1
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Gu L, Liu M, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Wang Y, Xu ZX. Telomere-related DNA damage response pathways in cancer therapy: prospective targets. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1379166. [PMID: 38910895 PMCID: PMC11190371 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1379166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the structural integrity of genomic chromosomal DNA is an essential role of cellular life and requires two important biological mechanisms: the DNA damage response (DDR) mechanism and telomere protection mechanism at chromosome ends. Because abnormalities in telomeres and cellular DDR regulation are strongly associated with human aging and cancer, there is a reciprocal regulation of telomeres and cellular DDR. Moreover, several drug treatments for DDR are currently available. This paper reviews the progress in research on the interaction between telomeres and cellular DNA damage repair pathways. The research on the crosstalk between telomere damage and DDR is important for improving the efficacy of tumor treatment. However, further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mingdi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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2
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Cheng B, Shi Y, Shao C, Wang S, Su Z, Liu J, Zhou Y, Fei X, Pan W, Chen J, Lu Y, Xiao J. Discovery of Novel Heterotricyclic Compounds as DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase (DNA-PK) Inhibitors with Enhanced Chemosensitivity, Oral Bioavailability, and the Ability to Potentiate Cancer Immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6253-6267. [PMID: 38587857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a novel series of heterotricyclic DNA-PK inhibitors were rationally designed, synthesized, and assessed for their biological activity. In the DNA-PK biochemical assay, most compounds displayed potent enzymatic activity, with IC50 values between 0.11 and 71.5 nM. Among them, SK10 exhibited the most potent DNA-PK-inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.11 nM). Studies of the mechanism of action indicated that SK10 could lower γH2A.X expression levels and demonstrate optimal synergistic antiproliferative activity against Jurkat cells (IC50 = 25 nM) when combined with doxorubicin. Importantly, in CT26 and B16-F10 tumor-bearing mouse models, the combination therapies of SK10 with chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, a PD-L1 antibody, and SWS1 (a potent PD-L1 small-molecule inhibitor) demonstrated superior synergistic anticancer and potential immunomodulatory effects. Furthermore, SK10 possessed favorable in vivo pharmacokinetic properties [e.g., oral bioavailability (F) = 31.8%]. Taken together, SK10 represents a novel heterotricyclic DNA-PK inhibitor with antitumor immune effects and favorable pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Joint Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease and Liver Cancer of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Renal Disease Occurrence and Intervention, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, P. R. China
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yaru Shi
- Key Laboratory of Joint Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease and Liver Cancer of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Chuxiao Shao
- Key Laboratory of Joint Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease and Liver Cancer of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Joint Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease and Liver Cancer of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Zhenhong Su
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Renal Disease Occurrence and Intervention, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, P. R. China
| | - Jin Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Renal Disease Occurrence and Intervention, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, P. R. China
| | - Yingxing Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Renal Disease Occurrence and Intervention, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoting Fei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Renal Disease Occurrence and Intervention, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, P. R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- Cardiology Department, Geriatric Department, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yiyu Lu
- Oncology Department, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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3
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Mubaid S, Sanchez BJ, Algehani RA, Skopenkova V, Adjibade P, Hall DT, Busque S, Lian XJ, Ashour K, Tremblay AMK, Carlile G, Gagné JP, Diaz-Gaxiola A, Khattak S, Di Marco S, Thomas DY, Poirier GG, Gallouzi IE. Tankyrase-1 regulates RBP-mediated mRNA turnover to promote muscle fiber formation. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:4002-4020. [PMID: 38321934 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosylation) (PARylation) is a post-translational modification mediated by a subset of ADP-ribosyl transferases (ARTs). Although PARylation-inhibition based therapies are considered as an avenue to combat debilitating diseases such as cancer and myopathies, the role of this modification in physiological processes such as cell differentiation remains unclear. Here, we show that Tankyrase1 (TNKS1), a PARylating ART, plays a major role in myogenesis, a vital process known to drive muscle fiber formation and regeneration. Although all bona fide PARPs are expressed in muscle cells, experiments using siRNA-mediated knockdown or pharmacological inhibition show that TNKS1 is the enzyme responsible of catalyzing PARylation during myogenesis. Via this activity, TNKS1 controls the turnover of mRNAs encoding myogenic regulatory factors such as nucleophosmin (NPM) and myogenin. TNKS1 mediates these effects by targeting RNA-binding proteins such as Human Antigen R (HuR). HuR harbors a conserved TNKS-binding motif (TBM), the mutation of which not only prevents the association of HuR with TNKS1 and its PARylation, but also precludes HuR from regulating the turnover of NPM and myogenin mRNAs as well as from promoting myogenesis. Therefore, our data uncover a new role for TNKS1 as a key modulator of RBP-mediated post-transcriptional events required for vital processes such as myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Mubaid
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Brenda Janice Sanchez
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative (KSHI) and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rinad A Algehani
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative (KSHI) and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Viktoriia Skopenkova
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative (KSHI) and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pauline Adjibade
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Derek T Hall
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Sandrine Busque
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Xian Jin Lian
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Kholoud Ashour
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie K Tremblay
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Graeme Carlile
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Gagné
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Pavillon CHUL, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Andrea Diaz-Gaxiola
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative (KSHI) and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahryar Khattak
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative (KSHI) and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergio Di Marco
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative (KSHI) and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - David Y Thomas
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Guy G Poirier
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Pavillon CHUL, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Imed-Eddine Gallouzi
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative (KSHI) and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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4
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Hu S, Jiang C, Jin Q. Discovery of pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-6(5H)-one derivatives as checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitors with potent antitumor efficacy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116351. [PMID: 38547734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) plays a crucial role in the DNA damage response pathway, making it an attractive target for cancer therapy. Herein, we present the synthesis, optimization, and evaluation of selective CHK1 inhibitors with a pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-6(5H)-one scaffold. Among them, compound 11 showed single-digit nanomolar potency against CHK1 (IC50: 0.55 nM) with good kinase selectivity. Notably, 11 showed anti-proliferative effect in MV-4-11 cells singly (IC50 = 202 nM) and a synergistic effect in combination with gemcitabine in HT-29 cells (IC50 = 63.53 nM). Furthermore, the combination of 11 and gemcitabine exhibited synergistic effect in the HT-29 xenograft mouse model. Overall, this work provides a strong foundation for the development of selective CHK1 inhibitors and the therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihe Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China; SkyRun Pharma Co., Ltd., No. 9 Weidi Road, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Cuihua Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaomei Jin
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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González-Arzola K, Díaz-Quintana A. Mitochondrial Factors in the Cell Nucleus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13656. [PMID: 37686461 PMCID: PMC10563088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of eukaryotic organisms involved the integration of mitochondria into the ancestor cell, with a massive gene transfer from the original proteobacterium to the host nucleus. Thus, mitochondrial performance relies on a mosaic of nuclear gene products from a variety of genomes. The concerted regulation of their synthesis is necessary for metabolic housekeeping and stress response. This governance involves crosstalk between mitochondrial, cytoplasmic, and nuclear factors. While anterograde and retrograde regulation preserve mitochondrial homeostasis, the mitochondria can modulate a wide set of nuclear genes in response to an extensive variety of conditions, whose response mechanisms often merge. In this review, we summarise how mitochondrial metabolites and proteins-encoded either in the nucleus or in the organelle-target the cell nucleus and exert different actions modulating gene expression and the chromatin state, or even causing DNA fragmentation in response to common stress conditions, such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, unfolded protein stress, and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska González-Arzola
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa—CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad de Sevilla—Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas—cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla—C.S.I.C, 41092 Seville, Spain
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6
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Ding Z, Pan W, Xiao Y, Cheng B, Huang G, Chen J. Discovery of novel 7,8-dihydropteridine-6(5H)-one-based DNA-PK inhibitors as potential anticancer agents via scaffold hopping strategy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114401. [PMID: 35468512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is an essential element in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway and has been regarded as a druggable target for antineoplastic agents. Starting from AZD-7648, a potent DNA-PK inhibitor being investigated in phase II clinical trials for advanced cancer treatment, two series of DNA-PK inhibitors were rationally designed via scaffold hopping strategy, synthesized, and assessed for their biological activity. Most compounds exhibited potent biochemical activity on DNA-PK enzymatic assay with IC50 values below 300 nM. Among these compounds, DK1 showed the best DNA-PK-inhibitory potency (IC50 = 0.8 nM), slightly better than that of AZD-7648 (IC50 = 1.58 nM). Mode of action studies revealed that compound DK1 decreased the expression levels of γH2A.X and demonstrated synergistic antiproliferative activity against a series of cancer cell lines when used in combination with doxorubicin. Moreover, DK1 showed reasonable in vitro drug-like properties and favorable in vivo pharmacokinetics as an oral drug candidate. Importantly, the combination therapy of DK1 with DNA double-strand break (DSB)-inducing agent doxorubicin showed synergistic anticancer efficacy in the HL-60 xenograft model with a tumor growth inhibition (TGI) of 52.4% and 62.4% for tumor weight and tumor volume, respectively. In conclusion, DK1 is a novel DNA-PK inhibitor with great promise for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongbao Ding
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, PR China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Nanhai People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, PR China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuchang, 430063, PR China
| | - Binbin Cheng
- School of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University, Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Huangshi, 435003, PR China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong, 51200, PR China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
- Department of General Surgery & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
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7
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Recent advances in DDR (DNA damage response) inhibitors for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Sharma N, Speed MC, Allen CP, Maranon DG, Williamson E, Singh S, Hromas R, Nickoloff JA. Distinct roles of structure-specific endonucleases EEPD1 and Metnase in replication stress responses. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa008. [PMID: 32743552 PMCID: PMC7380491 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate DNA replication and segregation are critical for maintaining genome integrity and suppressing cancer. Metnase and EEPD1 are DNA damage response (DDR) proteins frequently dysregulated in cancer and implicated in cancer etiology and tumor response to genotoxic chemo- and radiotherapy. Here, we examine the DDR in human cell lines with CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of Metnase or EEPD1. The knockout cell lines exhibit slightly slower growth rates, significant hypersensitivity to replication stress, increased genome instability and distinct alterations in DDR signaling. Metnase and EEPD1 are structure-specific nucleases. EEPD1 is recruited to and cleaves stalled forks to initiate fork restart by homologous recombination. Here, we demonstrate that Metnase is also recruited to stalled forks where it appears to dimethylate histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36me2), raising the possibility that H3K36me2 promotes DDR factor recruitment or limits nucleosome eviction to protect forks from nucleolytic attack. We show that stalled forks are cleaved normally in the absence of Metnase, an important and novel result because a prior study indicated that Metnase nuclease is important for timely fork restart. A double knockout was as sensitive to etoposide as either single knockout, suggesting a degree of epistasis between Metnase and EEPD1. We propose that EEPD1 initiates fork restart by cleaving stalled forks, and that Metnase may promote fork restart by processing homologous recombination intermediates and/or inducing H3K36me2 to recruit DDR factors. By accelerating fork restart, Metnase and EEPD1 reduce the chance that stalled replication forks will adopt toxic or genome-destabilizing structures, preventing genome instability and cancer. Metnase and EEPD1 are overexpressed in some cancers and thus may also promote resistance to genotoxic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618, USA
| | - Michael C Speed
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618, USA
| | - Christopher P Allen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1601, USA
| | - David G Maranon
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618, USA
| | - Elizabeth Williamson
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas HealthScience Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Sudha Singh
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas HealthScience Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Robert Hromas
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas HealthScience Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618, USA
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9
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Fehling SC, Miller AL, Garcia PL, Vance RB, Yoon KJ. The combination of BET and PARP inhibitors is synergistic in models of cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2019; 468:48-58. [PMID: 31605774 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our previous finding that the BET inhibitor (BETi) JQ1 increases levels of the DNA damage marker γH2AX suggested that JQ1 might enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to PARP inhibitors (PARPi), which are selectively toxic to cells that harbor relatively high levels of DNA damage. To address this hypothesis, we evaluated the effect of a BETi (JQ1 or I-BET762) combined with a PARPi (olaparib or veliparib) in KKU-055 and KKU-100 cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell lines and of JQ1 with olaparib in a xenograft model of CCA. Each combination was more effective than any of the four drugs as single agents. Combination indices ranged from 0.1 to 0.8 at the ED50 for all combinations, indicating synergy and demonstrating that synergy was not limited to a specific combination. Mechanistically, downregulation of BETi molecular targets BRD2 or BRD4 by shRNA sensitized CCA cells to BETi as single agents as well as to the combination of a BETi + a PARPi. Our data indicate that combinations of a BETi with a PARPi merit further evaluation as a promising strategy for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Fehling
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Aubrey L Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Patrick L Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca B Vance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karina J Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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10
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Gao F, Wang X, Chen S, Xu T, Wang X, Shen Y, Dong F, Zhong S, Shen Z. CIP2A depletion potentiates the chemosensitivity of cisplatin by inducing increased apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:2445-2454. [PMID: 30106121 PMCID: PMC6151887 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor response and chemotherapy resistance to cisplatin (DDP)-based therapy frequently lead to treatment failure in advanced bladder cancer; however the underlying mechanism is extremely complex and unclear. Furthermore, cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A), a recently identified human oncoprotein, has been shown to play important regulatory roles in cancer cell survival. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation of CIP2A with sensitivity to DDP in bladder cancer cells. In the present study, knockdown of CIP2A was performed using short hairpin-RNA. IC50 determination was used to estimate the chemosensitivity of cells to DDP. Apoptosis and DNA damage indicators were tested in vitro and in vivo to clarify the role of CIP2A in enhancing DDP sensitivity. We observed that CIP2A knockdown enhanced DDP sensitivity. CIP2A depletion accelerated the process of DNA damage caused by DDP treatment. Furthermore, DDP triggered inhibition of CIP2A by preventing AKT Ser473 phosphorylation. In vivo, CIP2A suppression increased the cytotoxicity of DDP, which resulted in a decrease in the subcutaneous tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Our findings revealed that the mechanism underlying the involvement of CIP2A in DDP sensitivity enhancement is that CIP2A mediates DDP-induced cell apoptosis and DNA damage. CIP2A is a potential target to improve the response to DDP-based therapy in bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbin Gao
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to The School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to The School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Shanwen Chen
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Tianyuan Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to The School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Xianjin Wang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Shen
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Fan Dong
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Shan Zhong
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Zhoujun Shen
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to The School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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11
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Discovery of potent 2,4-difluoro-linker poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibitors with enhanced water solubility and in vivo anticancer efficacy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1521-1532. [PMID: 28770827 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, especially in breast and ovarian cancers; tumor cells that are deficient in breast cancer gene 1/2 (BRCA1/2) are highly sensitive to PARP1 inhibition. In this study, we identified a series of 2,4-difluorophenyl-linker analogs (15-55) derived from olaparib as novel PARP1 inhibitors. Four potent analogs 17, 43, 47, and 50 (IC50=2.2-4.4 nmol/L) effectively inhibited the proliferation of Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V-C8 cells (IC50=3.2-37.6 nmol/L) in vitro, and showed specificity toward BRCA-deficient cells (SI=40-510). The corresponding hydrochloride salts 56 and 57 (based on 43 and 47) were highly water soluble in pH=1.0 buffered salt solutions (1628.2 μg/mL, 2652.5 μg/mL). In a BRCA1-mutated xenograft model, oral administration of compound 56 (30 mg·kg-1·d-1, for 21 d) exhibited more prominent tumor growth inhibition (96.6%) compared with the same dose of olaparib (56.3%); in a BRCA2-mutated xenograft model, oral administration of analog 43 (10 mg·kg-1·d-1, for 28 d) significantly inhibited tumor growth (69.0%) and had no negative effects on the body weights. Additionally, compound 56 exhibited good oral bioavailability (F=32.2%), similar to that of olaparib (F=45.4%). Furthermore, the free base 43 of the hydrochloride salt 56 exhibited minimal hERG inhibition activity (IC50=6.64 μmol/L). Collectively, these data demonstrate that compound 56 may be an excellent drug candidate for the treatment of cancer, particularly BRCA-deficient tumors.
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12
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Chen W, Guo N, Qi M, Dai H, Hong M, Guan L, Huan X, Song S, He J, Wang Y, Xi Y, Yang X, Shen Y, Su Y, Sun Y, Gao Y, Chen Y, Ding J, Tang Y, Ren G, Miao Z, Li J. Discovery, mechanism and metabolism studies of 2,3-difluorophenyl-linker-containing PARP1 inhibitors with enhanced in vivo efficacy for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:514-531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Nickoloff JA, Boss MK, Allen CP, LaRue SM. Translational research in radiation-induced DNA damage signaling and repair. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S875-S891. [PMID: 30574452 PMCID: PMC6298755 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective tool in the fight against cancer. It is non-invasive and painless, and with advanced tumor imaging and beam control systems, radiation can be delivered to patients safely, generally with minor or no adverse side effects, accounting for its increasing use against a broad range of tumors. Tumors and normal cells respond to radiation-induced DNA damage by activating a complex network of DNA damage signaling and repair pathways that determine cell fate including survival, death, and genome stability. DNA damage response (DDR) proteins represent excellent targets to augment radiotherapy, and many agents that inhibit key response proteins are being combined with radiation and genotoxic chemotherapy in clinical trials. This review focuses on how insights into molecular mechanisms of DDR pathways are translated to small animal preclinical studies, to clinical studies of naturally occurring tumors in companion animals, and finally to human clinical trials. Companion animal studies, under the umbrella of comparative oncology, have played key roles in the development of clinical radiotherapy throughout its >100-year history. There is growing appreciation that rapid translation of basic knowledge of DNA damage and repair systems to improved radiotherapy practice requires a comprehensive approach that embraces the full spectrum of cancer research, with companion animal clinical trials representing a critical bridge between small animal preclinical studies, and human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mary-Keara Boss
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher P Allen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Susan M LaRue
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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14
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Jane EP, Premkumar DR, Sutera PA, Cavaleri JM, Pollack IF. Survivin inhibitor YM155 induces mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, DNA damage and apoptosis in Bcl-xL silenced glioma cell lines. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:1251-1265. [PMID: 27805285 PMCID: PMC6844150 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Because the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL is overexpressed in glioma, one might expect that inhibiting or silencing this gene would promote tumor cell killing. However, our studies have shown that this approach has limited independent activity, but may tip the balance in favor of apoptosis induction in response to other therapeutic interventions. To address this issue, we performed a pharmacological screen using a panel of signaling inhibitors and chemotherapeutic agents in Bcl-xL silenced cells. Although limited apoptosis induction was observed with a series of inhibitors for receptor tyrosine kinases, PKC inhibitors, Src family members, JAK/STAT, histone deacetylase, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, MAP kinase, CDK, heat shock proteins, proteasomal processing, and various conventional chemotherapeutic agents, we observed a dramatic potentiation of apoptosis in Bcl-xL silenced cells with the survivin inhibitor, YM155. Treatment with YM155 increased the release of cytochrome c, smac/DIABLO and apoptosis inducing-factor, and promoted loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of Bax, recruitment of LC3-II to the autophagosomes and apoptosis in Bcl-xL silenced cells. We also found an additional mechanism for the augmentation of apoptosis due to abrogation of DNA double-strand break repair mediated by Rad51 repression and enhanced accumulation of γH2AX. In summary, our observations may provide a new insight into the link between Bcl-xL and survivin inhibition for the development of novel therapies for glioma. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther P. Jane
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel R. Premkumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Brain Tumor Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Correspondence to: Department of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Philip A. Sutera
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ian F. Pollack
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Brain Tumor Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Correspondence to: Department of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
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15
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Leung AWY, de Silva T, Bally MB, Lockwood WW. Synthetic lethality in lung cancer and translation to clinical therapies. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:61. [PMID: 27686855 PMCID: PMC5041331 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of multiple histological subtypes each driven by unique genetic alterations. Despite the development of targeted therapies that inhibit the oncogenic mutations driving a subset of lung cancer cases, there is a paucity of effective treatments for the majority of lung cancer patients and new strategies are urgently needed. In recent years, the concept of synthetic lethality has been established as an effective approach for discovering novel cancer-specific targets as well as a method to improve the efficacy of existing drugs which provide partial but insufficient benefits for patients. In this review, we discuss the concept of synthetic lethality, the various types of synthetic lethal interactions in the context of oncology and the approaches used to identify these interactions, including recent advances that have transformed the ability to discover novel synthetic lethal combinations on a global scale. Lastly, we describe the specific synthetic lethal interactions identified in lung cancer to date and explore the pharmacological challenges and considerations in translating these discoveries to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada W. Y. Leung
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - Tanya de Silva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
- Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Marcel B. Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - William W. Lockwood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
- Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
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16
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Blake SM, Stricker SH, Halavach H, Poetsch AR, Cresswell G, Kelly G, Kanu N, Marino S, Luscombe NM, Pollard SM, Behrens A. Inactivation of the ATMIN/ATM pathway protects against glioblastoma formation. eLife 2016; 5:e08711. [PMID: 26984279 PMCID: PMC4811777 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive human primary brain cancer. Using a Trp53-deficient mouse model of GBM, we show that genetic inactivation of the Atm cofactor Atmin, which is dispensable for embryonic and adult neural development, strongly suppresses GBM formation. Mechanistically, expression of several GBM-associated genes, including Pdgfra, was normalized by Atmin deletion in the Trp53-null background. Pharmacological ATM inhibition also reduced Pdgfra expression, and reduced the proliferation of Trp53-deficient primary glioma cells from murine and human tumors, while normal neural stem cells were unaffected. Analysis of GBM datasets showed that PDGFRA expression is also significantly increased in human TP53-mutant compared with TP53-wild-type tumors. Moreover, combined treatment with ATM and PDGFRA inhibitors efficiently killed TP53-mutant primary human GBM cells, but not untransformed neural stem cells. These results reveal a new requirement for ATMIN-dependent ATM signaling in TP53-deficient GBM, indicating a pro-tumorigenic role for ATM in the context of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Blake
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan H Stricker
- Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit and Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hanna Halavach
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna R Poetsch
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - George Cresswell
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Kelly
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nnennaya Kanu
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M Luscombe
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Steven M Pollard
- Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit and Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Behrens
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Allen CP, Tinganelli W, Sharma N, Nie J, Sicard C, Natale F, King M, Keysar SB, Jimeno A, Furusawa Y, Okayasu R, Fujimori A, Durante M, Nickoloff JA. DNA Damage Response Proteins and Oxygen Modulate Prostaglandin E2 Growth Factor Release in Response to Low and High LET Ionizing Radiation. Front Oncol 2015; 5:260. [PMID: 26697402 PMCID: PMC4670845 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Common cancer therapies employ chemicals or radiation that damage DNA. Cancer and normal cells respond to DNA damage by activating complex networks of DNA damage sensor, signal transducer, and effector proteins that arrest cell cycle progression, and repair damaged DNA. If damage is severe enough, the DNA damage response (DDR) triggers programed cell death by apoptosis or other pathways. Caspase 3 is a protease that is activated upon damage and triggers apoptosis, and production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a potent growth factor that can enhance growth of surviving cancer cells leading to accelerated tumor repopulation. Thus, dying tumor cells can promote growth of surviving tumor cells, a pathway aptly named Phoenix Rising. In the present study, we surveyed Phoenix Rising responses in a variety of normal and established cancer cell lines, and in cancer cell lines freshly derived from patients. We demonstrate that IR induces a Phoenix Rising response in many, but not all cell lines, and that PGE2 production generally correlates with enhanced growth of cells that survive irradiation, and of unirradiated cells co-cultured with irradiated cells. We show that PGE2 production is stimulated by low and high LET ionizing radiation, and can be enhanced or suppressed by inhibitors of key DDR proteins. PGE2 is produced downstream of caspase 3 and the cyclooxygenases COX1 and COX2, and we show that the pan COX1–2 inhibitor indomethacin blocks IR-induced PGE2 production in the presence or absence of DDR inhibitors. COX1–2 require oxygen for catalytic activity, and we further show that PGE2 production is markedly suppressed in cells cultured under low (1%) oxygen concentration. Thus, Phoenix Rising is most likely to cause repopulation of tumors with relatively high oxygen, but not in hypoxic tumors. This survey lays a foundation for future studies to further define tumor responses to radiation and inhibitors of the DDR and Phoenix Rising to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy with the ultimate goal of precision medicine informed by deep understanding of specific tumor responses to radiation and adjunct chemotherapy targeting key factors in the DDR and Phoenix Rising pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Allen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
| | - Walter Tinganelli
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Darmstadt , Germany ; Research Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , Chiba , Japan
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
| | - Jingyi Nie
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
| | - Cory Sicard
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
| | - Francesco Natale
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Maurice King
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
| | - Steven B Keysar
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Yoshiya Furusawa
- Research Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , Chiba , Japan ; Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , Chiba , Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okayasu
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , Chiba , Japan
| | - Akira Fujimori
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , Chiba , Japan
| | - Marco Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
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18
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McCabe N, Walker SM, Kennedy RD. When the guardian becomes the enemy: Targeting ATM in PTEN-deficient cancers. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1053595. [PMID: 27308567 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1053595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is an important signaling molecule in the DNA damage response and inhibitors of ATM are under clinical development. We identified a synthetic lethal interaction between ATM inhibition and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss that was the result of increased oxidative stress. Inhibition of ATM therefore represents a novel strategy to target PTEN-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala McCabe
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland; Almac Diagnostics, Craigavon, Northern Ireland
| | - Steven M Walker
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland; Almac Diagnostics, Craigavon, Northern Ireland
| | - Richard D Kennedy
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland; Almac Diagnostics, Craigavon, Northern Ireland
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19
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Erice O, Smith MP, White R, Goicoechea I, Barriuso J, Jones C, Margison GP, Acosta JC, Wellbrock C, Arozarena I. MGMT Expression Predicts PARP-Mediated Resistance to Temozolomide. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1236-46. [PMID: 25777962 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma and other solid cancers are frequently resistant to chemotherapies based on DNA alkylating agents such as dacarbazine and temozolomide. As a consequence, clinical responses are generally poor. Such resistance is partly due to the ability of cancer cells to use a variety of DNA repair enzymes to maintain cell viability. Particularly, the expression of MGMT has been linked to temozolomide resistance, but cotargeting MGMT has proven difficult due to dose-limiting toxicities. Here, we show that the MGMT-mediated resistance of cancer cells is profoundly dependent on the DNA repair enzyme PARP. Both in vitro and in vivo, we observe that MGMT-positive cancer cells strongly respond to the combination of temozolomide and PARP inhibitors (PARPi), whereas MGMT-deficient cells do not. In melanoma cells, temozolomide induced an antiproliferative senescent response, which was greatly enhanced by PARPi in MGMT-positive cells. In summary, we provide compelling evidence to suggest that the stratification of patients with cancer upon the MGMT status would enhance the success of combination treatments using temozolomide and PARPi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Erice
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Smith
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel White
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ibai Goicoechea
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Barriuso
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Jones
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey P Margison
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Juan C Acosta
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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20
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Brown JS, Jackson SP. Ubiquitylation, neddylation and the DNA damage response. Open Biol 2015; 5:150018. [PMID: 25833379 PMCID: PMC4422126 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of accurate DNA damage sensing and repair mechanisms manifests as a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, immunodeficiency, infertility and cancer. The accuracy and efficiency of DNA damage detection and repair, collectively termed the DNA damage response (DDR), requires the recruitment and subsequent post-translational modification (PTM) of a complex network of proteins. Ubiquitin and the ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) SUMO have established roles in regulating the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). A role for other UBLs, such as NEDD8, is also now emerging. This article provides an overview of the DDR, discusses our current understanding of the process and function of PTM by ubiquitin and NEDD8, and reviews the literature surrounding the role of ubiquitylation and neddylation in DNA repair processes, focusing particularly on DNA DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Brown
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
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21
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Wu SH, Wu TY, Hsiao YT, Lin JH, Hsu SC, Hsia TC, Yang ST, Hsu WH, Chung JG. Bufalin induces cell death in human lung cancer cells through disruption of DNA damage response pathways. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:729-42. [PMID: 24871662 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bufalin is a key component of a Chinese medicine (Chan Su) and has been proved effective in killing various cancer cells. Its role in inducing DNA damage and the inhibition of the DNA damage response (DDR) has been reported, but none have studied such action in lung cancer in detail. In this study, we demonstrated bufalin-induced DNA damage and condensation in NCI-H460 cells through a comet assay and DAPI staining, respectively. Western blotting indicated that bufalin suppressed the protein levels associated with DNA damage and repair, such as a DNA dependent serine/threonine protein kinase (DNA-PK), DNA repair proteins breast cancer 1, early onset (BRCA1), 14-3-3 σ (an important checkpoint keeper of DDR), mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 (MDC1), O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and p53 (tumor suppressor protein). Bufalin could activate phosphorylated p53 in NCI-H460 cells. DNA damage in NCI-H460 cells after treatment with bufalin up-regulated its ATM and ATR genes, which encode proteins functioning as sensors in DDR, and also up-regulated the gene expression (mRNA) of BRCA1 and DNA-PK. But bufalin suppressed the gene expression (mRNA) of p53 and 14-3-3 σ, however, bufalin did not significantly affect the mRNA of MGMT. In conclusion, bufalin induced DNA damage in NCI-H460 cells and also inhibited its DNA repair and checkpoint function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hwar Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC , Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Taiwan
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22
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Chen Y, Williams V, Filippova M, Filippov V, Duerksen-Hughes P. Viral carcinogenesis: factors inducing DNA damage and virus integration. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:2155-86. [PMID: 25340830 PMCID: PMC4276961 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6042155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the causative agents of 10%-15% of human cancers worldwide. The most common outcome for virus-induced reprogramming is genomic instability, including accumulation of mutations, aberrations and DNA damage. Although each virus has its own specific mechanism for promoting carcinogenesis, the majority of DNA oncogenic viruses encode oncogenes that transform infected cells, frequently by targeting p53 and pRB. In addition, integration of viral DNA into the human genome can also play an important role in promoting tumor development for several viruses, including HBV and HPV. Because viral integration requires the breakage of both the viral and the host DNA, the integration rate is believed to be linked to the levels of DNA damage. DNA damage can be caused by both endogenous and exogenous factors, including inflammation induced by either the virus itself or by co-infections with other agents, environmental agents and other factors. Typically, cancer develops years to decades following the initial infection. A better understanding of virus-mediated carcinogenesis, the networking of pathways involved in transformation and the relevant risk factors, particularly in those cases where tumorigenesis proceeds by way of virus integration, will help to suggest prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to reduce the risk of virus-mediated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Vonetta Williams
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Maria Filippova
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Valery Filippov
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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23
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Esnault C, Renodon-Cornière A, Takahashi M, Casse N, Delorme N, Louarn G, Fleury F, Pilard JF, Chénais B. Assessment of DNA binding to human Rad51 protein by using quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy: effects of ADP and BRC4-28 peptide inhibitor. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:3753-60. [PMID: 25208912 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of human Rad51 protein (HsRad51) with single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) was investigated by using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) monitoring and atomic force microscopy (AFM) visualization. Gold surfaces for QCM and AFM were modified by electrografting of the in situ generated aryldiazonium salt from the sulfanilic acid to obtain the organic layer Au-ArSO3 H. The Au-ArSO3 H layer was activated by using a solution of PCl5 in CH2 Cl2 to give a Au-ArSO2 Cl layer. The modified surface was then used to immobilize long ssDNA molecules. The results obtained showed that the presence of adenosine diphosphate promotes the protein autoassociation rather than nucleation around DNA. In addition, when the BRC4-28 peptide inhibitor was used, both QCM and AFM confirmed the inhibitory effect of BRC4-28 toward HsRad51 autoassociation. Altogether these results show the suitability of this modified surface to investigate the kinetics and structure of DNA-protein interactions and for the screening of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Esnault
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Av. Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9 (France)
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24
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Manic G, Obrist F, Kroemer G, Vitale I, Galluzzi L. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for cancer therapy. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e29911. [PMID: 27308318 PMCID: PMC4905171 DOI: 10.4161/mco.29911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) is a highly conserved mechanism for the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic components. Autophagy is critical for the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis, both in baseline conditions and in the context of adaptive responses to stress. In line with this notion, defects in the autophagic machinery have been etiologically associated with various human disorders including infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. Once tumors are established, however, autophagy sustains the survival of malignant cells, hence representing an appealing target for the design of novel anticancer regimens. Accordingly, inhibitors of autophagy including chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been shown to mediate substantial antineoplastic effects in preclinical models, especially when combined with chemo- or radiotherapeutic interventions. The pharmacological profile of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, however, appear to involve mechanisms other than autophagy inhibition. Here, we discuss the dual role of autophagy in oncogenesis and tumor progression, and summarize the results or design of clinical studies recently completed or initiated to evaluate the therapeutic activity of chloroquine derivatives in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florine Obrist
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM, UMRS1138; Villejuif, France; Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Villejuif, France; Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP; Paris, France
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome, Italy; Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
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25
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Rashi-Elkeles S, Warnatz HJ, Elkon R, Kupershtein A, Chobod Y, Paz A, Amstislavskiy V, Sultan M, Safer H, Nietfeld W, Lehrach H, Shamir R, Yaspo ML, Shiloh Y. Parallel profiling of the transcriptome, cistrome, and epigenome in the cellular response to ionizing radiation. Sci Signal 2014; 7:rs3. [PMID: 24825921 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a vast signaling network that is robustly activated by DNA double-strand breaks, the critical lesion induced by ionizing radiation (IR). Although much of this response operates at the protein level, a critical component of the network sustains many DDR branches by modulating the cellular transcriptome. Using deep sequencing, we delineated three layers in the transcriptional response to IR in human breast cancer cells: changes in the expression of genes encoding proteins or long noncoding RNAs, alterations in genomic binding by key transcription factors, and dynamics of epigenetic markers of active promoters and enhancers. We identified protein-coding and previously unidentified noncoding genes that were responsive to IR, and demonstrated that IR-induced transcriptional dynamics was mediated largely by the transcription factors p53 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and was primarily dependent on the kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). The resultant data set provides a rich resource for understanding a basic, underlying component of a critical cellular stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Rashi-Elkeles
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hans-Jörg Warnatz
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ran Elkon
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ana Kupershtein
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yuliya Chobod
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Arnon Paz
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Vyacheslav Amstislavskiy
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Sultan
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hershel Safer
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Wilfried Nietfeld
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Lehrach
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ron Shamir
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Marie-Laure Yaspo
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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26
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Orth M, Lauber K, Niyazi M, Friedl AA, Li M, Maihöfer C, Schüttrumpf L, Ernst A, Niemöller OM, Belka C. Current concepts in clinical radiation oncology. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2014; 53:1-29. [PMID: 24141602 PMCID: PMC3935099 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-013-0497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on its potent capacity to induce tumor cell death and to abrogate clonogenic survival, radiotherapy is a key part of multimodal cancer treatment approaches. Numerous clinical trials have documented the clear correlation between improved local control and increased overall survival. However, despite all progress, the efficacy of radiation-based treatment approaches is still limited by different technological, biological, and clinical constraints. In principle, the following major issues can be distinguished: (1) The intrinsic radiation resistance of several tumors is higher than that of the surrounding normal tissue, (2) the true patho-anatomical borders of tumors or areas at risk are not perfectly identifiable, (3) the treatment volume cannot be adjusted properly during a given treatment series, and (4) the individual heterogeneity in terms of tumor and normal tissue responses toward irradiation is immense. At present, research efforts in radiation oncology follow three major tracks, in order to address these limitations: (1) implementation of molecularly targeted agents and 'omics'-based screening and stratification procedures, (2) improvement of treatment planning, imaging, and accuracy of dose application, and (3) clinical implementation of other types of radiation, including protons and heavy ions. Several of these strategies have already revealed promising improvements with regard to clinical outcome. Nevertheless, many open questions remain with individualization of treatment approaches being a key problem. In the present review, the current status of radiation-based cancer treatment with particular focus on novel aspects and developments that will influence the field of radiation oncology in the near future is summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Orth
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Niyazi
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna A. Friedl
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Minglun Li
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelius Maihöfer
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Schüttrumpf
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Ernst
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Olivier M. Niemöller
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Present Address: Clinic for Radiation Oncology, St. Elisabeth Hospital Ravensburg, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Claus Belka
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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27
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Abbotts R, Thompson N, Madhusudan S. DNA repair in cancer: emerging targets for personalized therapy. Cancer Manag Res 2014; 6:77-92. [PMID: 24600246 PMCID: PMC3933425 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s50497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is under constant threat from endogenous and exogenous DNA damaging agents. Mammalian cells have evolved highly conserved DNA repair machinery to process DNA damage and maintain genomic integrity. Impaired DNA repair is a major driver for carcinogenesis and could promote aggressive cancer biology. Interestingly, in established tumors, DNA repair activity is required to counteract oxidative DNA damage that is prevalent in the tumor microenvironment. Emerging clinical data provide compelling evidence that overexpression of DNA repair factors may have prognostic and predictive significance in patients. More recently, DNA repair inhibition has emerged as a promising target for anticancer therapy. Synthetic lethality exploits intergene relationships where the loss of function of either of two related genes is nonlethal, but loss of both causes cell death. Exploiting this approach by targeting DNA repair has emerged as a promising strategy for personalized cancer therapy. In the current review, we focus on recent advances with a particular focus on synthetic lethality targeting in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Abbotts
- University of Nottingham, Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nicola Thompson
- University of Nottingham, Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- University of Nottingham, Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
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28
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Goodwin JF, Schiewer MJ, Dean JL, Schrecengost RS, de Leeuw R, Han S, Ma T, Den RB, Dicker AP, Feng FY, Knudsen KE. A hormone-DNA repair circuit governs the response to genotoxic insult. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:1254-71. [PMID: 24027197 PMCID: PMC3823813 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alterations in DNA repair promote tumor development, but the impact on tumor progression is poorly understood. Here, discovery of a biochemical circuit linking hormone signaling to DNA repair and therapeutic resistance is reported. Findings show that androgen receptor (AR) activity is induced by DNA damage and promotes expression and activation of a gene expression program governing DNA repair. Subsequent investigation revealed that activated AR promotes resolution of double-strand breaks and resistance to DNA damage both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNAPKcs) was identified as a key target of AR after damage, controlling AR-mediated DNA repair and cell survival after genotoxic insult. Finally, DNAPKcs was shown to potentiate AR function, consistent with a dual role in both DNA repair and transcriptional regulation. Combined, these studies identify the AR-DNAPKcs circuit as a major effector of DNA repair and therapeutic resistance and establish a new node for therapeutic intervention in advanced disease. SIGNIFICANCE The present study identifies for the fi rst time a positive feedback circuit linking hormone action to the DNA damage response and shows the significant impact of this process on tumor progression and therapeutic response. These provocative findings provide the foundation for development of novel nodes of therapeutic intervention for advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F. Goodwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew J. Schiewer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffry L. Dean
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Randy S. Schrecengost
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Renee de Leeuw
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sumin Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert B. Den
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam P. Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Felix Y. Feng
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan*
| | - Karen E. Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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29
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Zhou W, Fu XQ, Zhang LL, Zhang J, Huang X, Lu XH, Shen L, Liu BN, Liu J, Luo HS, Yu JP, Yu HG. The AKT1/NF-kappaB/Notch1/PTEN axis has an important role in chemoresistance of gastric cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e847. [PMID: 24113181 PMCID: PMC3824684 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The inherent resistance of tumors to DNA damage often limits the efficacy of chemotherapy. The aim of this work is to explore the potential mechanism for development of chemoresistance in gastric cancer. Our data revealed that AKT1 mRNA and protein expression were induced by doxorubicin (a chemotherapeutic agent); the doxorubicin-induced AKT1 expression and activation increased the binding of NF-kappaB on Notch1 DNA promoter and then promoted the Notch1 transcription and expression; enhanced expression of Notch1 further upregulated PTEN expression through CBF-1 binding to PTEN DNA promoter; and inhibition of AKT1 expression and activity sensitized the gastric cancer cell to doxorubicin treatment in cultured gastric cancer cell lines and xenograft nude mice gastric cancer model. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that both Notch1 and PTEN were absent or minimally expressed in gastric cancer tissue but abundant in paired normal gastric mucosa, and the expression of Notch1 correlated with that of PTEN. Together, these novel results suggested that a novel AKT1/NF-kappaB/Notch1/PTEN axis has an important role in the development of chemoresistance in gastric cancer. Notch1 has an anti-cancer role in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhou
- 1] Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan Univeristy, 430060 Wuhan, China [2] Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Wuhan, 43000 Wuhan, China
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30
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Khanna A, Kauko O, Böckelman C, Laine A, Schreck I, Partanen JI, Szwajda A, Bormann S, Bilgen T, Helenius M, Pokharel YR, Pimanda J, Russel MR, Haglund C, Cole KA, Klefström J, Aittokallio T, Weiss C, Ristimäki A, Visakorpi T, Westermarck J. Chk1 targeting reactivates PP2A tumor suppressor activity in cancer cells. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6757-69. [PMID: 24072747 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase Chk1 is constitutively active in many cancer cell types and new generation Chk1 inhibitors show marked antitumor activity as single agents. Here we present a hitherto unrecognized mechanism that contributes to the response of cancer cells to Chk1-targeted therapy. Inhibiting chronic Chk1 activity in cancer cells induced the tumor suppressor activity of protein phosphatase protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which by dephosphorylating MYC serine 62, inhibited MYC activity and impaired cancer cell survival. Mechanistic investigations revealed that Chk1 inhibition activated PP2A by decreasing the transcription of cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A), a chief inhibitor of PP2A activity. Inhibition of cancer cell clonogenicity by Chk1 inhibition could be rescued in vitro either by exogenous expression of CIP2A or by blocking the CIP2A-regulated PP2A complex. Chk1-mediated CIP2A regulation was extended in tumor models dependent on either Chk1 or CIP2A. The clinical relevance of CIP2A as a Chk1 effector protein was validated in several human cancer types, including neuroblastoma, where CIP2A was identified as an NMYC-independent prognostic factor. Because the Chk1-CIP2A-PP2A pathway is driven by DNA-PK activity, functioning regardless of p53 or ATM/ATR status, our results offer explanative power for understanding how Chk1 inhibitors mediate single-agent anticancer efficacy. Furthermore, they define CIP2A-PP2A status in cancer cells as a pharmacodynamic marker for their response to Chk1-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchit Khanna
- Authors' Affiliations: Institute of Biomedical Technology and BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital; Tampere Graduate Program in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (TGPBB), University of Tampere, Tampere; Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University; Department of Pathology, University of Turku; Turku Doctoral Program of Biomedical Sciences (TuBS), Turku; Department of Pathology, HUSLAB and Haartman Institute, Helsinki University, Central Hospital and University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki Institute of Biomedicine and Genome-Scale Biology Research Program; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe, Germany; Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Centre and Prince of Wales Hospital, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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31
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McFadden MJ, Lee WKY, Brennan JD, Junop MS. Delineation of key XRCC4/Ligase IV interfaces for targeted disruption of non-homologous end joining DNA repair. Proteins 2013; 82:187-94. [PMID: 23794378 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Efficient DNA repair mechanisms frequently limit the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents that act through DNA damaging mechanisms. Consequently, proteins involved in DNA repair have increasingly become attractive targets of high-throughput screening initiatives to identify modulators of these pathways. Disruption of the XRCC4-Ligase IV interaction provides a novel means to efficiently halt repair of mammalian DNA double strand break repair; however; the extreme affinity of these proteins presents a major obstacle for drug discovery. A better understanding of the interaction surfaces is needed to provide a more specific target for inhibitor studies. To clearly define key interface(s) of Ligase IV necessary for interaction with XRCC4, we developed a competitive displacement assay using ESI-MS/MS and determined the minimal inhibitory fragment of the XRCC4-interacting region (XIR) capable of disrupting a complex of XRCC4/XIR. Disruption of a single helix (helix 2) within the helix-loop-helix clamp of Ligase IV was sufficient to displace XIR from a preformed complex. Dose-dependent response curves for the disruption of the complex by either helix 2 or helix-loop-helix fragments revealed that potency of inhibition was greater for the larger helix-loop-helix peptide. Our results suggest a susceptibility to inhibition at the interface of helix 2 and future studies would benefit from targeting this surface of Ligase IV to identify modulators that disrupt its interaction with XRCC4. Furthermore, helix 1 and loop regions of the helix-loop-helix clamp provide secondary target surfaces to identify adjuvant compounds that could be used in combination to more efficiently inhibit XRCC4/Ligase IV complex formation and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J McFadden
- Chemical Biology Graduate Program, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5
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32
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Lindgren AEG, Karlberg T, Thorsell AG, Hesse M, Spjut S, Ekblad T, Andersson CD, Pinto AF, Weigelt J, Hottiger MO, Linusson A, Elofsson M, Schüler H. PARP inhibitor with selectivity toward ADP-ribosyltransferase ARTD3/PARP3. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1698-703. [PMID: 23742272 DOI: 10.1021/cb4002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting ADP-ribosyl transferases with PARP-inhibitors is considered a promising strategy for the treatment of many cancers and ischemia, but most of the cellular targets are poorly characterized. Here, we describe an inhibitor of ADP-ribosyltransferase-3/poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-3 (ARTD3), a regulator of DNA repair and mitotic progression. In vitro profiling against 12 members of the enzyme family suggests selectivity for ARTD3, and crystal structures illustrate the molecular basis for inhibitor selectivity. The compound is active in cells, where it elicits ARTD3-specific effects at submicromolar concentration. Our results show that by targeting the nicotinamide binding site, selective inhibition can be achieved among the closest relatives of the validated clinical target, ADP-ribosyltransferase-1/poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Karlberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Gerd Thorsell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mareike Hesse
- Institute
of Veterinary Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Spjut
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torun Ekblad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ana Filipa Pinto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Weigelt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael O. Hottiger
- Institute
of Veterinary Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Herwig Schüler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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Kessler T, Hache H, Wierling C. Integrative analysis of cancer-related signaling pathways. Front Physiol 2013; 4:124. [PMID: 23760067 PMCID: PMC3671203 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification and classification of cancer types and subtypes is a major issue in current cancer research. Whole genome expression profiling of cancer tissues is often the basis for such subtype classifications of tumors and different signatures for individual cancer types have been described. However, the search for best performing discriminatory gene-expression signatures covering more than one cancer type remains a relevant topic in cancer research as such a signature would help understanding the common changes in signaling networks in these disease types. In this work, we explore the idea of a top down approach for sample stratification based on a module-based network of cancer relevant signaling pathways. For assembly of this network, we consider several of the most established cancer pathways. We evaluate our sample stratification approach using expression data of human breast and ovarian cancer signatures. We show that our approach performs equally well to previously reported methods besides providing the advantage to classify different cancer types. Furthermore, it allows to identify common changes in network module activity of those cancer samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kessler
- Systems Biology Group, Department Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Hache
- Systems Biology Group, Department Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Wierling
- Systems Biology Group, Department Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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34
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Ekblad T, Camaioni E, Schüler H, Macchiarulo A. PARP inhibitors: polypharmacology versus selective inhibition. FEBS J 2013; 280:3563-75. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torun Ekblad
- Karolinska Institutet; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Herwig Schüler
- Karolinska Institutet; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
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35
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Zhao L, Lu X, Cao Y. MicroRNA and signal transduction pathways in tumor radiation response. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1625-34. [PMID: 23602933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor radiation response is an essential issue in radiotherapy and a core determining factor of tumor radioresistance or radiosensitivity. Multiple factors can influence tumor radiation response, and among them tumor genetic and epigenetic background, tumor microenvironment and tumor blood flow status may take a leading role. During the whole process of tumor radiation response, tumor radiosensitivity can be regulated in an orderly manner through some classical signal transduction pathways. Although these pathways have already owned multiple biological functions and involved in the process of carcinogenesis, their regulatory roles in tumor radiation response can not be ignored. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of non-coding RNA of about 22 nucleotides in length, which binds to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of target gene and controls the expression of it at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNA participates in numerous physiology and pathology processes and acts as oncogene or tumor suppressor to affect cancer progression. Through interplaying with the key components in radiation related signal transduction pathways, miRNA could effectively activate the expression of DNA damage response genes and cell cycle related genes in the nucleus, and play a critical role in the modulation of radiation response and radiosensitivity in tumor cells. In this review, we mainly elucidate the regulatory mechanisms and functions of miRNA in these radiation related signal transduction pathways from three different aspects which include the upstream receptors, midstream transducer pathways, and downstream effector genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Zhao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
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36
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Ye N, Chen CH, Chen T, Song Z, He JX, Huan XJ, Song SS, Liu Q, Chen Y, Ding J, Xu Y, Miao ZH, Zhang A. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Series of Benzo[de][1,7]naphthyridin-7(8H)-ones Bearing a Functionalized Longer Chain Appendage as Novel PARP1 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2885-903. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301825t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, ‡State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and §CAS Key Laboratory
of Receptor Research, and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Chuan-Huizi Chen
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, ‡State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and §CAS Key Laboratory
of Receptor Research, and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - TianTian Chen
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, ‡State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and §CAS Key Laboratory
of Receptor Research, and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Zilan Song
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, ‡State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and §CAS Key Laboratory
of Receptor Research, and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Jin-Xue He
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, ‡State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and §CAS Key Laboratory
of Receptor Research, and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Xia-Juan Huan
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, ‡State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and §CAS Key Laboratory
of Receptor Research, and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Shan-Shan Song
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, ‡State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and §CAS Key Laboratory
of Receptor Research, and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Qiufeng Liu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, ‡State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and §CAS Key Laboratory
of Receptor Research, and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Yi Chen
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, ‡State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and §CAS Key Laboratory
of Receptor Research, and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Jian Ding
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, ‡State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and §CAS Key Laboratory
of Receptor Research, and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Yechun Xu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, ‡State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and §CAS Key Laboratory
of Receptor Research, and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Ze-Hong Miao
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, ‡State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and §CAS Key Laboratory
of Receptor Research, and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, ‡State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and §CAS Key Laboratory
of Receptor Research, and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
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37
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Chung YL. Defective DNA damage response and repair in liver cells expressing hepatitis B virus surface antigen. FASEB J 2013; 27:2316-27. [PMID: 23444429 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-226639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is implicated in liver cancer. The aim of this study was to find out whether HBV or its components [HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), HBV core protein (HBc), and HBV X protein (HBx)] could interfere with the host DNA damage response and repair pathway. The full HBV genome or individual HBV open-reading frame (ORF) was introduced into HepG2 cells to examine the effect on host genomic stability, DNA repair efficacy in response to double-strand DNA damage, and DNA damage-induced cell death. Responses to apoptosis induction in the HBV ORF-transfected HepG2 cells were also compared with those in HBV-positive and HBV-negative human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In the absence of HBV replication, accumulation of HBsAg in liver cells without other HBV proteins enhanced DNA repair protein and tumor suppressor promyelocytic leukemia (PML) degradation, which resulted in resistance to apoptosis induction and deficient double-strand DNA repair. However, HBsAg-positive cells exhibited increased cell death with exposure to the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor that blocks single-strand DNA repair. These results indicate that suppression of PML by HBsAg disrupts cellular mechanisms that respond to double-strand DNA damage for DNA repair or apoptosis induction, which may facilitate hepatocarcinogenesis and open up a synthetic lethality strategy for HBsAg-positive HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Lin Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Abstract
In 1988, the gene responsible for the autosomal recessive disease ataxia- telangiectasia (A-T) was localized to 11q22.3-23.1. It was eventually cloned in 1995. Many independent laboratories have since demonstrated that in replicating cells, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is predominantly a nuclear protein that is involved in the early recognition and response to double-stranded DNA breaks. ATM is a high-molecular-weight PI3K-family kinase. ATM also plays many important cytoplasmic roles where it phosphorylates hundreds of protein substrates that activate and coordinate cell-signaling pathways involved in cell-cycle checkpoints, nuclear localization, gene transcription and expression, the response to oxidative stress, apoptosis, nonsense-mediated decay, and others. Appreciating these roles helps to provide new insights into the diverse clinical phenotypes exhibited by A-T patients-children and adults alike-which include neurodegeneration, high cancer risk, adverse reactions to radiation and chemotherapy, pulmonary failure, immunodeficiency, glucose transporter aberrations, insulin-resistant diabetogenic responses, and distinct chromosomal and chromatin changes. An exciting recent development is the ATM-dependent pathology encountered in mitochondria, leading to inefficient respiration and energy metabolism and the excessive generation of free radicals that themselves create life-threatening DNA lesions that must be repaired within minutes to minimize individual cell losses.
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Rebucci M, Michiels C. Molecular aspects of cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1219-26. [PMID: 23435357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy is still a heavy burden that impairs treatment of cancer patients. Both intrinsic and acquired resistance results from the numerous genetic and epigenetic changes occurring in cancer cells. Most of the hallmarks of cancer cells provide general mechanisms to sustain stresses such as the ones induced by chemotherapeutic drugs. Moreover, specific changes in the target bring resistance to specific drugs like modification in nucleotide synthesis enzymes upon anti-metabolite exposure, in microtubule composition upon spindle poison treatment, in topoisomerase activity upon topoisomerase inhibitor incubation or in intracellular signaling pathways when targeting tyrosine kinase receptors. Finally, the stemness properties of a few cancer cells as well as components of the tumor stroma, like fibroblasts and tumor-associated macrophages but also hypoxia, also help tumor to resist to anticancer agents. These processes provide an additional level of complexity to the understanding of the tumor resistance phenomenon. This review aims to describe the different general mechanisms as well as some examples of specific on target modifications inducing cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy at the molecular level. Perspectives to develop more efficient treatment, using genomic signature or more specific biomarkers to characterize putative resistance mechanisms in patients before choosing the more appropriate treatment, will also be discussed.
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Ferraldeschi R, Attard G, de Bono JS. Novel strategies to test biological hypotheses in early drug development for advanced prostate cancer. Clin Chem 2012. [PMID: 23204221 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.185157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major advances in our understanding of the underlying biology of prostate cancer have helped to herald a new era in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), with 5 new agents having shown a survival advantage in the last 3 years and an impressive number of promising novel agents now entering the clinic. CONTENT We discuss the challenges facing drug development for CRPC and strategies to meet these challenges, with a focus not only on the development of predictive and intermediate endpoint biomarkers, but also on novel hypothesis-testing, biomarker-driven clinical trial designs. SUMMARY With several promising agents now entering the clinic, there is increasing pressure to rethink drug development for CRPC to ensure that novel agents are appropriately evaluated and that patients and resources are appropriately allocated. We envision that biomarker-driven, reiterative clinical trials will have a major impact on CRPC treatment through the testing of robust scientific hypotheses with rationally designed drugs and drug combinations administered to selected patients.
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Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase regulates the cellular response to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double-strand breaks by phosphorylating numerous players in the extensive DNA damage response network. Two papers in this issue (Daniel et al. 2012. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb201204035; Yamamoto et al. 2012. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb201204098) strikingly show that, in mice, the presence of a catalytically inactive version of ATM is embryonically lethal. This is surprising because mice completely lacking ATM have a much more moderate phenotype. The findings impact on basic cancer research and cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Genetics and pharmacogenomics of diffuse gliomas. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 137:78-88. [PMID: 22985521 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly evolving techniques for analysis of the genome provide new opportunities for cancer therapy. For diffuse gliomas this has resulted in molecular markers with potential for personalized therapy. Some drugs that utilize pharmacogenomics are currently being tested in clinical trials. In melanoma, lung-, breast-, gastric- and colorectal carcinoma several molecular markers are already being clinically implemented for diagnosis and treatment. These insights can serve as a background for the promise and limitations that pharmacogenomics has for diffuse gliomas. Better molecular characterization of diffuse gliomas, including analysis of the molecular underpinnings of drug efficacy in clinical trials, is urgently needed. We foresee exciting developments in the upcoming years with clinical benefit for the patients.
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Gillespie DA. Short-circuiting the cell cycle for cancer therapy. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:2777-8. [PMID: 22801540 PMCID: PMC3419054 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Comment on: Carrassa L, et al. Cell Cycle 2012; 2507-17.
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