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Butorac D, Ćelap I, Kačkov Maslać S, Miletić T, Tomašković AH, Turčić P, Rašić D, Stojanović I, Rajković MG. Paraoxonase and arylesterase activity of paraoxonase 1 and oxidative stress parameters in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2024; 34:030701. [PMID: 38125616 PMCID: PMC10731734 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2024.010701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is the enzyme that removes carcinogenic radicals from lipids. The aim of the study was to investigate the differences in PON1 activity and oxidation stress parameters between patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and healthy controls. Materials and methods The study included 65 women with CIN and 109 healthy women. Lipid parameters were determined on Cobas Integra 400 plus (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Tiols and reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined spectrophotometric using Eliman reagent. Activity of PON1 was assessed with two substrates, paraoxon and phenylacetate by spectrophotometric method. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). Mann-Whitney-test, t-test, χ2-test, correlation and logistic regression was used in statistical analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The basal (P = 0.929) and NaCl-stimulated (P = 0.985) PON1 activity and activities standardised on the concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL; P = 0.076; P = 0.065, respectively) and apolipoprotein AI (apo AI; P = 0.444; P = 0.499, respectively) as well as PON1 phenotypes (P = 0.842) did not differ significantly between the groups. The PON1 arylesterase activity (53±19 kU/L vs. 77±17 kU/L; P < 0.001) and HDL-standardized activity (37 (28-44) kU/mmol vs. 43 (37-50) kU/mmol; P < 0.001) and apoAI (29±11 kU/g vs. 44±11 kU/g; P < 0.001) was significantly reduced in the CIN group. The concentration of the thiol groups was similar (P = 0.519), of MDA was lower (0.39 (0.27-0.55) µmol/L vs. 0.76 (0.57-1.15) µmol/L; P < 0.001) and of GSH was higher (112.0 (66.0-129.6) µg/mL vs. 53.4 (34.8-134.4) µg/mL; P < 0.001) in the CIN group. Conclusion Reduced PON1 arylesterase activity, lower MDA and higher GSH concentration were observed in CIN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dražan Butorac
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Ćelap
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Andrea Hulina Tomašković
- Department of Medical biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Turčić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Rašić
- Unit of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Stojanović
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Grdić Rajković
- Department of Medical biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Jelic M, Mandic A, Maricic S, Bozin B, Kladar N, Sudji J, Conic BS. PREDICTIVE POWER OF OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS IN RECURRENCE AND SURVIVAL IN ADVANCED CERVICAL CANCER. Exp Oncol 2023; 45:231-241. [PMID: 37824768 DOI: 10.15407/exp-oncology.2023.02.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to measure the levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzymes in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer prior to treatment to determine how these evaluated biomarkers are associated with cervical cancer recurrence and to estimate their potential in further research and clinical use. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 45 female patients with newly diagnosed advanced cervical cancer who underwent concomitant chemoradiotherapy. The blood and urine samples were collected prior to treatment, between December 2013 and April 2016, and subsequent laboratory analysis was performed. After the medium follow-up of 29 months, the patients were divided into 3 groups according to the time of disease recurrence. A statistical analysis was performed in order to evaluate the relationship between the previously measured biomarkers and recurrence. RESULTS Taken individually, the parameters of oxidative stress did not reveal significant differences between the three groups in our study. Nevertheless, the catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities were the best predictors of the recurrence. Based on the activities of these two oxidative enzymes, it was possible to separate the group of patients without recurrence after follow-up from the other two groups of patients with recurrent disease. CONCLUSIONS The parameters of oxidative stress have a certain predictive value on the outcome of patients with advanced cervical cancer after concomitant chemo-radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Jelic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aljosa Mandic
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Maricic
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bozin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Kladar
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jan Sudji
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Branislava Srdjenovic Conic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Chen X, Yu H, Li Z, Ye W, Liu Z, Gao J, Wang Y, Li X, Zhang L, Alenina N, Bader M, Ding H, Li P, Aung LHH. Oxidative RNA Damage in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:725919. [PMID: 35418873 PMCID: PMC8995861 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.725919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of free radicals can induce cellular damage, which is associated with many diseases. RNA is more susceptible to oxidative damage than DNA due to its single-stranded structure, and lack of protective proteins. Yet, oxidative damage to RNAs received little attention. Accumulating evidence reveals that oxidized RNAs may be dysfunctional and play fundamental role in the occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications. Oxidized guanine nucleoside, 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGuo) is a biomarker of RNA oxidation that could be associated with prognosis in patients with T2D. Nowadays, some clinical trials used antioxidants for the treatment of T2D, though the pharmacological effects remained unclear. In this review, we overview the cellular handling mechanisms and the consequences of the oxidative RNA damage for the better understanding of pathogenesis of T2D and may provide new insights to better therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiatian Chen
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hua Yu
- The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials and Advanced Medical Device, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Ziqian Liu
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinning Gao
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hongyan Ding
- School of Bioengineering, Suqian University, Suqian, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Peifeng Li, ; Lynn Htet Htet Aung,
| | - Lynn Htet Htet Aung
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Peifeng Li, ; Lynn Htet Htet Aung,
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Aranda-Rivera AK, Ortega-Lozano AJ, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Mendoza-Hoffmann F. Lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in HPV-related cancers. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:226-236. [PMID: 34129929 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPVs) are associated with the development of cervical, anus, vagina, vulva, penis, and oropharynx cancer. HR-HPVs target and modify the function of different cell biomolecules such as glucose, amino acids, lipids, among others. The latter induce cell proliferation, cell death evasion, and genomic instability resulting in cell transformation. Moreover, lipids are essential biomolecules in HR-HPVs infection and cell vesicular trafficking. They are also critical in producing cellular energy, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, and therapy resistance of HPV-related cancers. HPV proteins induce oxidative stress (OS), which in turn promotes lipid peroxidation and cell damage, resulting in cell death such as apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. HR-HPV-related cancer cells cope with OS and lipid peroxidation, preventing cell death; however, these cells are sensitized by OS, which could be used as a target for redox therapies to induce their elimination. This review focuses on the role of lipids in HR-HPV infection and HPV-related cancer development, maintenance, resistance to therapy, and the possible treatments associated with lipids. Furthermore, we emphasize the significant role of OS in lipid peroxidation to induce cell death through apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis to eliminate HPV-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Laboratorio F-225, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Ariadna Jazmin Ortega-Lozano
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Mendoza-Hoffmann
- IHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, China; Laboratorio F-206, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Preci DP, Almeida A, Weiler AL, Mukai Franciosi ML, Cardoso AM. Oxidative damage and antioxidants in cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2020; 31:265-271. [PMID: 33109527 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2020-001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cervical cancer is related to oxidative damage caused by persistent infection by one of the oncogenic types of human papillomavirus (HPV). This damage comes from oxidative stress, which is the imbalance caused by the increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and impaired antioxidant mechanisms, promoting tumor progression through metabolic processes. The incorporation of HPV into the cellular genome leads to the expression of oncoproteins, which are associated with chronic inflammation and increased production of reactive oxygen species, oxidizing proteins, lipids and DNA. The increase in these parameters is related, in general, to the reduction of circulating levels of enzymatic antioxidants-superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase; and non-enzymatic antioxidants-reduced glutathione, coenzyme Q10 and vitamins A, C and E, according to tumor staging. In contrast, some enzymatic antioxidants suffer upregulation in the tumor tissue as a way of adapting to the oxidative environment generated by themselves, such as glutathione-S-transferase, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase 2, induced nitric oxide synthase, peroxiredoxins 1, 3 and 6, and thioredoxin reductase 2. The decrease in the expression and activity of certain circulatory antioxidants and increasing the redox status of the tumor cells are thus key to cervical carcinoma prognosis. In addition, vitamin deficit is considered a possible modifiable risk factor by supplementation, since the cellular functions can have a protective effect on the development of cervical cancer. In this review, we will discuss the impact of oxidative damage on cervical cancer progression, as well as the main oxidative markers and therapeutic potentialities of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daciele Paola Preci
- Medicine Course, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Angélica Almeida
- Medicine Course, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Anne Liss Weiler
- Medicine Course, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Franconi R, Massa S, Paolini F, Vici P, Venuti A. Plant-Derived Natural Compounds in Genetic Vaccination and Therapy for HPV-Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113101. [PMID: 33114220 PMCID: PMC7690868 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary DNA vaccination represents a useful approach for human papillomavirus (HPV) cancer therapy. The therapeutic potential of plant-based natural compounds for control of HPV- associated cancers has been also widely explored. Genetic vaccines for HPV-associated tumors that include plant protein-encoding gene sequences, used alone or in combinations with plant metabolites, are being investigated but are still in their infancy. Main focus of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of novel therapeutic strategies employing genetic vaccines along with plant-derived compounds and genes. We highlight the importance of multimodality treatment regimen such as combining immunotherapy with plant-derived agents. Abstract Antigen-specific immunotherapy and, in particular, DNA vaccination provides an established approach for tackling human papillomavirus (HPV) cancers at different stages. DNA vaccines are stable and have a cost-effective production. Their intrinsic low immunogenicity has been improved by several strategies with some success, including fusion of HPV antigens with plant gene sequences. Another approach for the control of HPV cancers is the use of natural immunomodulatory agents like those derived from plants, that are able to interfere in carcinogenesis by modulating many different cellular pathways and, in some instances, to reduce chemo- and radiotherapy resistance of tumors. Indeed, plant-derived compounds represent, in many cases, an abundantly available, cost-effective source of molecules that can be either harvested directly in nature or obtained from plant cell cultures. In this review, an overview of the most relevant data reported in literature on the use of plant natural compounds and genetic vaccines that include plant-derived sequences against HPV tumors is provided. The purpose is also to highlight the still under-explored potential of multimodal treatments implying DNA vaccination along with plant-derived agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Franconi
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Department for Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, 00123 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.F.); (S.M.); Tel.: +39-06-3048-4482 (R.F.); +39-06-3048-4052 (S.M.)
| | - Silvia Massa
- Division of Biotechnology and Agroindustry, Department for Sustainability, ENEA, 00123 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.F.); (S.M.); Tel.: +39-06-3048-4482 (R.F.); +39-06-3048-4052 (S.M.)
| | - Francesca Paolini
- HPV-UNIT—UOSD Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Patrizia Vici
- Division of Medical Oncology B, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Aldo Venuti
- HPV-UNIT—UOSD Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (A.V.)
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Ebrahimi S, Soltani A, Hashemy SI. Oxidative stress in cervical cancer pathogenesis and resistance to therapy. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:6868-6877. [PMID: 30426530 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common cancers among females, and it is most notable in developing countries. The exact etiology of CC is poorly understood; but, smoking, oral contraceptives, immunosuppression, and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) may increase the risk of CC. There is also an association between CC and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is caused by a disturbed oxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to an excessive generation of free radicals, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS), and subsequently to biological damages. Thus, redox enzymatic and nonenzymatic regulators are required to maintain the redox homeostasis. Dysregulated antioxidants system and the pathogenic role of oxidative stress in CC have been investigated in several clinical and preclinical studies. In this study, we reviewed studies that have addressed the cross-talk between oxidative stress and CC pathogenesis and resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Soltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Approaches and Methods to Measure Oxidative Stress in Clinical Samples: Research Applications in the Cancer Field. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1279250. [PMID: 30992736 PMCID: PMC6434272 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1279250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are common by-products of normal aerobic cellular metabolism and play important physiological roles in intracellular cell signaling and homeostasis. The human body is equipped with antioxidant systems to regulate the levels of these free radicals and maintain proper physiological function. However, a condition known as oxidative stress (OS) occurs, when ROS overwhelm the body's ability to readily detoxify them. Excessive amounts of free radicals generated under OS conditions cause oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, severely compromising cell health and contributing to disease development, including cancer. Biomarkers of OS can therefore be exploited as important tools in the assessment of disease status in humans. In the present review, we discuss different approaches used for the evaluation of OS in clinical samples. The described methods are limited in their ability to reflect on OS only partially, revealing the need of more integrative approaches examining both pro- and antioxidant reactions with higher sensitivity to physiological/pathological alternations. We also provide an overview of recent findings of OS in patients with different types of cancer. Identification of OS biomarkers in clinical samples of cancer patients and defining their roles in carcinogenesis hold great promise in promoting the development of targeted therapeutic approaches and diagnostic strategies assessing disease status. However, considerable data variability across laboratories makes it difficult to draw general conclusions on the significance of these OS biomarkers. To our knowledge, no adequate comparison has yet been performed between different biomarkers and the methodologies used to measure them, making it difficult to conduct a meta-analysis of findings from different groups. A critical evaluation and adaptation of proposed methodologies available in the literature should therefore be undertaken, to enable the investigators to choose the most suitable procedure for each chosen biomarker.
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Georgescu SR, Mitran CI, Mitran MI, Caruntu C, Sarbu MI, Matei C, Nicolae I, Tocut SM, Popa MI, Tampa M. New Insights in the Pathogenesis of HPV Infection and the Associated Carcinogenic Processes: The Role of Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5315816. [PMID: 30225270 PMCID: PMC6129847 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5315816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small double-stranded DNA virus with tropism for epithelial cells. To this date, over 150 genotypes are known and are classified into two major groups, low-risk and high-risk strains, depending on the ability of the virus to induce malignant transformation. The host's immunity plays a central role in the course of the infection; therefore, it may not be clinically manifest or may produce various benign or malignant lesions. The pathogenic mechanisms are complex and incompletely elucidated. Recent research suggests the role of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) in the pathogenesis of HPV infection and the associated carcinogenic processes. Chronic inflammation induces OS, which in turn promotes the perpetuation of the inflammatory process resulting in the release of numerous molecules which cause cell damage. Reactive oxygen species exert a harmful effect on proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Viral oncogenes E5, E6, and E7 are involved in the development of chronic inflammation through various mechanisms. In addition, HPV may interfere with redox homeostasis of host cells, inducing OS which may be involved in the persistence of the infection and play a certain role in viral integration and promotion of carcinogenesis. Knowledge regarding the interplay between chronic inflammation and OS in the pathogenesis of HPV infection and HPV-induced carcinogenesis has important consequences on the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Roxana Georgescu
- “Victor Babes” Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 281 Mihai Bravu, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Iulia Mitran
- “Victor Babes” Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 281 Mihai Bravu, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Irina Mitran
- “Victor Babes” Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 281 Mihai Bravu, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- “Prof. N. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 22-24 Gr. Manolescu, Bucharest 011233, Romania
| | - Maria Isabela Sarbu
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Clara Matei
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ilinca Nicolae
- “Victor Babes” Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 281 Mihai Bravu, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Mircea Ioan Popa
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- “Cantacuzino” National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea Tampa
- “Victor Babes” Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 281 Mihai Bravu, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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Jelić M, Mandić A, Kladar N, Sudji J, Božin B, Srdjenović B. Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidative Defense and Level of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in Cervical Cancer Patients. J Med Biochem 2018; 37:336-345. [PMID: 30598631 PMCID: PMC6298469 DOI: 10.1515/jomb-2017-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress has been associated with cervical cancer. Our aim was to examine lipid peroxidation and the extent of oxidative stress in women diagnosed with different stages of cervical cancer in order to evaluate its potential role in the evolution of cancer. Methods We measured the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, activities of antioxidative enzymes and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in 153 subjects. Enzymatic activity as well as TBARS concentration were measured spectrophotometrically, while 8-OHdG was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PPatients were categorized: group II H-SIL; group III FIGO Ia-Ib and group IV FIGO IIa-IV. Results Our results showed highly significant increase in the level of lipid peroxidation in group IV when com pared to the control group, group II and group III (p<0.001). Activity of superoxide dismutase was also significantly higher in group IV when compared to control group (p<0.01), group II (p<0.01) and group III (p<0.05). Activity of catalase was also significantly higher in group IV when compared to control group (p<0.005), group II (p<0.005) and group III (p<0.05). Activity of glutathione-S-transferase was also significantly higher in group IV when compared to control group (p<0.05), group II (p<0.05) and group III (p<0.05). Activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase showed no significant differences among the groups. Level of 8-OHdG was significantly higher in group IV than in the other groups (p<0.01). Conclusions It can be concluded that oxidative stress is possibly involved in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer, demonstrated by increased lipid peroxidation and an altered antioxidant defense system and higher levels of 8-OHdG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Jelić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Aljoša Mandić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Kladar
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jan Sudji
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Biljana Božin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, Serbia
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11
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Manzo-Merino J, Lizano M. Cellular redox, cancer and human papillomavirus. Virus Res 2018; 246:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Camporeale G, Lorenzo JR, Thomas MG, Salvatierra E, Borkosky SS, Risso MG, Sánchez IE, de Prat Gay G, Alonso LG. Degenerate cysteine patterns mediate two redox sensing mechanisms in the papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein. Redox Biol 2016; 11:38-50. [PMID: 27863297 PMCID: PMC5278158 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus induces deregulation of cellular redox homeostasis. Virus replication and papillomavirus-induced cell transformation require persistent expression of viral oncoproteins E7 and E6 that must retain their functionality in a persistent oxidative environment. Here, we dissected the molecular mechanisms by which E7 oncoprotein can sense and manage the potentially harmful oxidative environment of the papillomavirus-infected cell. The carboxy terminal domain of E7 protein from most of the 79 papillomavirus viral types of alpha genus, which encloses all the tumorigenic viral types, is a cysteine rich domain that contains two classes of cysteines: strictly conserved low reactive Zn+2 binding and degenerate reactive cysteine residues that can sense reactive oxygen species (ROS). Based on experimental data obtained from E7 proteins from the prototypical viral types 16, 18 and 11, we identified a couple of low pKa nucleophilic cysteines that can form a disulfide bridge upon the exposure to ROS and regulate the cytoplasm to nucleus transport. From sequence analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction of redox sensing states we propose that reactive cysteine acquisition through evolution leads to three separate E7s protein families that differ in the ROS sensing mechanism: non ROS-sensitive E7s; ROS-sensitive E7s using only a single or multiple reactive cysteine sensing mechanisms and ROS-sensitive E7s using a reactive-resolutive cysteine couple sensing mechanism. Transforming protein ROS-sensing. Reactive cysteine acquisition through evolution. Redox-switching mechanism. Papillomavirus-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Camporeale
- Protein Structure-Function and Engineering Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan R Lorenzo
- ULB-Neuroscience Institute, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Maria G Thomas
- RNA Cell Biology Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Salvatierra
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Fundación Instituto Leloir-CONICET and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia S Borkosky
- Protein Structure-Function and Engineering Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marikena G Risso
- Protein Structure-Function and Engineering Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio E Sánchez
- Protein Physiology Laboratory, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo de Prat Gay
- Protein Structure-Function and Engineering Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Leonardo G Alonso
- Protein Structure-Function and Engineering Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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13
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The Role of Natural Polyphenols in the Prevention and Treatment of Cervical Cancer-An Overview. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081055. [PMID: 27548122 PMCID: PMC6274328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer represents the second leading cause of death for women worldwide. The importance of the diet and its impact on specific types of neoplasia has been highlighted, focusing again interest in the analysis of dietary phytochemicals. Polyphenols have shown a wide range of cellular effects: they may prevent carcinogens from reaching the targeted sites, support detoxification of reactive molecules, improve the elimination of transformed cells, increase the immune surveillance and the most important factor is that they can influence tumor suppressors and inhibit cellular proliferation, interfering in this way with the steps of carcinogenesis. From the studies reviewed in this paper, it is clear that certain dietary polyphenols hold great potential in the prevention and therapy of cervical cancer, because they interfere in carcinogenesis (in the initiation, development and progression) by modulating the critical processes of cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. Specifically, polyphenols inhibit the proliferation of HPV cells, through induction of apoptosis, growth arrest, inhibition of DNA synthesis and modulation of signal transduction pathways. The effects of combinations of polyphenols with chemotherapy and radiotherapy used in the treatment of cervical cancer showed results in the resistance of cervical tumor cells to chemo- and radiotherapy, one of the main problems in the treatment of cervical neoplasia that can lead to failure of the treatment because of the decreased efficiency of the therapy.
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14
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Marullo R, Werner E, Zhang H, Chen GZ, Shin DM, Doetsch PW. HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins induce a chronic oxidative stress response via NOX2 that causes genomic instability and increased susceptibility to DNA damage in head and neck cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1397-406. [PMID: 26354779 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of a subgroup of head and neck cancer characterized by an intrinsic radiosensitivity. HPV initiates cellular transformation through the activity of E6 and E7 proteins. E6 and E7 expression is necessary but not sufficient to transform the host cell, as genomic instability is required to acquire the malignant phenotype in HPV-initiated cells. This study reveals a key role played by oxidative stress in promoting genomic instability and radiosensitivity in HPV-positive head and neck cancer. By employing an isogenic human cell model, we observed that expression of E6 and E7 is sufficient to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in head and neck cancer cells. E6/E7-induced oxidative stress is mediated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOXs) and causes DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations. This mechanism for genomic instability distinguishes HPV-positive from HPV-negative tumors, as we observed NOX-induced oxidative stress in HPV-positive but not HPV-negative head and neck cancer cells. We identified NOX2 as the source of HPV-induced oxidative stress as NOX2 silencing significantly reduced ROS generation, DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations in HPV-positive cells. Due to their state of chronic oxidative stress, HPV-positive cells are more susceptible to DNA damage induced by ROS and ionizing radiation (IR). Furthermore, exposure to IR results in the formation of complex lesions in HPV-positive cells as indicated by the higher amount of chromosomal breakage observed in this group of cells. These results reveal a novel mechanism for sustaining genomic instability in HPV-positive head and neck tumors and elucidate its contribution to their intrinsic radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Marullo
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute
| | | | - Hongzheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute
| | - Georgia Z Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute
| | - Dong M Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute
| | - Paul W Doetsch
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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15
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Sarita P, Naga Raju GJ, Bhuloka Reddy S. Studies on changes in trace elemental content of serum of uterine cervix cancer patients using PIXE. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Pagano G, Aiello Talamanca A, Castello G, Cordero MD, d'Ischia M, Gadaleta MN, Pallardó FV, Petrović S, Tiano L, Zatterale A. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction across broad-ranging pathologies: toward mitochondria-targeted clinical strategies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:541230. [PMID: 24876913 PMCID: PMC4024404 DOI: 10.1155/2014/541230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Beyond the disorders recognized as mitochondrial diseases, abnormalities in function and/or ultrastructure of mitochondria have been reported in several unrelated pathologies. These encompass ageing, malformations, and a number of genetic or acquired diseases, as diabetes and cardiologic, haematologic, organ-specific (e.g., eye or liver), neurologic and psychiatric, autoimmune, and dermatologic disorders. The mechanistic grounds for mitochondrial dysfunction (MDF) along with the occurrence of oxidative stress (OS) have been investigated within the pathogenesis of individual disorders or in groups of interrelated disorders. We attempt to review broad-ranging pathologies that involve mitochondrial-specific deficiencies or rely on cytosol-derived prooxidant states or on autoimmune-induced mitochondrial damage. The established knowledge in these subjects warrants studies aimed at elucidating several open questions that are highlighted in the present review. The relevance of OS and MDF in different pathologies may establish the grounds for chemoprevention trials aimed at compensating OS/MDF by means of antioxidants and mitochondrial nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pagano
- Cancer Research Centre at Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Aiello Talamanca
- Cancer Research Centre at Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castello
- Cancer Research Centre at Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario D. Cordero
- Research Laboratory, Dental School, Sevilla University, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Nicola Gadaleta
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Petrović
- “Vinca” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11070 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Clinical and Dental Sciences, Polytechnical University of Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
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Li Z, Malla S, Shin B, Li JM. Battle against RNA oxidation: molecular mechanisms for reducing oxidized RNA to protect cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2013; 5:335-46. [PMID: 24375979 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation is probably the most common type of damage that occurs in cellular RNA. Oxidized RNA may be dysfunctional and is implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related human diseases. Cellular mechanisms controlling oxidized RNA have begun to be revealed. Currently, a number of ribonucleases and RNA-binding proteins have been shown to reduce oxidized RNA and to protect cells under oxidative stress. Although information about how these factors work is still very limited, we suggest several mechanisms that can be used to minimize oxidized RNA in various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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18
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Di Domenico F, Foppoli C, Coccia R, Perluigi M. Antioxidants in cervical cancer: Chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of polyphenols. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:737-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Feily A, Pazyar N. Why vitiligo is associated with fewer risk of skin cancer? Providing a molecular mechanism. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 303:623-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Role and predictive strength of transglutaminase type 2 expression in premalignant lesions of the cervix. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:855-65. [PMID: 21441900 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The demonstration that type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) can incorporate polyamine into the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 18 has led to the hypothesis that TG2 can have a role in the host cellular response to HPV infection. The aim of this study was to investigate whether HPV-related pathology, in infected human cervical epithelium, was associated with modulation of TG2 expression. Normal controls and HPV-infected cervical biopsies were analyzed for the expression of TG2, and the findings were compared with lesion grade. The correlation between TG2 expression and p16, a marker for HPV-induced dysplasia, and the retinoblastoma protein (Rb), a target of the E7 protein of HPV, was also investigated. Results obtained showed that TG2 was absent in normal squamous mucosa, whereas it was present in 100% CIN I lesions. Low-grade lesions showed significantly higher TG2 expression than high-grade lesions (P<0.0001). In 94% of CIN I more than 50% of the cells were positive for TG2, with a strong staining intensity (+3), whereas a decreased staining intensity and a low number of positive cells were found in CIN II/III. In CIN I cases, both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining were found in cells exhibiting classical morphological features of HPV infection. In addition, during progression from low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions to severe dysplasia, TG2 expression was inversely correlated with p16 (Pearson: -0.930), whereas a positive correlation was observed between the expression of TG2 and pRb (Pearson: 0.997). TG2 is expressed in HPV infection as an early phenomenon, not restricted to high-risk genotypes. TG2 upregulation is probably part of host cell reaction against HPV-induced tissue modification. It may act as a cellular antioxidant defense factor, playing an important role in counteracting oxidative damage in neoplastic disease.
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21
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Williams VM, Filippova M, Soto U, Duerksen-Hughes PJ. HPV-DNA integration and carcinogenesis: putative roles for inflammation and oxidative stress. Future Virol 2011; 6:45-57. [PMID: 21318095 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HPV-DNA integration into cellular chromatin is usually a necessary event in the pathogenesis of HPV-related cancer; however, the mechanism of integration has not been clearly defined. Breaks must be created in both the host DNA and in the circular viral episome for integration to occur, and studies have shown that viral integration is indeed increased by the induction of DNA double strand breaks. Inflammation generates reactive oxygen species, which in turn have the potential to create such DNA strand breaks. It is plausible that these breaks enable a greater frequency of HPV-DNA integration, and in this way contribute to carcinogenesis. Consistent with this idea, co-infections with certain sexually transmitted diseases cause cervical inflammation, and have also been identified as cofactors in the progression to cervical cancer. This article examines the idea that inflammation facilitates HPV-DNA integration into cellular chromatin through the generation of reactive oxygen species, thereby contributing to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vonetta M Williams
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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22
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Gariglio P, Gutiérrez J, Cortés E, Vázquez J. The role of retinoid deficiency and estrogens as cofactors in cervical cancer. Arch Med Res 2010; 40:449-65. [PMID: PMID: 19853185 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) is involved in cervical cancer (CC), a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Infection occurs primarily at the transformation zone (TZ), the most estrogen- and retinoid-sensitive region of the cervix. Development of CC affects a small percentage of HR-HPV-infected women and often takes decades after infection, suggesting that HR-HPV is a necessary but not sufficient cause of CC. Thus, other cofactors are necessary for progression from cervical HR-HPV infection to cancer such as long-term use of hormonal contraceptives, multiparity, smoking, as well as micronutrient depletion and in particular retinoid deficiency, which alters epithelial differentiation, cellular growth and apoptosis of malignant cells. Therefore, early detection of HR-HPV and management of precancerous lesions together with a profound understanding of additional risk factors could be a strategy to avoid this disease. In this review we focus on the synergic effect of estrogens, retinoid deficiency and HR-HPVs in the development of CC. These risk factors may act in concert to induce neoplastic transformation in squamous epithelium of the cervix, setting the stage for secondary genetic or epigenetic events leading to cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Gariglio
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav-IPN, México D.F., México.
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Hydatidiform mole co-existing with cervical cancer: case report and review of literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 146:108-9. [PMID: 19570602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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