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Fan X, Nijman HW, de Bruyn M, Elsinga PH. ImmunoPET provides a novel way to visualize the CD103 + tissue-resident memory T cell to predict the response of immune checkpoint inhibitors. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:5. [PMID: 38182929 PMCID: PMC10769965 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-01062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made significant progress in oncotherapy improving survival of patients. However, the benefits are limited to only a small subgroup of patients who could achieve durable responses. Early prediction of response may enable treatment optimization and patient stratification. Therefore, developing appropriate biomarkers is critical to monitoring efficacy and assessing patient response to ICIs. MAIN BODY Herein, we first introduce a new potential biomarker, CD103, expressed on tissue-resident memory T cells, and discuss the potential application of CD103 PET imaging in predicting immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. In addition, we describe the current targets of ImmunoPET and compare these targets with CD103. To assess the benefit of PET imaging, a comparative analysis between ImmunoPET and other imaging techniques commonly employed for tumor diagnosis was performed. Additionally, we compare ImmunoPET and immunohistochemistry (IHC), a widely utilized clinical method for biomarker identification with respect to visualizing the immune targets. CONCLUSION CD103 ImmunoPET is a promising method for determining tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) load and response to ICIs, thereby addressing the lack of reliable biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy. Compared to general T cell markers, CD103 is a specific marker for tissue-resident memory T cells, which number increases during successful ICI therapy. ImmunoPET offers noninvasive, dynamic imaging of specific markers, complemented by detailed molecular information from immunohistochemistry (IHC). Radiomics can extract quantitative features from traditional imaging methods, while near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging aids tumor detection during surgery. In the era of precision medicine, combining such methods will offer a more comprehensive approach to cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Fan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Niu D, Wu Y, Lian J. Circular RNA vaccine in disease prevention and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:341. [PMID: 37691066 PMCID: PMC10493228 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CircRNAs are a class of single-stranded RNAs with covalently linked head-to-tail topology. In the decades since its initial discovery, their biogenesis, regulation, and function have rapidly disclosed, permitting a better understanding and adoption of them as new tools for medical applications. With the development of biotechnology and molecular medicine, artificial circRNAs have been engineered as a novel class of vaccines for disease treatment and prevention. Unlike the linear mRNA vaccine which applications were limited by its instability, inefficiency, and innate immunogenicity, circRNA vaccine which incorporate internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and open reading frame (ORF) provides an improved approach to RNA-based vaccination with safety, stability, simplicity of manufacture, and scalability. However, circRNA vaccines are at an early stage, and their optimization, delivery and applications require further development and evaluation. In this review, we comprehensively describe circRNA vaccine, including their history and superiority. We also summarize and discuss the current methodological research for circRNA vaccine preparation, including their design, synthesis, and purification. Finally, we highlight the delivery options of circRNA vaccine and its potential applications in diseases treatment and prevention. Considering their unique high stability, low immunogenicity, protein/peptide-coding capacity and special closed-loop construction, circRNA vaccine, and circRNA-based therapeutic platforms may have superior application prospects in a broad range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaran Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiqin Lian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038, Chongqing, China.
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3
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García-Guerrero E, Sánchez-Abarca LI, Domingo E, Ramos TL, Bejarano-García JA, Gonzalez-Campos JA, Caballero-Velázquez T, Pérez-Simón JA. Selection of Tumor-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients Through the Identification of T-Cells Capable to Establish Stable Interactions With the Leukemic Cells: "Doublet Technology". Front Immunol 2018; 9:1971. [PMID: 30233577 PMCID: PMC6129592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevance of the immune system in cancer has long been studied. Autologous adoptive T cell therapies, based on the use of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), have made great progress in recent years for the treatment of solid tumors, especially melanoma. However, further work is needed to isolate tumor-reactive T cells among patients diagnosed with hematologic malignancies. The dynamics of the interaction between T cells and antigen presenting cells (APC) dictate the quality of the immune responses. While stable joints between target cells and T lymphocytes lead to the induction of T cell activation and immune response, brief contacts contribute to the induction of immune-tolerance. Taking advantage of the strong interaction between target cell and activated T-cells, we show the feasibility to identify and isolate tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients by flow cytometry. Using this technology, CTLs bound through T cell receptor (TCR) to tumor cells can be identified in peripheral blood and bone marrow and subsequently selected and isolated by FACS-based cell sorting. These CTLs display higher percentage of effector cells and marked cytotoxic activity against AML blasts. In conclusion, we have developed a new procedure to identify and select specific cytotoxic T cells in patients diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía García-Guerrero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Luís I Sánchez-Abarca
- Servicio de Hematología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL) - Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Esther Domingo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Teresa L Ramos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose A Bejarano-García
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose A Gonzalez-Campos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Teresa Caballero-Velázquez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose A Pérez-Simón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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4
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Turrini E, Catanzaro E, Muraro MG, Governa V, Trella E, Mele V, Calcabrini C, Morroni F, Sita G, Hrelia P, Tacchini M, Fimognari C. Hemidesmus indicus induces immunogenic death in human colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:24443-24456. [PMID: 29849952 PMCID: PMC5966270 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of anticancer treatments to promote the activation of tumor-reactive adaptive immune responses is emerging as a critical requirement underlying their clinical effectiveness. We investigated the ability of Hemidesmus indicus, a promising anticancer botanical drug, to stimulate immunogenic cell death in a human colorectal cancer cell line (DLD1). Here we show that Hemidesmus treatment induces tumor cell cytotoxicity characterized by surface expression of calreticulin, increased HSP70 expression and release of ATP and HMGB1. Remarkably, the exposure to released ICD-inducer factors from Hemidesmus-treated DLD1 cells caused a modest induction of CD14-derived dendritic cells maturation, as demonstrated by the increased expression of CD83. Moreover, at sub-toxic concentrations, H.i. treatment of monocytes and dendritic cells induced their mild activation, suggesting its additional direct immunostimulatory activity. These data indicate that Hemidesmus indicus induces immunogenic cell death in human tumor cells and suggest its potential relevance in innovative cancer immunotherapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Turrini
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Elena Catanzaro
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Manuele G Muraro
- Oncology Surgery, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, ZLF, Basel-Switzerland
| | - Valeria Governa
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, ZLF, Basel-Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Trella
- Oncology Surgery, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, ZLF, Basel-Switzerland
| | - Valentina Mele
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, ZLF, Basel-Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Calcabrini
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Fabiana Morroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Sita
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Tacchini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
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5
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Metastatic Lung Lesions as a Preferred Resection Site for Immunotherapy With Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes. J Immunother 2018; 39:218-22. [PMID: 27163742 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) yields 50% response rates in metastatic melanoma and shows promising clinical results in other solid tumors. Autologous TIL cultures are isolated from resected tumor tissue, expanded ex vivo to large numbers and reinfused to the preconditioned patient. In this prospective study, we validate the origin of the tumor biopsy and its effect on T-cell function and clinical response. One hundred forty-four patients underwent surgery and 79 patients were treated with TIL adoptive cell therapy. Cultures from lung tissue were compared with other origins. The success rate of establishing TIL culture from lung tissue was significantly higher compared with nonlung tissue (94% vs. 72%, respectively, P≤0.003). Lung-derived TIL cultures gave rise to higher cell numbers (P≤0.011) and exhibited increased in vitro antitumor reactivity. The average fold expansion for lung-derived TIL during a rapid expansion procedure was 1349±557 compared with 1061±473 for nonlung TIL (P≤0.038). Patients treated with TIL cultures of lung origin (compared with nonlung) had prolonged median overall survival (29 vs. 9.5 mo; P≤0.065). Given the remarkable advancement in minimally invasive thoracic surgery and the results of this study, we suggest efforts should be taken to resect lung metastasis rather than other sites to generate TIL cultures for clinical use.
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6
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Hammerl D, Smid M, Timmermans AM, Sleijfer S, Martens JWM, Debets R. Breast cancer genomics and immuno-oncological markers to guide immune therapies. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 52:178-188. [PMID: 29104025 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness of the importance of tumor - immune cell interactions to the evolution and therapy responses of breast cancer (BC). Not surprisingly, numerous studies are currently assessing the clinical value of immune modulation for BC patients. However, till now durable clinical responses are only rarely observed. It is important to realize that BC is a heterogeneous disease comprising several histological and molecular subtypes, which cannot be expected to be equally immunogenic and therefore not equally sensitive to single immune therapies. Here we review the characteristics of infiltrating leukocytes in healthy and malignant breast tissue, the prognostic and predictive values of immune cell subsets across different BC subtypes and the various existing immune evasive mechanisms. Furthermore, we describe the presence of certain groups of antigens as putative targets for treatment, evaluate the outcomes of current clinical immunotherapy trials, and finally, we propose a strategy to better implement immuno-oncological markers to guide future immune therapies in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hammerl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC - Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Smid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC - Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A M Timmermans
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC - Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Sleijfer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC - Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC - Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Debets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC - Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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7
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8
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Liu J, Westin SN. Rational selection of biomarker driven therapies for gynecologic cancers: The more we know, the more we know we don't know. Gynecol Oncol 2016; 141:65-71. [PMID: 27016231 PMCID: PMC4808566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine is a rapidly evolving area in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies. Advances in sequencing technology have resulted in an increasing wealth of data regarding the genomic characteristics of ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers. These vast new datasets of information have led to novel insights into potential vulnerabilities and therapeutic targets for these cancers. However, unraveling the complex molecular changes within cancer cells to determine how best to attack these targets and to identify effective biomarkers of response remains a significant challenge. In this article, we review the current status of biomarker-driven targeted therapy in gynecologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shannon N Westin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
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9
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Zamarin D, Jazaeri AA. Leveraging immunotherapy for the treatment of gynecologic cancers in the era of precision medicine. Gynecol Oncol 2016; 141:86-94. [PMID: 27016233 PMCID: PMC5007873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade significant progress in the understanding of stimulatory and inhibitory signaling pathways in immune cells has reinvigorated the field of immuno-oncology. In this review we outline the current immunotherapy based approaches for the treatment of gynecological cancers, and focus on the emerging clinical data on immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapies, and vaccines. It is anticipated that in the coming years biomarker-guided clinical trials, will provide for a better understanding of the mechanisms of response and resistance to immunotherapy, and guide combination treatment strategies that will extend the benefit from immunotherapy to patients with gynecologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Zamarin
- Department of Medicine, Gynecologic Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, United States
| | - Amir A Jazaeri
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, United States.
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10
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Nilsson J, Lichtman A, Tedgui A. Atheroprotective immunity and cardiovascular disease: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. J Intern Med 2015; 278:507-19. [PMID: 25659809 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Emerging knowledge of the role of atheroprotective immune responses in modulating inflammation and tissue repair in atherosclerotic lesions has provided promising opportunities to develop novel therapies directly targeting the disease process in the artery wall. Regulatory T (Treg) cells have a protective role through release of anti-inflammatory cytokines and suppression of autoreactive effector T cells. Studies in experimental animals have shown that blocking the generation or action of Treg cells is associated with more aggressive development of atherosclerosis. Conversely, cell transfer and other approaches to expand Treg cell populations in vivo result in reduced atherosclerosis. There have been relatively few clinical studies of Treg cells and cardiovascular disease, but the available evidence also supports a protective function. These observations have raised hope that it may be possible to develop therapies that act by enforcing the suppressive activities of Treg cells in atherosclerotic lesions. One approach to achieve this goal has been through development of vaccines that stimulate immunological tolerance for plaque antigens. Several pilot vaccines based on LDL-derived antigens have demonstrated promising results in preclinical testing. If such therapies can be shown to be effective also in clinical trials, this could have an important impact on cardiovascular prevention and treatment. Here, we review the current knowledge of the mode of action of atheroprotective immunity and of the ways to stimulate such pathways in experimental settings. The challenges in translating this knowledge into the clinical setting are also discussed within the perspective of the experience of introducing immune-based therapies for other chronic noninfectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nilsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Lichtman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Tedgui
- INSERM U970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
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11
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Battella S, Cox MC, Santoni A, Palmieri G. Natural killer (NK) cells and anti-tumor therapeutic mAb: unexplored interactions. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:87-96. [PMID: 26136506 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5vmr0415-141r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-targeting mAb are widely used in the treatment of a variety of solid and hematopoietic tumors and represent the first immunotherapeutic approach successfully arrived to the clinic. Nevertheless, the role of distinct immune mechanisms in contributing to their therapeutic efficacy is not completely understood and may vary depending on tumor- or antigen/antibody-dependent characteristics. Availability of next-generation, engineered, tumor-targeting mAb, optimized in their capability to recruit selected immune effectors, re-enforces the need for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying anti-tumor mAb functionality. NK cells participate with a major role to innate anti-tumor responses, by exerting cytotoxic activity and producing a vast array of cytokines. As the CD16 (low-affinity FcγRIIIA)-activating receptor is expressed on the majority of NK cells, its effector functions can be ideally recruited against therapeutic mAb-opsonized tumor cells. The exact role of NK cells in determining therapeutic efficacy of tumor-targeting mAb is still unclear and much sought after. This knowledge will be instrumental to design innovative combination schemes with newly validated immunomodulatory agents. We will summarize what is known about the role of NK cells in therapeutic anti-tumor mAb therapy, with particular emphasis on RTX chimeric anti-CD20 mAb, the first one used in clinical practice for treating B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Battella
- Departments of *Experimental Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hematology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Christina Cox
- Departments of *Experimental Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hematology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Departments of *Experimental Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hematology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Palmieri
- Departments of *Experimental Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hematology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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12
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Afrasiabi K, Zhou YH, Fleischman A. Chronic inflammation: is it the driver or is it paving the road for malignant transformation? Genes Cancer 2015; 6:214-9. [PMID: 26124920 PMCID: PMC4482242 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in well-defined mouse models such as Giα2 knock out mouse has been shown to trigger formation and expansion of hypoxic niches and also leads to up regulation of NFĸB, offering cells which have adapted their genetic machinery to hypoxia a unique survival advantage. These adapted cells have been shown to acquire stem cell-like capabilities as shown by up regulation of stem cell markers. Such long lived cells become permanent residents in sub mucosa and acquire a malignant phenotype from long-term exposure to noxious environmental agents due to a barrier defect secondary to down regulation of barrier proteins such as Zo1 and Occludin. Indeed mitotic spindle disorientation in such mice has been proposed as another contributory factor to malignant transformation. Sterilization of bowel lumen of these mice through different techniques has prevented malignant transformation in the presence of chronic inflammation. These facts stand strongly against chronic inflammation as a true driver of carcinogenesis but clearly support its role in facilitating the emergence of the neoplastic clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambiz Afrasiabi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Hong Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Abstract
In view of the trend towards personalized treatment strategies for (cancer) patients, there is an increasing need to noninvasively determine individual patient characteristics. Such information enables physicians to administer to patients accurate therapy with appropriate timing. For the noninvasive visualization of disease-related features, imaging biomarkers are expected to play a crucial role. Next to the chemical development of imaging probes, this requires preclinical studies in animal tumour models. These studies provide proof-of-concept of imaging biomarkers and help determine the pharmacokinetics and target specificity of relevant imaging probes, features that provide the fundamentals for translation to the clinic. In this review we describe biological processes derived from the “hallmarks of cancer” that may serve as imaging biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic and treatment response monitoring that are currently being studied in the preclinical setting. A number of these biomarkers are also being used for the initial preclinical assessment of new intervention strategies. Uniquely, noninvasive imaging approaches allow longitudinal assessment of changes in biological processes, providing information on the safety, pharmacokinetic profiles and target specificity of new drugs, and on the antitumour effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Preclinical biomarker imaging can help guide translation to optimize clinical biomarker imaging and personalize (combination) therapies.
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Abstract
The complexity and heterogeneity of ovarian cancer cases are difficult to reproduce in in vitro studies, which cannot adequately elucidate the molecular events involved in tumor initiation and disease metastasis. It has now become clear that, although the multiple histological subtypes of ovarian cancer are being treated with similar surgical and therapeutic approaches, they are in fact characterized by distinct phenotypes, cell of origin, and underlying key genetic and genomic alterations. Consequently, the development of more personalized treatment methodologies, which are aimed at improving patient care and prognosis, will greatly benefit from a better understanding of the key differences between various subtypes. To accomplish this, animal models of all histotypes need to be generated in order to provide accurate in vivo platforms for research and the testing of targeted treatments and immune therapies. Both genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and xenograft models have the ability to further our understanding of key mechanisms facilitating tumorigenesis, and at the same time offer insight into enhanced imaging and treatment modalities. While genetic models may be better suited to examine oncogenic functions and interactions during tumorigenesis, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are likely a superior model to assess drug efficacy, especially in concurrent clinical trials, due to their similarity to the tumors from which they are derived. Genetic and avatar models possess great clinical utility and have both benefits and limitations. Additionally, the laying hen model, which spontaneously develops ovarian tumors, has inherent advantages for the study of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and recent work champions this model especially when assessing chemoprevention strategies. While high-grade ovarian serous tumors are the most prevalent form of EOC, rarer ovarian cancer variants, such as small cell ovarian carcinoma of the hypercalcemic type and transitional cell carcinoma, or non-epithelial tumors, including germ cell tumors, will also benefit from the generation of improved models to advance our understanding of tumorigenic mechanisms and the development of selective therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Eugene Braunwald Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anders W Ohman
- Department of Pathology, Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Eugene Braunwald Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniela M Dinulescu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Eugene Braunwald Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Moskalenko M, Pan M, Fu Y, de Moll EH, Hashimoto D, Mortha A, Leboeuf M, Jayaraman P, Bernardo S, Sikora AG, Wolchok J, Bhardwaj N, Merad M, Saenger Y. Requirement for innate immunity and CD90⁺ NK1.1⁻ lymphocytes to treat established melanoma with chemo-immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:296-304. [PMID: 25600438 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We sought to define cellular immune mechanisms of synergy between tumor-antigen-targeted monoclonal antibodies and chemotherapy. Established B16 melanoma in mice was treated with cytotoxic doses of cyclophosphamide in combination with an antibody targeting tyrosinase-related protein 1 (αTRP1), a native melanoma differentiation antigen. We find that Fcγ receptors are required for efficacy, showing that antitumor activity of combination therapy is immune mediated. Rag1(-/-) mice deficient in adaptive immunity are able to clear tumors, and thus innate immunity is sufficient for efficacy. Furthermore, previously treated wild-type mice are not significantly protected against tumor reinduction, as compared with mice inoculated with irradiated B16 alone, consistent with a primarily innate immune mechanism of action of chemo-immunotherapy. In contrast, mice deficient in both classical natural killer (NK) lymphocytes and nonclassical innate lymphocytes (ILC) due to deletion of the IL2 receptor common gamma chain IL2γc(-/-)) are refractory to chemo-immunotherapy. Classical NK lymphocytes are not critical for treatment, as depletion of NK1.1⁺ cells does not impair antitumor effect. Depletion of CD90⁺NK1.1⁻ lymphocytes, however, both diminishes therapeutic benefit and decreases accumulation of macrophages within the tumor. Tumor clearance during combination chemo-immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies against native antigen is mediated by the innate immune system. We highlight a novel potential role for CD90⁺NK1.1⁻ ILCs in chemo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Moskalenko
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Michael Pan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yichun Fu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ellen H de Moll
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Daigo Hashimoto
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marylene Leboeuf
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Padmini Jayaraman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sebastian Bernardo
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Department of Otolaryngology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jedd Wolchok
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Miriam Merad
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yvonne Saenger
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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16
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Haikerwal SJ, Hagekyriakou J, MacManus M, Martin OA, Haynes NM. Building immunity to cancer with radiation therapy. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:198-208. [PMID: 25592036 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been a dramatic shift in the focus of cancer research toward understanding how the body's immune defenses can be harnessed to promote the effectiveness of cytotoxic anti-cancer therapies. The ability of ionizing radiation to elicit anti-cancer immune responses capable of controlling tumor growth has led to the emergence of promising combination-based radio-immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. Herein we review the immunoadjuvant properties of localized radiation therapy and discuss how technological advances in radio-oncology and developments in the field of tumor-immunotherapy have started to revolutionize the therapeutic application of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh J Haikerwal
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Jim Hagekyriakou
- Department of Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Michael MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia.
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