA in combination with paclitaxel elicits a synergistic cytotoxic response. The results of this study indicate that the chemoresistance of UC could be circumvented by combining HDAC inhibitors to target the ERK pathway.
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Lin WC, Hsu FS, Kuo KL, Liu SH, Shun CT, Shi CS, Chang HC, Tsai YC, Lin MC, Wu JT, Kuo Y, Chow PM, Liao SM, Yang SP, Hong JY, Huang KH. Trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, induces synergistic cytotoxicity with chemotherapy via suppression of Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in urothelial carcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:1307-1318. [PMID: 30288546 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of trichostatin A (TSA), an antifungal antibiotic that inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC) family of enzymes, alone or in combination with anyone of the three chemotherapeutic agents (cisplatin, gemcitabine, and doxorubicin) for the treatment of human urothelial carcinoma (UC). Two high-grade human UC cell lines (T24 and NTUB1) were used. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis were assessed by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of phospho-c-Raf, phospho-MEK1/2, and phospho-ERK1/2 was measured by western blotting. ERK siRNA knockdown and the specific MEK inhibitor U0126 were used to examine the role of Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway in combined cytotoxicity of TSA and chemotherapy. TSA co-treatment with any one of the three chemotherapeutic agents induced synergistic cytotoxicity (combination index < 1) and concomitantly suppressed chemotherapeutic drug-induced activation of Raf-MEK-ERK pathway. Combination of ERK siRNA knockdown and treatment with the specific MEK inhibitor (U0126) enhanced the cytotoxic effects of the chemotherapy on UC cells. These observations were confirmed in a xenograft nude mouse model. Moreover, activated Raf/MEK/ERK pathway was observed in human bladder UC specimens from patients with chemoresistant status. In conclusion, TSA elicits a synergistic cytotoxic response in combination with chemotherapy via targeting the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. TSA elicits synergistic cytotoxic response in combination with three DNA-damaging drugs (cisplatin, gemcitabine, and doxorubicin). Activated Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is involved in chemoresistant mechanism of UC. Combining chemotherapeutic agents with HDAC inhibitor (TSA) or with targeting Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is promising to circumvent chemoresistance in UCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chou Lin
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Shun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, New Taipei City Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Sheng Shi
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chiang Chang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Lin
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - June-Tai Wu
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ming Chow
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Liao
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Ping Yang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Yu Hong
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No 1 Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
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Zeng LS, Yang XZ, Wen YF, Mail SJ, Wang MH, Zhang MY, Zheng XFS, Wang HY. Overexpressed HDAC4 is associated with poor survival and promotes tumor progression in esophageal carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:1236-49. [PMID: 27295551 PMCID: PMC4931829 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) mediate histone deacetylation, leading to transcriptional repression, which is involved in many diseases, including age-related tissue degeneration, heart failure and cancer. In this study, we were aimed to investigate the expression, clinical significance and biological function of HDAC4 in esophageal carcinoma (EC). We found that HDAC4 mRNA and protein are overexpressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues and cell lines. HDAC4 overexpression is associated with higher tumor grade, advanced clinical stage and poor survival. Mechanistically, HDAC4 promotes proliferation and G1/S cell cycle progression in EC cells by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p27 and up-regulating CDK2/4 and CDK-dependent Rb phosphorylation. HDAC4 also enhances ESCC cell migration. Furthermore, HDAC4 positively regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by increasing the expression of Vimentin and decreasing the expression of E-Cadherin/α-Catenin. Together, our study shows that HDAC4 overexpression is important for the oncogenesis of EC, which may serve as a useful prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Si Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xian-Zi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yue-Feng Wen
- Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Shi-Juan Mail
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Meng-He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Mei-Yin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - X F Steven Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Hui-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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HDAC inhibition as a treatment concept to combat temsirolimus-resistant bladder cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110016-110028. [PMID: 29299126 PMCID: PMC5746361 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) might be a promising molecular target to treat advanced bladder cancer, resistance develops under chronic exposure to an mTOR inhibitor (everolimus, temsirolimus). Based on earlier studies, we proposed that histone deacetylase (HDAC) blockade might circumvent resistance and investigated whether HDAC inhibition has an impact on growth of bladder cancer cells with acquired resistance towards temsirolimus. Results The HDAC inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) significantly inhibited growth, proliferation and caused G0/G1 phase arrest in RT112res and UMUC-3res. cdk1, cyclin B, cdk2, cyclin A and Skp1 p19 were down-regulated, p27 was elevated. Akt-mTOR signaling was deactivated, whereas acetylation of histone H3 and H4 in RT112res and UMUC-3res increased in the presence of VPA. Knocking down cdk2 or cyclin A resulted in a significant growth blockade of RT112res and UMUC-3res. Materials And Methods Parental (par) and resistant (res) RT112 and UMUC-3 cells were exposed to the HDAC inhibitor VPA. Tumor cell growth, proliferation, cell cycling and expression of cell cycle regulating proteins were then evaluated. siRNA blockade was used to investigate the functional impact of the proteins. Conclusions HDAC inhibition induced a strong response of temsirolimus-resistant bladder cancer cells. Therefore, the temsirolimus-VPA-combination might be an innovative strategy for bladder cancer treatment.
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Pinkerneil M, Hoffmann MJ, Kohlhof H, Schulz WA, Niegisch G. Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of the Novel Isotype Specific HDAC Inhibitor 4SC-202 in Urothelial Carcinoma Cell Lines. Target Oncol 2017; 11:783-798. [PMID: 27250763 PMCID: PMC5153417 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-016-0444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Targeting of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) exerts antineoplastic actions in various cancer types by modulation of transcription, upregulation of tumor suppressors, induction of cell cycle arrest, replication stress and promotion of apoptosis. Class I HDACs are often deregulated in urothelial cancer. 4SC-202, a novel oral benzamide type HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) specific for class I HDACs HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 and the histone demethylase LSD1, shows substantial anti-tumor activity in a broad range of cancer cell lines and xenograft tumor models. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of 4SC-202 in urothelial carcinoma (UC) cell lines. Methods We determined dose response curves of 4SC-202 by MTT assay in seven UC cell lines with distinct HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 expression profiles. Cellular effects were further analyzed in VM-CUB1 and UM-UC-3 cells by colony forming assay, caspase-3/7 assay, flow cytometry, senescence assay, LDH release assay, and immunofluorescence staining. Response markers were followed by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. Treatment with the class I HDAC specific inhibitor SAHA (vorinostat) served as a general control. Results 4SC-202 significantly reduced proliferation of all epithelial and mesenchymal UC cell lines (IC50 0.15–0.51 μM), inhibited clonogenic growth and induced caspase activity. Flow cytometry revealed increased G2/M and subG1 fractions in VM-CUB1 and UM-UC-3 cells. Both effects were stronger than with SAHA treatment. Conclusion Specific pharmacological inhibition of class I HDACs by 4SC-202 impairs UC cell viability, inducing cell cycle disturbances and cell death. Combined inhibition of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 seems to be a promising treatment strategy for UC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11523-016-0444-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pinkerneil
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Liu S, Liang B, Jia H, Jiao Y, Pang Z, Huang Y. Evaluation of cell death pathways initiated by antitumor drugs melatonin and valproic acid in bladder cancer cells. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:798-810. [PMID: 28593135 PMCID: PMC5458469 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective drug combinations have the potential to strengthen therapeutic efficacy and combat drug resistance. Both melatonin and valproic acid (VPA) exhibit antitumor activities in various cancer cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cell death pathways initiated by anticancer combinatorial effects of melatonin and VPA in bladder cancer cells. The results demonstrated that the combination of melatonin and VPA leads to significant synergistic growth inhibition of UC3 bladder cancer cells. Gene expression studies revealed that cotreatment with melatonin and VPA triggered the up-regulation of certain genes related to apoptosis (TNFRSF10A and TNFRSF10B), autophagy (BECN, ATG3 and ATG5) and necrosis (MLKL, PARP-1 and RIPK1). The combinatorial treatment increased the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-related genes ATF6, IRE1, EDEM1 and ERdj4. Cotreatment with melatonin and VPA enhanced the expression of E-cadherin, and decreased the expression of N-cadherin, Fibronectin, Snail and Slug. Furthermore, the Wnt pathway and Raf/MEK/ERK pathway were activated by combinatorial treatment. However, the effects on the expression of certain genes were not further enhanced in cells following combinatorial treatment in comparison to individual treatment of melatonin or VPA. In summary, these findings provided evidence that cotreatment with melatonin and VPA exerted increased cytotoxicity by regulating cell death pathways in UC3 bladder cancer cells, but the clinical significance of combinatorial treatment still needs to be further exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang China
| | - Bilin Liang
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang China
| | - Huiting Jia
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang China
| | - Yuhan Jiao
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang China
| | - Zhongqiu Pang
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang China
| | - Yongye Huang
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang China
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10
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Pinkerneil M, Hoffmann MJ, Deenen R, Köhrer K, Arent T, Schulz WA, Niegisch G. Inhibition of Class I Histone Deacetylases 1 and 2 Promotes Urothelial Carcinoma Cell Death by Various Mechanisms. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:299-312. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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NBM-T-BBX-OS01, Semisynthesized from Osthole, Induced G1 Growth Arrest through HDAC6 Inhibition in Lung Cancer Cells. Molecules 2015; 20:8000-19. [PMID: 25946558 PMCID: PMC6272357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupting lung tumor growth via histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibition is a strategy for cancer therapy or prevention. Targeting HDAC6 may disturb the maturation of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) mediated cell cycle regulation. In this study, we demonstrated the effects of semisynthesized NBM-T-BBX-OS01 (TBBX) from osthole on HDAC6-mediated growth arrest in lung cancer cells. The results exhibited that the anti-proliferative activity of TBBX in numerous lung cancer cells was more potent than suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a clinically approved pan-HDAC inhibitor, and the growth inhibitory effect has been mediated through G1 growth arrest. Furthermore, the protein levels of cyclin D1, CDK2 and CDK4 were reduced while cyclin E and CDK inhibitor, p21Waf1/Cip1, were up-regulated in TBBX-treated H1299 cells. The results also displayed that TBBX inhibited HDAC6 activity via down-regulation HDAC6 protein expression. TBBX induced Hsp90 hyper-acetylation and led to the disruption of cyclin D1/Hsp90 and CDK4/Hsp90 association following the degradation of cyclin D1 and CDK4 proteins through proteasome. Ectopic expression of HDAC6 rescued TBBX-induced G1 arrest in H1299 cells. Conclusively, the data suggested that TBBX induced G1 growth arrest may mediate HDAC6-caused Hsp90 hyper-acetylation and consequently increased the degradation of cyclin D1 and CDK4.
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Li DR, Zhang H, Peek E, Wang S, Du L, Li G, Chin AI. Synergy of Histone-Deacetylase Inhibitor AR-42 with Cisplatin in Bladder Cancer. J Urol 2015; 194:547-55. [PMID: 25748177 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cisplatin based chemotherapy regimens form the basis of systemic bladder cancer treatment, although they show limited response rates and efficacy. Recent molecular analysis of bladder cancer revealed a high incidence of mutations in chromatin regulatory genes, suggesting a therapeutic avenue for histone deacetylase inhibitors. We investigated the ability of the novel histone deacetylase inhibitor AR-42 to synergize with cisplatin in preclinical models of bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed the ability of the pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor AR-42 with and without cisplatin to destroy bladder cancer cells by survival and apoptosis assays in vitro, and by growth and differentiation in an in vivo xenograft model. We also assessed the response to the bladder cancer stem cell population by examining the effect of AR-42 on the CD44(+)CD49f(+) population with and without cisplatin. Synergy was calculated using combination indexes. RESULTS The AR-42 and cisplatin combination synergistically destroyed bladder cancer cells via apoptosis and it influenced tumor growth and differentiation in vivo. When tested in the CD44(+)CD49f(+) bladder cancer stem cell population, AR-42 showed greater efficacy with and without cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS AR-42 may be an attractive novel histone deacetylase inhibitor with activity against bladder cancer. Its efficacy in bladder cancer stem cells and synergy with cisplatin warrant further clinical investigation. Our in vitro and animal model studies provide preclinical evidence that AR-42 may be administered in conjunction with cisplatin based chemotherapy to improve the treatment of bladder cancer in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Li
- Department of Urology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hanwei Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elizabeth Peek
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Song Wang
- Urology Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Arnold I Chin
- Department of Urology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Juengel E, Nowaz S, Makarevi J, Natsheh I, Werner I, Nelson K, Reiter M, Tsaur I, Mani J, Harder S, Bartsch G, Haferkamp A, Blaheta RA. HDAC-inhibition counteracts everolimus resistance in renal cell carcinoma in vitro by diminishing cdk2 and cyclin A. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:152. [PMID: 24935000 PMCID: PMC4073177 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted therapies have improved therapeutic options of treating renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, drug response is temporary due to resistance development. Methods Functional and molecular changes in RCC Caki-1 cells, after acquired resistance to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-inhibitor everolimus (Cakires), were investigated with and without additional application of the histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitor valproic acid (VPA). Cell growth was evaluated by MTT assay, cell cycle progression and apoptosis by flow cytometry. Target molecules of everolimus and VPA, apoptotic and cell cycle regulating proteins were investigated by western blotting. siRNA blockade was performed to evaluate the functional relevance of the proteins. Results Everolimus resistance was accompanied by significant increases in the percentage of G2/M-phase cells and in the IC50. Akt and p70S6K, targets of everolimus, were activated in Cakires compared to drug sensitive cells. The most prominent change in Cakires cells was an increase in the cell cycle activating proteins cdk2 and cyclin A. Knock-down of cdk2 and cyclin A caused significant growth inhibition in the Cakires cells. The HDAC-inhibitor, VPA, counteracted everolimus resistance in Cakires, evidenced by a significant decrease in tumor growth and cdk2/cyclin A. Conclusion It is concluded that non-response to everolimus is characterized by increased cdk2/cyclin A, driving RCC cells into the G2/M-phase. VPA hinders everolimus non-response by diminishing cdk2/cyclin A. Therefore, treatment with HDAC-inhibitors might be an option for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma and acquired everolimus resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roman A Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Interdisciplinary Science Building, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt / Main D-60590, Germany.
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14
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Poyet C, Jentsch B, Hermanns T, Schweckendiek D, Seifert HH, Schmidtpeter M, Sulser T, Moch H, Wild PJ, Kristiansen G. Expression of histone deacetylases 1, 2 and 3 in urothelial bladder cancer. BMC Clin Pathol 2014; 14:10. [PMID: 24624923 PMCID: PMC3995609 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-14-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are known to be associated with an overexpression in different types of cancer such as colon and prostate cancer. In this study we aimed to evaluate the protein expression of class I HDACs in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. METHODS A tissue microarray containing 348 tissuesamples from 174 patients with a primary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder was immunohistochemically stained for HDAC 1, 2 and 3. Intensity of staining was evaluated and the association with clinico-pathological features and prognosis was assessed. RESULTS High HDAC expression levels were found in 40 to 60% of all investigated urothelial carcinomas (HDAC-1: 40%, HDAC-2: 42%, HDAC-3: 59%).HDAC-1 and HDAC-2 were significantly associated with higher tumour grades.Although all three markers could not predict progression in univariate analyses, high HDAC-1 expression was associated with a trend toward poorer prognosis. Patients with high-grade tumours and high expression levels of HDAC-1 were more likely to progress compared to all other patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High-grade noninvasive papillary bladder tumours are associated with high expression levels of HDAC-1 and HDAC-2. High grade tumours in combination with high expression of HDAC-1 showed a worse prognosis than the other tumours. The high expression levels of HDACs observed particularly in high grade urothelial bladder cancer clearly warrant subsequent studies on the potential use of HDAC inhibitors as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Poyet
- Department of Urology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Jentsch
- Institute of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hermanns
- Department of Urology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Hans-Helge Seifert
- Department of Urology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Urology, Hegau-Bodensee Hospital, Singen, Germany
| | | | - Tullio Sulser
- Department of Urology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Wild
- Institute of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Department of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn D-53127, Germany
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15
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Lee HS, Wang SY, Salter DM, Wang CC, Chen SJ, Fan HC. The impact of the use of antiepileptic drugs on the growth of children. BMC Pediatr 2013; 13:211. [PMID: 24354857 PMCID: PMC3878248 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated whether long-term treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) had negative effects on statural growth and serum calcium levels in children with epilepsy in Taiwan. METHODS Children with epilepsy treated with one prescription of AEDs (monotherapy) for at least 1 year were selected. The AEDs included valproic acid (VPA; Deparkin) in 27 children (11 boys and 16 girls) aged 4-18 years, oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) in 30 children (15 boys and 15 girls) aged 5-18 years, topiramate (Topamax) in 19 children (10 boys and 9 girls) aged 6-18 years, and lamotrigine (Lamicta) in eight children (5 boys and 3 girls) aged 5-13 years. Patients with a history of febrile convulsions were selected as the controls. RESULTS One year of VPA treatment significantly impaired the statural growth of pediatric patients with epilepsy (p < 0.005) compared with the control group. The underlying mechanism may have been due to the direct effect of VPA on the proliferation of growth plate chondrocytes rather than alterations of serum calcium. CONCLUSIONS These results raise serious concerns about the growth of pediatric epilepsy patients who use AEDs, and potentially the need to closely monitor growth in children with epilepsy and adolescents under AED treatment, especially VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Paediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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16
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Lauterbach EC. Neuroprotective effects of psychotropic drugs in Huntington's disease. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22558-603. [PMID: 24248060 PMCID: PMC3856079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotropics (antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants, anxiolytics, etc.) are commonly prescribed to treat Huntington’s disease (HD). In HD preclinical models, while no psychotropic has convincingly affected huntingtin gene, HD modifying gene, or huntingtin protein expression, psychotropic neuroprotective effects include upregulated huntingtin autophagy (lithium), histone acetylation (lithium, valproate, lamotrigine), miR-222 (lithium-plus-valproate), mitochondrial protection (haloperidol, trifluoperazine, imipramine, desipramine, nortriptyline, maprotiline, trazodone, sertraline, venlafaxine, melatonin), neurogenesis (lithium, valproate, fluoxetine, sertraline), and BDNF (lithium, valproate, sertraline) and downregulated AP-1 DNA binding (lithium), p53 (lithium), huntingtin aggregation (antipsychotics, lithium), and apoptosis (trifluoperazine, loxapine, lithium, desipramine, nortriptyline, maprotiline, cyproheptadine, melatonin). In HD live mouse models, delayed disease onset (nortriptyline, melatonin), striatal preservation (haloperidol, tetrabenazine, lithium, sertraline), memory preservation (imipramine, trazodone, fluoxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine), motor improvement (tetrabenazine, lithium, valproate, imipramine, nortriptyline, trazodone, sertraline, venlafaxine), and extended survival (lithium, valproate, sertraline, melatonin) have been documented. Upregulated CREB binding protein (CBP; valproate, dextromethorphan) and downregulated histone deacetylase (HDAC; valproate) await demonstration in HD models. Most preclinical findings await replication and their limitations are reviewed. The most promising findings involve replicated striatal neuroprotection and phenotypic disease modification in transgenic mice for tetrabenazine and for sertraline. Clinical data consist of an uncontrolled lithium case series (n = 3) suggesting non-progression and a primarily negative double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of lamotrigine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Lauterbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 655 First Street, Macon, GA 31201, USA.
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17
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Changes in histone deacetylase (HDAC) expression patterns and activity of HDAC inhibitors in urothelial cancers. Urol Oncol 2013; 31:1770-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Juengel E, Meyer dos Santos S, Schneider T, Makarevic J, Hudak L, Bartsch G, Haferkamp A, Wiesner C, Blaheta RA. HDAC inhibition suppresses bladder cancer cell adhesion to collagen under flow conditions. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:1297-304. [PMID: 24006305 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213498975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA), on bladder cancer cell adhesion in vitro was investigated in this paper. TCCSUP and RT-112 bladder cancer cells were treated with VPA (0.5 or 1 mM) twice or thrice weekly for 14 days. Controls remained untreated. Tumour cell interaction with immobilized collagen was evaluated by a flow-based adhesion assay using a shear force of 2 or 4 dyne/cm(2). The effects of VPA on the integrin adhesion receptors α3, α5, β1, β3 and β4 were assessed by flow cytometry to determine integrin surface expression and by western blotting to determine the cytoplasmic integrin level. VPA of 0.5 mM and 1 mM significantly prevented binding of both RT-112 and TCCSUP cells to collagen, compared with the untreated controls. Adhesion was reduced to a higher extent when RT-112 (subjected to 2 dyne/cm(2)) or TCCSUP (subjected to 2 or 4 dyne/cm(2)) tumour cells were treated with VPA three times a week, compared to the two times a week protocol. VPA caused a significant up-regulation of the integrin α3, α5, β1, β3 and β4 subtypes on the TCCSUP cell surface membrane. In RT-112 cells, only integrin α5 was elevated on the cell surface following VPA exposure. Western blotting revealed an up-regulation of α3, α5, β3 and β4 integrins and down-regulation of the integrin β1 protein by VPA in TCCSUP. VPA also up-regulated α5 and down-regulated β1 integrin in RT-112 cells, but also reduced α3 and β3 in TCCSUP. VPA exerted adhesion-blocking properties on bladder cancer cells under physiologic flow conditions. The effects were accompanied by distinct modifications of the integrin expression profile, which differ depending on the cell lines used. Application of VPA might be an innovative option to prevent bladder cancer dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Byler TK, Leocadio D, Shapiro O, Bratslavsky G, Stodgell CJ, Wood RW, Messing EM, Reeder JE. Valproic acid decreases urothelial cancer cell proliferation and induces thrombospondin-1 expression. BMC Urol 2012; 12:21. [PMID: 22898175 PMCID: PMC3487994 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-12-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prevention of bladder cancer recurrence is a central challenge in the management of this highly prevalent disease. The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (sodium valproate) has anti-angiogenic properties and has been shown to decrease bladder cancer growth in model systems. We have previously shown reduced expression of thrombospondin-1 in a mouse model and in human bladder cancer relative to normal urothelium. We speculated that inhibition of angiogenesis by valproate might be mediated by this anti-angiogenic protein. Methods Bladder cancer cell lines UMUC3 and T24 were treated with valproate or another histone deacetylase inhibitor, vorinostat, in culture for a period of three days. Proliferation was assessed by alamar blue reduction. Gene expression was evaluated by reverse transcription of RNA and quantitative PCR. Results Proliferation assays showed treatment with valproate or vorinostat decreased proliferation in both cell lines. Histone deacetylase inhibition also increased relative expression of thrombospondin-1 up to 8 fold at 5 mM valproate. Conclusions Histone deacetylase inhibitors warrant further study for the prevention or treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Byler
- Department of Urology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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