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Liu Y, Yang H, Fang Y, Xing Y, Pang X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Function and inhibition of Haspin kinase: targeting multiple cancer therapies by antimitosis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 75:445-465. [PMID: 36334086 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Haploid germ cell-specific nuclear protein kinase (Haspin) is a serine/threonine kinase as an atypical kinase, which is structurally distinct from conventional protein kinases.
Key findings
Functionally, Haspin is involved in important cell cycle progression, particularly in critical mitosis regulating centromeric sister chromatid cohesion during prophase and prometaphase, and subsequently ensuring proper chromosome alignment during metaphase and the normal chromosome segregation during anaphase. However, increasing evidence has demonstrated that Haspin is significantly upregulated in a variety of cancer cells in addition to normal proliferating somatic cells. Its knockdown or small molecule inhibition could prevent cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis by disrupting the regular mitotic progression. Given the specificity of its expressed tissues or cells and the uniqueness of its current known substrate, Haspin can be a promising target against cancer. Consequently, selective synthetic and natural inhibitors of Haspin have been widely developed to determine their inhibitory power for various cancer cells in vivo and in vitro.
Summary
Here our perspective includes a comprehensive review of the roles and structure of Haspin, its relatively potent and selective inhibitors and Haspin’s preliminary studies in a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Hongliu Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Yongsheng Fang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Yantao Xing
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Xinxin Pang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
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Tanaka H, Tokuhiro K. A Haspin promoter element induces tissue-specific methylation of a transcription region and the regulation of gene expression in mouse ova. CELL JOURNAL 2022; 24:552-554. [PMID: 36274209 PMCID: PMC9594865 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2022.8444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
HASPIN is a nuclear serine-threonine kinase originally identified in the mouse testis. Its 193 bp DNA promoter element (hereafter, 193PE) regulates bidirectional, synchronous gene expression in the germ cells of male mice. Recent studies have shown that Haspin is also expressed in trace amounts in somatic cells; HASPIN also functions in oocytes. Haspin expression is regulated by the tissue-specific methylation of Haspin genomic DNA regions, including somatic cells. This study investigated relationship between 193PE and DNA methylation by examining methylation status of transgenic mice carrying 193PE and a reporter gene. In somatic (liver) cells carrying the reporter gene, 193PE induced methylation as well as trace expression of the reporter gene. In the testis, 193PE induced hypomethylation and intense reporter gene expression. Expression of HASPIN in an egg was assessed using human chorionic gonadotrophin to induce ovulation in female transgenic mice. The results showed that 193PE induced tissue-specific methylation, which resulted in reporter gene expression in a mouse egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Tanaka
- Labaratory of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch,
Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan,*Corresponding Addresses:Labaratory of Molecular BiologyFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesNagasaki International UniversityHuis Ten BoschSaseboNagasakiJapan
| | - Keizo Tokuhiro
- Department of Genome Editing, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Shin-machi, Hirakata City, Osaka, Japan
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Maeda N, Tsuchida J, Nishimune Y, Tanaka H. Analysis of Ser/Thr Kinase HASPIN-Interacting Proteins in the Spermatids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169060. [PMID: 36012324 PMCID: PMC9409403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HASPIN is predominantly expressed in spermatids, and plays an important role in cell division in somatic and meiotic cells through histone H3 phosphorylation. The literature published to date has suggested that HASPIN may play multiple roles in cells. Here, 10 gene products from the mouse testis cDNA library that interact with HASPIN were isolated using the two-hybrid system. Among them, CENPJ/CPAP, KPNA6/importin alpha 6, and C1QBP/HABP1 were analyzed in detail for their interactions with HASPIN, with HASPIN phosphorylated C1QBP as the substrate. The results indicated that HASPIN is involved in spermatogenesis through the phosphorylation of C1QBP in spermatids, and also may be involved in the formation of centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Maeda
- Department of Science for Laboratory Animal Experimentation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junji Tsuchida
- Department of Science for Laboratory Animal Experimentation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Nishimune
- Department of Science for Laboratory Animal Experimentation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo 859-3298, Nagasaki, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-956-20-5651
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Tanaka H, Nishida-Fukuda H, Wada M, Tokuhiro K, Matsushita H, Ando Y. Inhibitory Effect of the HASPIN Inhibitor CHR-6494 on BxPC-3-Luc, A Luciferase-Expressing Pancreatic Cancer Cell Line. CELL JOURNAL 2022; 24:212-214. [PMID: 35674022 PMCID: PMC9124445 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2022.7796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
HASPIN acts in chromosome segregation via histone phosphorylation. Recently, HASPIN inhibitors have been shown to suppress growth of various cancer cells. Pancreatic cancer has no symptom in the early stages and may progress before detection. So, the 5-year survival rate is low. Here, we reported that administration of the HASPIN inhibitor, CHR-6494, to mice bearing pancreatic BxPC-3-Luc cancer cells significantly suppressed growth of BxPC-3-Luc cells. CHR-6494 might be a useful agent for treating pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan,Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesNagasaki International UniversityHuis Ten BoschSaseboNagasakiJapan
| | - Hisayo Nishida-Fukuda
- Department of Genome Editing, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Shin-machi, Hirakata City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Morimasa Wada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Keizo Tokuhiro
- Department of Genome Editing, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Shin-machi, Hirakata City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsushita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yukio Ando
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
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5
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Roles and regulation of Haspin kinase and its impact on carcinogenesis. Cell Signal 2022; 93:110303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Pieterse L, Beteck RM, Baratte B, Jesumoroti OJ, Robert T, Ruchaud S, Bach S, Legoabe LJ. Synthesis and biological evaluation of selected 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as novel CDK9/CyclinT and Haspin inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 349:109643. [PMID: 34508710 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases, including CDK9/CyclinT and Haspin, are regarded as potential drug targets in cancer therapy. Findings from a previous study suggested 7-azaindole as a privileged scaffold for producing inhibitors of CDK9/CyclinT and Haspin. Inspired by these findings, the current study synthesised and evaluated thirteen (13) C6-substituted 7-azaindole and twenty (20) C4-substituted structurally related 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives against a panel of protein kinases, including CDK9/CyclinT and Haspin. Eleven of the 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives exhibited activity toward CDK9/CyclinT, while 4 of compounds had activity against Haspin. The best CDK9/CyclinT (IC50 of 0.38 μM) and Haspin (IC50 of 0.11 μM) activities were achieved by compounds 7d and 7f, respectively. Hence, these compounds may be valuable starting points for development of new anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianie Pieterse
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Blandine Baratte
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Plateforme de Criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Omobolanle J Jesumoroti
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Thomas Robert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Plateforme de Criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Ruchaud
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Stéphane Bach
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Plateforme de Criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Wang P, Hua X, Sun Y, Li H, Bryner YH, Hsung RP, Dai J. Loss of haspin suppresses cancer cell proliferation by interfering with cell cycle progression at multiple stages. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21923. [PMID: 34551143 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100099r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Our recent studies have shown that haspin, a protein kinase imperative for mitosis, is engaged in the interphase progression of HeLa and U2OS cancer cells. In this investigation, we employed the Fucci reporter system and time-lapse imaging to examine the impact of haspin gene silencing on cell cycle progressions at a single-cell level. We found that the loss of haspin induced multiple cell cycle defects. Specifically, the S/G2 duration was greatly prolonged by haspin gene depletion or inhibition in synchronous HeLa cells. Haspin gene depletion in asynchronous HeLa and U2OS cells led to a similarly protracted S/G2 phase, followed by mitotic cell death or postmitotic G1 arrest. In addition, haspin deficiency resulted in robust induction of the p21CIP1/WAF1 checkpoint protein, a target of the p53 activation. Also, co-depleting haspin with either p21 or p53 could rescue U2OS cells from postmitotic G1 arrest and partially restore their proliferation. These results substantiate the haspin's capacity to regulate interphase and mitotic progression, offering a broader antiproliferative potential of haspin loss in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiling Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China.,Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xiangmei Hua
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hongyu Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yuge Han Bryner
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Richard P Hsung
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jun Dai
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Tanaka H, Tsujimura A. Pervasiveness of intronless genes expressed in haploid germ cell differentiation. Reprod Med Biol 2021; 20:255-259. [PMID: 34262392 PMCID: PMC8254168 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND cDNA libraries derived from the brain and testis contain genes that encode almost all proteins. The brain is composed of various differentiated cells, and the testis also contains various differentiated cells, such as germ cells, and somatic cells that support germ cell differentiation, such as Sertoli and Leydig cells. Many genes appear to be expressed due to tissue complexity. METHODS The Genome Project has sequenced the entire genomes of humans and mice. Recent research using new gene analysis technologies has found that many genes are expressed specifically in male germ cells. MAIN FINDINGS RESULTS Functional intronless genes are significantly enriched in haploid germ cell-specific genes. CONCLUSION Functional intronless genes associated with fertility are more likely to be inherited in haploid germ cells than in somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Tanaka
- Lab. of Molecular BiologyFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesNagasaki International UniversitySaseboJapan
| | - Akira Tsujimura
- Department of UrologyJuntendo University HospitalUrayasuJapan
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Nishida-Fukuda H, Tokuhiro K, Ando Y, Matsushita H, Wada M, Tanaka H. Evaluation of the antiproliferative effects of the HASPIN inhibitor CHR-6494 in breast cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249912. [PMID: 33852630 PMCID: PMC8046223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HASPIN is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates mitosis by phosphorylating histone H3 at threonine 3. The expression levels of HASPIN in various cancers are associated with tumor malignancy and poor survival, suggesting that HASPIN inhibition may suppress cancer growth. As HASPIN mRNA levels are elevated in human breast cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, we examined the growth-suppressive effects of CHR-6494, a potent HASPIN inhibitor, in breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. We found that HASPIN was expressed in breast cancer cells of all molecular subtypes, as well as in immortalized mammary epithelial cells. HASPIN expression levels appeared to be correlated with the cell growth rate but not the molecular subtype of breast cancer. CHR-6494 exhibited potent antiproliferative effects against breast cancer cell lines and immortalized mammary epithelial cells in vitro, but failed to inhibit the growth of MDA-MB-231 xenografted tumors under conditions that have significant effects in a colorectal cancer model. These results imply that CHR-6494 does have antiproliferative effects in some situations, and further drug screening efforts are anticipated to identify more potent and selective HASPIN inhibition for use as an anticancer agent in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayo Nishida-Fukuda
- Department of Genome Editing, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata City, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (HT); (HNF)
| | - Keizo Tokuhiro
- Department of Genome Editing, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukio Ando
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsushita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Morimasa Wada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
- * E-mail: (HT); (HNF)
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Siddiqui JA, Pothuraju R, Jain M, Batra SK, Nasser MW. Advances in cancer cachexia: Intersection between affected organs, mediators, and pharmacological interventions. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188359. [PMID: 32222610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Advanced cancer patients exhibit cachexia, a condition characterized by a significant reduction in the body weight predominantly from loss of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Cachexia is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Decreased food intake and multi-organ energy imbalance in cancer patients worsen the cachexia syndrome. Cachectic cancer patients have a low tolerance for chemo- and radiation therapies and also have a reduced quality of life. The presence of tumors and the current treatment options for cancer further exacerbate the cachexia condition, which remains an unmet medical need. The onset of cachexia involves crosstalk between different organs leading to muscle wasting. Recent advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy/hypertrophy and adipose tissue wasting/browning provide a platform for the development of new targeted therapies. Therefore, a better understanding of this multifactorial disorder will help to improve the quality of life of cachectic patients. In this review, we summarize the metabolic mediators of cachexia, their molecular functions, affected organs especially with respect to muscle atrophy and adipose browning and then discuss advanced therapeutic approaches to cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Mohd W Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Ye Z, Zhang Z, Fang L, Tian D, Liu X. Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals GSG2 as a Potential Target for Breast Cancer Therapy. Open Life Sci 2019; 14:688-698. [PMID: 33817208 PMCID: PMC7874749 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2019-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the potential role of GSG2 in breast cancer progression. Methods The mRNA expression, DNA copy number and clinical data used in this study were obtained from the TCGA data portal. The copy number variations (CNVs) thresholds were determined according to the set of discrete copy number calls provided by Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer (GISTIC). Results The mRNA expression level of GSG2 in 112 breast cancer tissues was much higher than that in adjacent normal tissues. GSG2 was significantly upregulated in stage II compared with stage I, and there was no differential expression of GSG2 between tumors with or without metastasis. Heterozygous deletion occupied 57.1% of CNVs for GSG2 gene in breast cancer samples. Patients with higher GSG2 expression tended to suffer from poorer prognosis. Conclusion Our profiling analysis indicated the overexpression of GSG2 might play an important role in breast cancer development, suggesting that GSG2 could be a new target for breast cancer treatment, making GSG2 inhibitors becoming potential drugs for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lijiao Fang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | | | - Xin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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