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Liang W, Hu C, Zhu Q, Cheng X, Gao S, Liu Z, Wang H, Li P, Gao Y, Qian R. Exploring the relationship between abnormally high expression of NUP205 and the clinicopathological characteristics, immune microenvironment, and prognostic value of lower-grade glioma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1007198. [PMID: 37284202 PMCID: PMC10240054 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1007198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a major transport pivot for nucleocytoplasmic molecule exchange. Nucleoporin 205 (NUP205)-a main component of NPC-plays a key regulatory role in tumor cell proliferation; however, few reports document its effect on the pathological progression of lower-grade glioma (LGG). Therefore, we conducted an integrated analysis using 906 samples from multiple public databases to explore the effects of NUP205 on the prognosis, clinicopathological characteristics, regulatory mechanism, and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) formation in LGG. First, multiple methods consistently showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of NUP205 were higher in LGG tumor tissue than in normal brain tissue. This increased expression was mainly noted in the higher WHO Grade, IDH-wild type, and 1p19q non-codeleted type. Second, various survival analysis methods showed that the highly expressed NUP205 was an independent risk indicator that led to reduced survival time of patients with LGG. Third, GSEA analysis showed that NUP205 regulated the pathological progress of LGG via the cell cycle, notch signaling pathway, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. Ultimately, immune correlation analysis suggested that high NUP205 expression was positively correlated with the infiltration of multiple immune cells, particularly M2 macrophages, and was positively correlated with eight immune checkpoints, particularly PD-L1. Collectively, this study documented the pathogenicity of NUP205 in LGG for the first time, expanding our understanding of its molecular function. Furthermore, this study highlighted the potential value of NUP205 as a target of anti-LGG immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Liang
- People’s Hospital of Henan University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Microbiome Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chenchen Hu
- Intensive Care Unit, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingyun Zhu
- People’s Hospital of Henan University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Microbiome Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xingbo Cheng
- Department of Surgery of Spine and Spinal Cord, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shanjun Gao
- Microbiome Laboratory, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhendong Liu
- Department of Surgery of Spine and Spinal Cord, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Pengxu Li
- Department of Surgery of Spine and Spinal Cord, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Department of Surgery of Spine and Spinal Cord, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Rongjun Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Henan University, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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He Y, Song J, Qin Y, Mao D, Ding D, Wu S, Wu H. The prognostic significance and immune correlation of SLC10A3 in low-grade gliomas revealed by bioinformatic analysis and multiple immunohistochemistry. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:3771-3790. [PMID: 37166424 PMCID: PMC10449292 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the fact that genetic risk factors contribute to low-grade gliomas (LGGs), the role of critical genes as prognostic and theraputic biomarkers is quite limited. This study is designed to comprehensively investigate the prognostic role and predictive ability of solute carrier family 10 member 3 (SLC10A3) for immunotherapy in LGGs. METHODS We analyzed the prognostic value of SLC10A3 from multiple datasets of LGG patients, and explored its immune correlation via multiple algorithms. Finally, we independently confirmed the clinical significance and its immune correlation using the multiplex staining assay of LGG samples on the tissue microarray. RESULTS SLC10A3 mRNA was up-regulated in LGGs compared with normal brain tissues, and correlated with tumor grade, histological type, IDH wide type and non-codel 1p19q. Up-regulation of SLC10A3 transcription was remarkably associated with shortened overall survival time compared with down-regulation in TCGA, CGGA and Rembrandt datasets, and SLC10A3 exhibited good predictive ability for survival outcomes among LGGs. Correlation analyses showed that SLC10A3 mRNA expression correlates well with the six immune check points and immune cells. When the expression and immune correlation of SLC10A3 at the translational level were verified via multiplex immunohistochemistry, expression of SLC10A3 protein was higher in LGG compared with normal tissues, and expression of SLC10A3 protein was correlated well with macrophage, CD4 + T cell and B cell. CONCLUSIONS Up-regulation of SLC10A3 mRNA is statistically associated with adverse survival outcomes and immune infiltration among LGGs. SLC10A3 might be a reliable survival predictor and a promising immunotherapy target for LGG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Junlin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Dejia Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Dacheng Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Shanwu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Huawei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Forth Hospital, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China
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Zhang G, Tai P, Fang J, Chen A, Chen X, Cao K. Molecular subtypes based on centrosome-related genes can predict prognosis and therapeutic responsiveness in patients with low-grade gliomas. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1157115. [PMID: 37051542 PMCID: PMC10083401 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1157115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAbnormalities in centrosome regulatory genes can induce chromosome instability, cell differentiation errors, and tumorigenesis. However, a limited number of comprehensive analyses of centrosome-related genes have been performed in low-grade gliomas (LGG).MethodsLGG data were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) databases. The ConsensusClusterPlus” R package was used for unsupervised clustering. We constructed a centrosome-related genes (CRGs) signature using a random forest model, lasso Cox model, and multivariate Cox model, and quantified the centrosome-related risk score (centS). The prognostic prediction efficacy of centS was evaluated using a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Immune cell infiltration and genomic mutational landscapes were evaluated using the ESTIMATE algorithm, single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm, and “maftools” R package, respectively. Differences in clinical features, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation, 1p19q codeletion, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter (MGMTp) methylation, and response to antitumor therapy between the high- and low-centS groups were explored. “pRRophetic” R packages were used for temozolomide (TMZ) sensitivity analysis. qRT-PCR verified the differential expression of the centrosomal gene team, the core of which is CEP135, between LGG cells and normal cells.ResultsTwo distinct CRG-based clusters were identified using consensus unsupervised clustering analysis. The prognosis, biological characteristics, and immune cell infiltration of the two clusters differed significantly. A well-performing centS signature was developed to predict the prognosis of patients with LGG based on 12 potential CRGs. We found that patients in the high-centS group showed poorer prognosis and lower proportion of IDH mutation and 1p19q codeletion compared to those in the low-centS group. Furthermore, patients in the high-centS group showed higher sensitivity to TMZ, higher tumor mutation burden, and immune cell infiltration. Finally, we identified a centrosomal gene team whose core was CEP135, and verified their differential expression between LGG cells and normal glial cells.ConclusionOur findings reveal a novel centrosome-related signature for predicting the prognosis and therapeutic responsiveness of patients with LGG. This may be helpful for the accurate clinical treatment of LGG.
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Zhang G, Chen A, Fang J, Wu A, Chen G, Tai P, Chen H, Chen X, Cao K. Construction of a novel molecular typing and scoring system for anoikis distinguishes between different prognostic risks and treatment responsiveness in low-grade glioma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1105210. [PMID: 37114037 PMCID: PMC10126347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The main factors responsible for low-grade glioma (LGG)s' poor prognosis and treatment effectiveness include recurrence and malignant progression. A specific type of programmed cell death, known as anoikis, which is crucial for tumor invasion and metastasis, however, has not yet been investigated in LGGs. Methods We downloaded data of 509 samples from the TCGA-LGG cohort, carried out cluster analysis for typing twice on the basis of 19 anoikis-associated genes, and the subtypes were evaluated the differences in clinicopathological and biological features. ESTIMATE and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis were employed to examine the immunological milieu of LGGs, and enrichment analysis was used to look into the underlying biological mechanisms in LGGs. Cox regression analysis and the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression algorithm were used to create a prediction scoring system. The scoring system was used for classifying LGG into high- and low- anoikis riskscore (anoiS) groups. The impact of the anoiS on the prognosis, standard treatment, and immunotherapy of patients with LGG was assessed using survival analysis and drug sensitivity analysis. Cell experiments were employed for the verification of the differential expression between LGG cells and normal cells of the anoikis gene team that regard CCT5 as the core. Results Based on the expression profiles of the 19 anoikis-associated genes, all individuals with LGG were classified into four subtypes and two macrosubtypes. The different macrosubtypes had significantly different biological characteristics, and the anoirgclusterBD subtype manifested a significantly bad prognosis and a high immune level of infiltration. And subsequent secondary genotyping also showed good prognostic discrimination. We further constructed an anoikis scoring system, anoiS. LGG patients having a high anoiS had a worse prognosis in comparison to those having a low anoiS. The high anoiS group exhibited larger levels of immune infiltration and superior immunotherapy efficacy than the low anoiS group. The high anoiS group was also more susceptible to temozolomide (TMZ) than the low anoiS group, according to a drug sensitivity analysis of TMZ. Conclusion This study constructed a scoring system for predicting the prognosis of patients with LGG and their responsive to TMZ and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganghua Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Aiyan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianing Fang
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Anshan Wu
- Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Panpan Tai
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ke Cao, ;
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Yan D, Li W, Liu Q, Yang K. Advances in Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutated Glioma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914618. [PMID: 35769466 PMCID: PMC9234270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy have become current important tumor research concerns. The unique immune microenvironment plays a crucial role in the malignant progression of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant gliomas. IDH mutations in glioma can inhibit tumor-associated immune system evasion of NK cell immune surveillance. Meanwhile, mutant IDH can inhibit classical and alternative complement pathways and directly inhibit T-cell responses by metabolizing isocitrate to D-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid (2-HG). IDH has shown clinically relevant efficacy as a potential target for immunotherapy. This article intends to summarize the research progress in the immunosuppressive microenvironment and immunotherapy of IDH-mutant glioma in recent years in an attempt to provide new ideas for the study of occurrence, progression, and treatment of IDH-mutant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Weicheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qibing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Qibing Liu, ; Kun Yang,
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Qibing Liu, ; Kun Yang,
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Friedrich M, Hahn M, Michel J, Sankowski R, Kilian M, Kehl N, Günter M, Bunse T, Pusch S, von Deimling A, Wick W, Autenrieth SE, Prinz M, Platten M, Bunse L. Dysfunctional dendritic cells limit antigen-specific T cell response in glioma. Neuro Oncol 2022; 25:263-276. [PMID: 35609569 PMCID: PMC9925697 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DC), the most potent professional antigen presenting cells capable of effective cross-presentation, have been demonstrated to license T helper cells to induce antitumor immunity in solid tumors. Specific DC subtypes are recruited to the injured brain by microglial chemokines, locally adapting to distinct transcriptional profiles. In isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) type 1 mutant gliomas, monocyte-derived macrophages have recently been shown to display an attenuated intratumoral antigen presentation capacity as consequence of the local accumulation of the oncometabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate. The functionality and the contribution of DC to the IDH-mutant tumor microenvironment (TME) remains unclear. METHODS Frequencies and intratumoral phenotypes of human DC in IDH-wildtype (IDHwt) and -mutant high-grade gliomas are comparatively assessed by transcriptomic and proteomic profiling. DC functionality is investigated in experimental murine glioblastomas expressing the model antigen ovalbumin. Single-cell sequencing-based pseudotime analyses and spectral flow cytometric analyses are used to profile DC states longitudinally. RESULTS DC are present in primary and recurrent high-grade gliomas and interact with other immune cell types within the TME. In murine glioblastomas, we find an IDH-status-associated major histocompatibility class I-restricted cross-presentation of tumor antigens by DC specifically in the tumor but not in meninges or secondary lymphoid organs of tumor-bearing animals. In single-cell sequencing-based pseudotime and longitudinal spectral flow cytometric analyses, we demonstrate an IDH-status-dependent differential, exclusively microenvironmental education of DC. CONCLUSIONS Glioma-associated DCs are relevantly abundant in human IDHwt and mutant tumors. Glioma IDH mutations result in specifically educated, dysfunctional DCs via paracrine reprogramming of infiltrating monocytes, providing the basis for combinatorial immunotherapy concepts against IDH mutant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Friedrich
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hahn
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Neurology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julius Michel
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Neurology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roman Sankowski
- Department of Neuropathology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kilian
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Neurology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Niklas Kehl
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Neurology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Manina Günter
- Dendritic Cells in Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Bunse
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Neurology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Pusch
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stella E Autenrieth
- Dendritic Cells in Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Department of Neuropathology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Neurology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Helmholtz Institute of Translational Oncology (HI-TRON), Mainz, Germany,Immune Monitoring Unit, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany ,DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lukas Bunse
- Corresponding Author: Lukas Bunse, MD, PhD, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ()
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Daei Sorkhabi A, Sarkesh A, Saeedi H, Marofi F, Ghaebi M, Silvestris N, Baradaran B, Brunetti O. The Basis and Advances in Clinical Application of Cytomegalovirus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cell Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Oncol 2022; 12:818447. [PMID: 35515137 PMCID: PMC9062077 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.818447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A high percentage of malignant gliomas are infected by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and the endogenous expression of HCMV genes and their products are found in these tumors. HCMV antigen expression and its implications in gliomagenesis have emerged as a promising target for adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACT) strategies in glioblastoma multiforme (GB) patients. Since antigen-specific T cells in the tumor microenvironments lack efficient anti-tumor immune response due to the immunosuppressive nature of glioblastoma, CMV-specific ACT relies on in vitro expansion of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells employing immunodominant HCMV antigens. Given the fact that several hurdles remain to be conquered, recent clinical trials have outlined the feasibility of CMV-specific ACT prior to tumor recurrence with minimal adverse effects and a substantial improvement in median overall survival and progression-free survival. This review discusses the role of HCMV in gliomagenesis, disease prognosis, and recent breakthroughs in harnessing HCMV-induced immunogenicity in the GB tumor microenvironment to develop effective CMV-specific ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Daei Sorkhabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aila Sarkesh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Saeedi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Ghaebi
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Agarwal P, Beale OM, Zhang X, Sandlesh P, Jaman E, Amankulor N. Machine Learning Identification of Immunotherapy Targets in Low-Grade Glioma using RNA Sequencing Expression Data. World Neurosurg 2022; 163:e349-e362. [PMID: 35390499 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.03.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment in the past decade, but significant hurdles remain. Human studies with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed cell death protein have demonstrated suboptimal efficacy in the setting of low-grade gliomas (LGG). Identification of mechanisms leading to inadequate anti-tumor immunity is paramount. The current study evaluates and validates barriers to immunotherapy using a novel machine learning algorithm. METHODS We utilized The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to generate expression levels of 28 immune genes related to known immunotherapeutic targets or lymphocyte cytolytic activity. We created training and testing groups and three machine learning models to determine the genes most highly correlated to cytolytic activity (CYT). The three models were multiple regression by exhaustive selection, LASSO, and random forest. We validated computational results by comparing expression of pertinent genes in patient-derived glioma samples. RESULTS Our models demonstrated linearity, a low mean-squared error, and consistent results with respect to the most important variables. Expression of ICOS, IDO1, and CD40 were the most important variables in all models and demonstrated positive correlation with CYT. Other variables included TIGIT and CD137. Genetic analysis from three IDH-mutants (IDHm) and three IDH-wild type (IDHwt) patient-derived glioma samples validated TCGA data and demonstrated lower levels of CYT in IDHm gliomas compared to IDHwt. CONCLUSION This novel methodology has elucidated three potential targets for immunotherapy development in LGG. We also demonstrated a novel method of analyzing data using advanced statistical techniques that can be further employed in developing treatments for other diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Agarwal
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Oliver M Beale
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Poorva Sandlesh
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Emade Jaman
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nduka Amankulor
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Haddad AF, Young JS, Oh JY, Okada H, Aghi MK. The immunology of low-grade gliomas. Neurosurg Focus 2022; 52:E2. [PMID: 35104791 PMCID: PMC9283531 DOI: 10.3171/2021.11.focus21587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade gliomas (LGGs), which harbor an isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation, have a better prognosis than their high-grade counterparts; nonetheless, they remain incurable and impart significant negative impacts on patients' quality of life. Although immunotherapies represent a novel avenue of treatment for patients with LGGs, they have not yet been successful. Accurately selecting and evaluating immunotherapies requires a detailed understanding of LGG tumor immunology and the underlying tumor immune phenotype. A growing body of literature suggests that LGGs significantly differ in their immunology from high-grade gliomas, highlighting the importance of investigation into LGG immunology specifically. In this review, the authors aimed to discuss relevant research surrounding the LGG tumor immune microenvironment, including immune cell infiltration, tumor immunogenicity, checkpoint molecule expression, the impact of an IDH mutation, and implications for immunotherapies, while also briefly touching on current immunotherapy trials and future directions for LGG immunology research.
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10
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Garcia-Fabiani MB, Haase S, Comba A, Carney S, McClellan B, Banerjee K, Alghamri MS, Syed F, Kadiyala P, Nunez FJ, Candolfi M, Asad A, Gonzalez N, Aikins ME, Schwendeman A, Moon JJ, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Genetic Alterations in Gliomas Remodel the Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Impact Immune-Mediated Therapies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:631037. [PMID: 34168976 PMCID: PMC8217836 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.631037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High grade gliomas are malignant brain tumors that arise in the central nervous system, in patients of all ages. Currently, the standard of care, entailing surgery and chemo radiation, exhibits a survival rate of 14-17 months. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies for these malignant brain tumors. Currently, immunotherapies represent an appealing approach to treat malignant gliomas, as the pre-clinical data has been encouraging. However, the translation of the discoveries from the bench to the bedside has not been as successful as with other types of cancer, and no long-lasting clinical benefits have been observed for glioma patients treated with immune-mediated therapies so far. This review aims to discuss our current knowledge about gliomas, their molecular particularities and the impact on the tumor immune microenvironment. Also, we discuss several murine models used to study these therapies pre-clinically and how the model selection can impact the outcomes of the approaches to be tested. Finally, we present different immunotherapy strategies being employed in clinical trials for glioma and the newest developments intended to harness the immune system against these incurable brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B. Garcia-Fabiani
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Santiago Haase
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrea Comba
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stephen Carney
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Brandon McClellan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Immunology graduate program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mahmoud S. Alghamri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Faisal Syed
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Padma Kadiyala
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Marianela Candolfi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonela Asad
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nazareno Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisa E. Aikins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - James J. Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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11
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Tryptophan metabolism drives dynamic immunosuppressive myeloid states in IDH-mutant gliomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:723-740. [DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe dynamics and phenotypes of intratumoral myeloid cells during tumor progression are poorly understood. Here we define myeloid cellular states in gliomas by longitudinal single-cell profiling and demonstrate their strict control by the tumor genotype: in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant tumors, differentiation of infiltrating myeloid cells is blocked, resulting in an immature phenotype. In late-stage gliomas, monocyte-derived macrophages drive tolerogenic alignment of the microenvironment, thus preventing T cell response. We define the IDH-dependent tumor education of infiltrating macrophages to be causally related to a complex re-orchestration of tryptophan metabolism, resulting in activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. We further show that the altered metabolism of IDH-mutant gliomas maintains this axis in bystander cells and that pharmacological inhibition of tryptophan metabolism can reverse immunosuppression. In conclusion, we provide evidence of a glioma genotype-dependent intratumoral network of resident and recruited myeloid cells and identify tryptophan metabolism as a target for immunotherapy of IDH-mutant tumors.
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12
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Abstract
As a result of rapid progress in genome medicine technologies, such as the evolution of DNA sequencing and the development of molecular targeted drugs, the era of precision cancer medicine has begun. In 2019, a nationwide genome medicine system was established and cancer gene panel sequencing began being covered by national health insurance in Japan. However, patients with brain tumors have not benefited much from genome medicine, even though gliomas contain many potential molecular targets, such as alterations in EGFR, IDH1/2, BRAF, and Histone H3K27. Targeted therapies for these molecules are currently under enthusiastic development; however, such attempts have not yet achieved remarkable success. To date, only a limited number of targeted drugs for brain tumors such as immune checkpoint, neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK), and Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are available, and only in limited cases. Several obstacles remain in the development of drugs to treat brain tumors, including the difficulties in conducting clinical trials because of the relatively rare incidence and in drug delivery through the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, general problems for numerous types of cancer, such as tumor heterogeneity, also exist for brain tumors. We hope that overcoming these issues could enable precision genome medicine to be more beneficial for patients with brain tumors such as malignant gliomas. In addition, careful consideration of ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSIs) is important as it is indispensable for maintaining good relationships with patients, which is one of the keys for genome medicine promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitake Mukasa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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13
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Immune Profiling of Gliomas Reveals a Connection with IDH1/2 Mutations, Tau Function and the Vascular Phenotype. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113230. [PMID: 33147752 PMCID: PMC7694073 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the present work we have confirmed that gliomas with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 mutations are “cold” tumors, whereas the immune content of their wild-type counterparts is more heterogeneous. A large subgroup of wild-type glioblastomas is characterized by an important immune component, particularly enriched in myeloid cells, and an elevated expression of the ligand of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in the immune compartment. The rest contain few lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Notably, we have observed a direct correlation between the immune content and the presence of vascular alterations, as well as with the reduced expression of Tau, a microtubule-binding protein that we described as a negative regulator of angiogenesis. Using syngeneic mouse models, we show that overexpression of Tau reduces the immune content, delaying tumor growth. Abstract Background: Gliomas remain refractory to all attempted treatments, including those using immune checkpoint inhibitors. The characterization of the tumor (immune) microenvironment has been recognized as an important challenge to explain this lack of response and to improve the therapy of glial tumors. Methods: We designed a prospective analysis of the immune cells of gliomas by flow cytometry. Tumors with or without isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2) mutations were included in the study. The genetic profile and the presence of different molecular and cellular features of the gliomas were analyzed in parallel. The findings were validated in syngeneic mouse models. Results: We observed that few immune cells infiltrate mutant IDH1/2 gliomas whereas the immune content of IDH1/2 wild-type tumors was more heterogeneous. Some of them contained an important immune infiltrate, particularly enriched in myeloid cells with immunosuppressive features, but others were more similar to mutant IDH1/2 gliomas, with few immune cells and a less immunosuppressive profile. Notably, we observed a direct correlation between the percentage of leukocytes and the presence of vascular alterations, which were associated with a reduced expression of Tau, a microtubule-binding protein that controls the formation of tumor vessels in gliomas. Furthermore, overexpression of Tau was able to reduce the immune content in orthotopic allografts of GL261 cells, delaying tumor growth. Conclusions: We have confirmed the reduced infiltration of immune cells in IDH1/2 mutant gliomas. By contrast, in IDH1/2 wild-type gliomas, we have found a direct correlation between the presence of vascular alterations and the entrance of leukocytes into the tumors. Interestingly, high levels of Tau inversely correlated with the vascular and the immune content of gliomas. Altogether, our results could be exploited for the design of more successful clinical trials with immunomodulatory molecules.
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14
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Riquelme SA, Lozano C, Moustafa AM, Liimatta K, Tomlinson KL, Britto C, Khanal S, Gill SK, Narechania A, Azcona-Gutiérrez JM, DiMango E, Saénz Y, Planet P, Prince A. CFTR-PTEN-dependent mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/499/eaav4634. [PMID: 31270271 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav4634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor best known for regulating cell proliferation and metabolism. PTEN forms a complex with the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) at the plasma membrane, and this complex is known to be functionally impaired in CF. Here, we demonstrated that the combined effect of PTEN and CFTR dysfunction stimulates mitochondrial activity, resulting in excessive release of succinate and reactive oxygen species. This environment promoted the colonization of the airway by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacteria that preferentially metabolize succinate, and stimulated an anti-inflammatory host response dominated by immune-responsive gene 1 (IRG1) and itaconate. The recruitment of myeloid cells induced by these strains was inefficient in clearing the infection and increased numbers of phagocytes accumulated under CFTR-PTEN axis dysfunction. This central metabolic defect in mitochondrial function due to impaired PTEN activity contributes to P. aeruginosa infection in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Area de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja (CIBIR), Microbiología Molecular, Logroño, LG 26006, Spain
| | - Ahmed M Moustafa
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kalle Liimatta
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kira L Tomlinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Clemente Britto
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sara Khanal
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Simren K Gill
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Jose M Azcona-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Diagnóstico Biomédico. Laboratorio de Microbiología, Hospital San Pedro, Logroño, LG 26006, Spain
| | - Emily DiMango
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yolanda Saénz
- Area de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja (CIBIR), Microbiología Molecular, Logroño, LG 26006, Spain
| | - Paul Planet
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alice Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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15
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Pennanen M, Tynninen O, Kytölä S, Ellonen P, Mustonen H, Heiskanen I, Haglund C, Arola J. IDH1 Expression via the R132H Mutation-Specific Antibody in Adrenocortical Neoplasias-Prognostic Impact in Carcinomas. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa018. [PMID: 32190803 PMCID: PMC7069839 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Mutations to isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) appear to play a prognostic or predictive role in several neoplasias. Immunohistochemical staining designed to detect a specific R132H mutation to IDH1 showed expression in the normal adrenal cortex, raising interest to study the potential role of IDH1 in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical tumors. Objective The objective of this work is to study the role of IDH1 and its mutations in adrenocortical tumors. Design and patients IDH1 R132H immunohistological staining was performed on a cohort of 197 adrenocortical tumors. The exon of the IDH1 gene was sequenced in 16 tumors. Results Positive IDH1 R132H immunohistochemical staining correlated with a better prognosis among patients with a malignant adrenocortical tumor. However, IDH1 R132H immunohistochemistry did not distinguish between local and metastasized tumors. We were unable to identify IDH1 mutations among our adrenocortical tumors using a targeted next-generation sequencing panel or via exon sequencing. Conclusions Among adrenocortical carcinomas, IDH1 R132H immunopositivity correlated with a better prognosis. Thus, IDH1 R132H immunohistochemical staining could serve as a prognostic or as a potential predictive marker in adrenocortical carcinomas. Further research is needed to identify the possible alterations in IDH1 that could explain our findings, because we identified no known mutations to the IDH1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirkka Pennanen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Tynninen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soili Kytölä
- Department of Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Ellonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Mustonen
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Heiskanen
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Arola
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Platten M. How to integrate immunotherapy into standard of care in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:699-700. [PMID: 30938444 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium, Clinical Cooperation Unit, Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Consequences of IDH1/2 Mutations in Gliomas and an Assessment of Inhibitors Targeting Mutated IDH Proteins. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050968. [PMID: 30857299 PMCID: PMC6429355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) 1 and 2 are key metabolic enzymes that generate reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to maintain a pool of reduced glutathione and peroxiredoxin, and produce α-ketoglutarate, a co-factor of numerous enzymes. IDH1/2 is mutated in ~70–80% of lower-grade gliomas and the majority of secondary glioblastomas. The mutant IDH1 (R132H), in addition to losing its normal catalytic activity, gains the function of producing the d-(R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). Overproduction of 2-HG in cancer cells interferes with cellular metabolism and inhibits histone and DNA demethylases, which results in histone and DNA hypermethylation and the blockade of cellular differentiation. We summarize recent findings characterizing molecular mechanisms underlying oncogenic alterations associated with mutated IDH1/2, and their impact on tumor microenvironment and antitumor immunity. Isoform-selective IDH inhibitors which suppress 2-HG production and induce antitumor responses in cells with IDH1 and IDH2 mutations were developed and validated in preclinical settings. Inhibitors of mutated IDH1/2 enzymes entered clinical trials and represent a novel drug class for targeted therapy of gliomas. We describe the development of small-molecule compounds and peptide vaccines targeting IDH-mutant gliomas and the results of their testing in preclinical and clinical studies. All those results support the translational potential of strategies targeting gliomas carrying IDH1 mutations.
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