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Catalanotto M, Vaz JM, Abshire C, Youngblood R, Chu M, Levine H, Jolly MK, Dragoi AM. Dual role of CASP8AP2/FLASH in regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition plasticity (EMP). Transl Oncol 2024; 39:101837. [PMID: 37984255 PMCID: PMC10689956 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental program that consists of the loss of epithelial features concomitant with the acquisition of mesenchymal features. Activation of EMT in cancer facilitates the acquisition of aggressive traits and cancer invasion. EMT plasticity (EMP), the dynamic transition between multiple hybrid states in which cancer cells display both epithelial and mesenchymal markers, confers survival advantages for cancer cells in constantly changing environments during metastasis. METHODS RNAseq analysis was performed to assess genome-wide transcriptional changes in cancer cells depleted for histone regulators FLASH, NPAT, and SLBP. Quantitative PCR and Western blot were used for the detection of mRNA and protein levels. Computational analysis was performed on distinct sets of genes to determine the epithelial and mesenchymal score in cancer cells and to correlate FLASH expression with EMT markers in the CCLE collection. RESULTS We demonstrate that loss of FLASH in cancer cells gives rise to a hybrid E/M phenotype with high epithelial scores even in the presence of TGFβ, as determined by computational methods using expression of predetermined sets of epithelial and mesenchymal genes. Multiple genes involved in cell-cell junction formation are similarly specifically upregulated in FLASH-depleted cells, suggesting that FLASH acts as a repressor of the epithelial phenotype. Further, FLASH expression in cancer lines is inversely correlated with the epithelial score. Nonetheless, subsets of mesenchymal markers were distinctly up-regulated in FLASH, NPAT, or SLBP-depleted cells. CONCLUSIONS The ZEB1low/SNAILhigh/E-cadherinhigh phenotype described in FLASH-depleted cancer cells is driving a hybrid E/M phenotype in which epithelial and mesenchymal markers coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Markus Vaz
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Reneau Youngblood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Min Chu
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, INLET Core, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ana-Maria Dragoi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, INLET Core, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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Wu Q, Peng M, Lv C, Chen L, Mao X, Lin T, Sun P, Wang Y. Claudin-6 enhances the malignant progression of gestational trophoblastic neoplasm by promoting proliferation and metastasis. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:1114-1123. [PMID: 36471225 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-03021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Choriocarcinoma (CC) is a rare and highly malignant epithelial tumour. However, the mechanism underlying its occurrence and development remains unknown. We aimed to reveal the biological significance and prognostic value of Claudin-6 (CLDN6) in gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). PATIENTS AND METHODS We collected clinical GTD specimens from 2011 to 2019 and measured CLDN6 gene expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). High-throughput mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed a GTD progression-associated gene. CCK-8, wound healing, and flow cytometry assays were used to assess the biological effects of CLDN6 overexpression and knockdown. The medical records of 118 GTD patients from 2011 to 2019 were retrospectively analysed to identify correlations between CLDN6 expression and GTD patient clinical-pathological parameters; these correlations were analysed using the chi-square test and one-way ANOVA. Univariate logistic regression was used to analyse various prognostic parameters of patients with post-molar GTN. RESULTS CLDN6 had the second highest fold change in gene expression between GTN and normal samples. CLDN6 was highly expressed in GTN tissues and CC cell lines, and silencing CLDN6 inhibited the proliferation and migration and promoted the apoptosis of CC cells. CLDN6 overexpression was significantly correlated with uterine size (p = 0.01) and ovarian cysts > 6 cm (p = 0.027), CLDN6 expression was significantly higher in HR-GTNs than in low-risk GTNs (LR-GTNs) (p = 0.008), and logistic regression analysis showed that CLDN6 expression in hydatidiform moles (HMs) was related to a high risk of developing post-molar GTN (OR = 2.393, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION We propose that CLDN6 participates in the development of GTD and may become a new therapeutic target for CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meilian Peng
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyu Lv
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Mao
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Critical Diseases Research, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianfu Lin
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengming Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Critical Diseases Research, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Dong Y, Jin Q, Sun M, Qi D, Qu H, Wang X, Quan C. CLDN6 inhibits breast cancer metastasis through WIP-dependent actin cytoskeleton-mediated autophagy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:68. [PMID: 36935496 PMCID: PMC10026481 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a breast cancer suppressor gene, CLDN6 overexpression was found to inhibit breast cancer metastasis in our previous studies, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the role and mechanism of CLDN6 in inhibiting breast cancer metastasis. METHODS Western blot, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy were performed to detect autophagy. Wound healing, transwell assays and lung metastasis mouse models were used to examine breast cancer metastasis. Phalloidin staining and immunofluorescent staining were used to observe actin cytoskeleton. mRNA seq, RT-PCR, western blot, chromatin immunoprecipitation, dual luciferase reporter assay, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were performed to define the molecular mechanism. The expression levels and clinical implication of CLDN6, WIP and LC3 in breast cancer tissues were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We demonstrated that CLDN6 inhibited breast cancer metastasis through autophagy in vitro and vivo. We unraveled a novel mechanism that CLDN6 regulated autophagy via WIP-dependent actin cytoskeleton assembly. Through its PDZ-binding motif, overexpressed CLDN6 interacted with JNK and upregulated JNK/c-Jun pathway. C-Jun promoted WIP expression at the transcriptional level. Notably, we observed c-Jun transcriptionally upregulated CLDN6 expression, and there was a positive feedback loop between CLDN6 and JNK/c-Jun. Finally, we found that CLDN6, WIP and LC3 expression correlated with each other, and WIP expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis of breast cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS The data provide a new insight into the inhibitory effects of CLDN6-mediated autophagy on breast cancer metastasis, and revealed the new mechanism of CLDN6 regulating autophagy through WIP-dependent actin cytoskeleton. Our findings enrich the theoretical basis for CLDN6 as a potential biomarker for breast cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Qiu Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Minghao Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Da Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Huinan Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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Wang DW, Zhang WH, Danil G, Yang K, Hu JK. The role and mechanism of claudins in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1051497. [PMID: 36620607 PMCID: PMC9818346 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1051497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are a tetraspan membrane protein multigene family that plays a structural and functional role in constructing tight junctions. Claudins perform crucial roles in maintaining cell polarity in epithelial and endothelial cell sheets and controlling paracellular permeability. In the last two decades, increasing evidence indicates that claudin proteins play a major role in controlling paracellular permeability and signaling inside cells. Several types of claudins are dysregulated in various cancers. Depending on where the tumor originated, claudin overexpression or underexpression has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell growth, metabolism, metastasis and cell stemness. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is one of the most important functions of claudin proteins in disease progression. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that explain why claudin proteins are so important to tumorigenesis and progression have not been determined. In addition, claudins are currently being investigated as possible diagnostic and treatment targets. Here, we discuss how claudin-related signaling pathways affect tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and treatment sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Wen Wang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Han Zhang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Galiullin Danil
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Central Research Laboratory, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Kun Yang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Kun Hu
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Jian-Kun Hu,
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Yadav R, Kumar Y, Dahiya D, Bhatia A. Claudins: The Newly Emerging Targets in Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2022; 22:737-752. [PMID: 36175290 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Claudin-low breast cancers are recently described entities showing low expression of certain claudins and cell adhesion molecules. Claudins constitute the backbone of tight junctions (TJs) formed between 2 cells. Their dysregulation plays a vital role in tumorigenesis. First part of the article focuses on the role of claudins in the TJ organization, their structural-functional characteristics, and post-transcriptional and translational modifications. The latter part of the review attempts to summarize existing knowledge regarding the status of claudins in breast cancer. The article also provides an overview of the effect of claudins on tumor progression, metastasis, stemness, chemotherapy resistance, and their crosstalk with relevant signaling pathways in breast cancer. Claudins can act as 2-edged swords in tumors. Some claudins have either tumor-suppressive/ promoting action, while others work as both in a context-dependent manner. Claudins regulate many important events in breast cancer. However, the intricacies involved in their activity are poorly understood. Post-translational modifications in claudins and their impact on TJ integrity, function, and tumor behavior are still unclear. Although their role in adverse events in breast cancer is recognized, their potential to serve as relevant targets for future therapeutics, especially for difficult-to-treat subtypes of the above malignancy, remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Yadav
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Divya Dahiya
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Knockdown of CLAUDIN-6 Inhibited Apoptosis and Induced Proliferation of Bovine Cumulus Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113222. [PMID: 36362009 PMCID: PMC9656489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of CLAUDIN-6 (CLDN6) on cell apoptosis and proliferation of bovine cumulus cells (CCs). Immunofluorescence staining was used to localize CLDN6 protein in CCs. Three pairs of siRNA targeting CLDN6 and one pair of siRNA universal negative sequence as control were transfected into bovine CCs. Then, the effective siRNA was screened by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting. The mRNA expression levels of apoptosis related genes (CASPASE-3, BAX and BCL-2) and proliferation related genes (PCNA, CDC42 and CCND2) were evaluated by RT-qPCR in CCs with CLDN6 knockdown. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry with CCK-8 staining, Annexin V-FITC staining and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Results showed that the CLDN6 gene was expressed in bovine CCs and the protein was localized in cell membranes and cytoplasms. After CLDN6 was knocked down in CCs, the cell apoptosis rate significantly decreased and the pro-apoptotic genes BAX and CASPASE-3 were down-regulated significantly, whereas the anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2 was markedly up-regulated (p < 0.05). Additionally, CLDN6 knockdown significantly enhanced cell proliferation of CCs at 72 h after siRNA transfection. The mRNA levels of proliferation-related genes PCNA, CCND2 and CDC42 increased obviously in CCs with CLDN6 knockdown (p < 0.05). After CLDN6 was down-regulated, the percentage of CCs at S phase was significantly increased (p < 0.05). However, there was no remarkable difference in the percentages of cells at the G0/G1 phase and G2/M phase between CCs with or without CLDN6 knockdown (p > 0.05). Therefore, the expression of CLDN6 and its effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle of bovine CCs were first studied. CLDN6 low expression inhibited cell apoptosis, induced cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest of bovine CCs.
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Qu H, Wang M, Wang M, Liu Y, Quan C. The expression and the tumor suppressor role of CLDN6 in colon cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2883-2893. [PMID: 35701678 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a member of the tight junction family, CLDN6 is a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, but its role in colon cancer is unknown. In this research, we aimed at revealing the function of CLDN6 in colon cancer. We found that colon cancer tissues lowly expressed CLDN6, and the expression of CLDN6 was negatively correlated with lymph node metastasis. Similarly, CLDN6 was lowly expressed in the colon cancer cell line SW1116, and overexpression of CLDN6 inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, the migration and invasion abilities of cells were significantly inhibited after CLDN6 overexpression. In addition, we demonstrated that CLDN6 may inhibit the migration and invasion abilities by activating the TYK2/STAT3 pathway. Therefore, our data indicated that CLDN6 acted as a tumor suppressor and had the potential to be regarded as a biomarker for the progression of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Qu H, Qi D, Wang X, Dong Y, Jin Q, Wei J, Quan C. CLDN6 Suppresses c-MYC-Mediated Aerobic Glycolysis to Inhibit Proliferation by TAZ in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010129. [PMID: 35008557 PMCID: PMC8745066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin 6 (CLDN6) was found to be a breast cancer suppressor gene, which is lowly expressed in breast cancer and inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation upon overexpression. However, the mechanism by which CLDN6 inhibits breast cancer proliferation is unclear. Here, we investigated this issue and elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which CLDN6 inhibits breast cancer proliferation. First, we verified that CLDN6 was lowly expressed in breast cancer tissues and that patients with lower CLDN6 expression had a worse prognosis. Next, we confirmed that CLDN6 inhibited breast cancer proliferation through in vitro and in vivo experiments. As for the mechanism, we found that CLDN6 inhibited c-MYC-mediated aerobic glycolysis based on a metabolomic analysis of CLDN6 affecting cellular lactate levels. CLDN6 interacted with a transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) and reduced the level of TAZ, thereby suppressing c-MYC transcription, which led to a reduction in glucose uptake and lactate production. Considered together, our results suggested that CLDN6 suppressed c-MYC-mediated aerobic glycolysis to inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer by TAZ, which indicated that CLDN6 acted as a novel regulator of aerobic glycolysis and provided a theoretical basis for CLDN6 as a biomarker of progression in breast cancer.
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Qu H, Jin Q, Quan C. CLDN6: From Traditional Barrier Function to Emerging Roles in Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413416. [PMID: 34948213 PMCID: PMC8705207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins (CLDNs) are the most important tight junction proteins, which are mainly expressed in endothelial cells or epithelial cells in a tissue-specific manner. As a member of the CLDNs family, CLDN6 is highly expressed in fetal tissues such as the stomach, pancreas, lung, and kidney, but is not expressed in corresponding adult tissues. The expression of CLDN6 is regulated by a variety of factors, including but not limited to stimuli and transcription factors, DNA methylation, and post-translational modifications. CLDN6 has been found to have a key role in the formation of barriers, especially the lung epithelial barrier and the epidermal permeability barrier (EPB). Importantly, the roles of CLDN6 in cancers have gained focus and are being investigated in recent years. Strong evidence indicates that the altered expression of CLDN6 is linked to the development of various cancers. Malignant phenotypes of tumors affected by CLDN6 include proliferation and apoptosis, migration and invasion, and drug resistance, which are regulated by CLDN6-mediated key signaling pathways. Given the important role in tumors and its low or no expression in normal tissues, CLDN6 is an ideal target for tumor therapy. This review aims to provide an overview of the structure and regulation of CLDN6, and its traditional barrier function, with a special emphasis on its emerging roles in cancers, including its impact on the malignant phenotypes, signal-modulating effects, the prognosis of tumor patients, and clinical applications in cancers.
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Lu Y, Dang Q, Bo Y, Su X, Wang L, Sun J, Wei J, Quan C, Li Y. The Expression of CLDN6 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tissue and the Effects of CLDN6 on Biological Phenotypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. J Cancer 2021; 12:5454-5463. [PMID: 34405008 PMCID: PMC8364659 DOI: 10.7150/jca.55727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CLDN6, a member of claudin (CLDN) family, was found to be a breast cancer suppressor gene in our early experiments. However, CLDN6 was highly expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (hHCC) (TCGA database), and the role of CLDN6 in hHCC is still unclear. To investigate the expression of CLDN6, immunohistochemical staining was performed in hHCC tissues. As a result, hHCC tissues highly expressed CLDN6, and the expression was related to the degree of tumor's differentiation. To research the role of CLDN6 in hHCC cells, CLDN6 was silenced in HepG2 and Hep3B cells which highly expressed CLDN6 through liposome transfection. Results showed that after silencing of CLDN6, the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of hHCC cells were inhibited. Meanwhile, the expression of E-cadherin was upregulated, and the expression of N-cadherin and Vimentin was downregulated. All the results above indicated that CLDN6 promoted the development of hHCC, and could be a potential target for the treatment of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.,The Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihua Dang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Bo
- The Department of Pathology, Jilin Provincial Cancer Hospital, 1018 Huguang Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejin Su
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyuan Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanru Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
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11
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Lee O, Bosland MC, Wang M, Shidfar A, Hosseini O, Xuei X, Patel P, Schipma MJ, Helenowski I, Kim JJ, Clare SE, Khan SA. Selective progesterone receptor blockade prevents BRCA1-associated mouse mammary tumors through modulation of epithelial and stromal genes. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:255-266. [PMID: 34329741 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological approaches to breast cancer risk-reduction for BRCA1 mutation carriers would provide an alternative to mastectomy. BRCA1-deficiency dysregulates progesterone signaling, promoting tumorigenesis. Selective progesterone receptor (PR) modulators (SPRMs) are therefore candidate prevention agents. However, their efficacy varies in different BRCA1-deficient mouse models. We examined chemopreventive efficacy of telapristone acetate (TPA), ulipristal acetate (UPA) and mifepristone (MFP) in mice with a conditional knockout of the Brca1 C-terminal domain. The SPRMs displayed a spectrum of efficacy: UPA was most effective, TPA less, and MFP ineffective. Compared to no-treatment controls, UPA reduced tumorigenesis (p = 0.04), and increased tumor latency (p = 0.03). In benign mammary glands, UPA decreased Ki67 (p < 0.001) and increased PR expression (p < 0.0001). RNA sequencing analysis revealed distinct gene expression in response to UPA and MFP. UPA downregulated glycolysis and extracellular matrix-inflammation genes (Fn1, Ptgs2, Tgfb2, Tgfb3) whereas MFP downregulated claudin genes and upregulated amino acid metabolism and inflammation genes. The anti-glucocorticoid effects of MFP appeared not to be tumor-protective, while altering estrogen receptor signaling and NF-kB activation. Our study points to an important role of epithelial PR and its paracrine action on the microenvironment in BRCA1-deficient mammary tumorigenesis, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oukseub Lee
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Maarten C Bosland
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Minhua Wang
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ali Shidfar
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Omid Hosseini
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- The Center for Medical Genomics, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Priyam Patel
- Quantitative Data Science Core, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew J Schipma
- Quantitative Data Science Core, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irene Helenowski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Julie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan E Clare
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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12
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Du H, Yang X, Fan J, Du X. Claudin 6: Therapeutic prospects for tumours, and mechanisms of expression and regulation (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:677. [PMID: 34296304 PMCID: PMC8335585 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are an important component of cell connectivity; they maintain cell polarity, permeability and adhesion, and participate in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. The claudin (CLDN) family is integral to TJs, and CLDN6 is an important member of this family. Abnormal expression of CLDN6 can destroy the integrity of TJs through various mechanisms and can serve multiple roles in the occurrence and development of tumours. CLDN6 is widely expressed in various tumours but rarely expressed in healthy adult tissues. The aim of this review is to critically examine the recent literature on CLDN6, including its structure, expression in different tumours, regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic prospects. Although some conclusions are controversial, in certain tumours, such as liver, ovarian, endometrial and oesophageal cancer, and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours, research consistently shows that CLDN6 is expressed in tumour tissues but is not expressed or is expressed at low levels in surrounding tissues. In these tumours, CLDN6 has potential as a carcinoembryonic antigen and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Du
- Department of Oncology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
| | - Xiyue Yang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Jinjia Fan
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Du
- Department of Oncology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
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Yang A, Yang X, Wang J, Wang X, Wu H, Fan L, Li H, Li J. Effects of the Tight Junction Protein CLDN6 on Cell Migration and Invasion in High-Grade Meningioma. World Neurosurg 2021; 151:e208-e216. [PMID: 33862296 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningioma is a common tumor of the central nervous system, and malignant meningioma is highly aggressive and frequently recurs after surgical resection. Claudin 6 (CLDN6) is involved in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and plays a role in maintaining tight junctions between cells and obstructing the movement of cells to neighboring tissues. METHODS In the present study, we evaluated the effect of tight junction protein CLDN6 expression levels on meningioma invasiveness using silencing and overexpression constructs in both in vitro and in vivo models. The expression of CLDN6 at the mRNA and protein levels was measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays. RESULTS We found that CLDN6 was expressed at higher levels in normal meningeal tissue and cell samples. Next, vectors with silenced and overexpressed CLDN6 were successfully established, and the expression of CLDN6 mRNA and protein in the IOMM-Lee and CH157-MN cell lines was downregulated after transfection with siRNA-CLDN6 and upregulated by transfection of the entire CLDN6 sequence vector. An in vitro assay revealed that abrogation of CLDN6 expression added to the capacity for tumor migration and invasion relative to the overexpression of CLDN6. In addition to the in vitro evidence, we observed a significant increase in tumor growth and invasion-associated gene expression, including matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, vimentin, and N-cadherin, after silencing CLDN6 expression in vivo. CONCLUSIONS CLDN6 might play an important role in meningioma migration and invasion and, thus, might serve as a novel diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker and as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqiang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Jianqiu Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Hegang Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Jiangtao Li
- Central Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China.
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14
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Claudins: New Players in Human Fertility and Reproductive System Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030711. [PMID: 32197343 PMCID: PMC7140004 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are major integral proteins of tight junctions (TJs), the apical cell-cell adhesions that enable maintaining polarity of epithelial cells, their differentiation, and cell signaling. A number of studies have indicated that claudins might play a crucial role in both physiology and pathogenesis. Their tissue-specific expression was originally linked to the development of different types of cancer and triggered a hope to use them as diagnostic or prognostic markers. However, it seems that their expression is more complex than that, and undoubtedly, claudins participate in one of the most important molecular events in cells. This review summarizes the recent research evaluating the role of claudins in fertility and the most common endocrine-dependent cancers in the reproductive system and highlights the crucial role of claudins both in human fertility and the most common cancers.
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15
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Song P, Li Y, Dong Y, Liang Y, Qu H, Qi D, Lu Y, Jin X, Guo Y, Jia Y, Wang X, Xu W, Quan C. Estrogen receptor β inhibits breast cancer cells migration and invasion through CLDN6-mediated autophagy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:354. [PMID: 31412908 PMCID: PMC6694553 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) has been reported to play an anti-cancer role in breast cancer, but the regulatory mechanism by which ERβ exerts this effect is not clear. Claudin-6 (CLDN6), a tight junction protein, acts as a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer. Our previous studies have found that 17β-estradiol (E2) induces CLDN6 expression and inhibits MCF-7 cell migration and invasion, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of ERβ in this process and the regulatory mechanisms involved. Methods Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot were used to characterize the effect of E2 on the expression of CLDN6 in breast cancer cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were carried out to confirm the interaction between ERβ and CLDN6. Dual luciferase reporter assays were used to detect the regulatory role of ERβ on the promoter activity of CLDN6. Wound healing and Transwell assays were used to examine the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Western blot, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to detect autophagy. Xenograft mouse models were used to explore the regulatory effect of the CLDN6-beclin1 axis on breast cancer metastasis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect ERβ/CLDN6/beclin1 expression in breast cancer patient samples. Results Here, E2 upregulated the expression of CLDN6, which was mediated by ERβ. ERβ regulated CLDN6 expression at the transcriptional level. ERβ inhibited the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells through CLDN6. Interestingly, this effect was associated with CLDN6-induced autophagy. CLDN6 positively regulated the expression of beclin1, which is a key regulator of autophagy. Beclin1 knockdown reversed CLDN6-induced autophagy and the inhibitory effect of CLDN6 on breast cancer metastasis. Moreover, ERβ and CLDN6 were positively correlated, and the expression of CLDN6 was positively correlated with beclin1 in breast cancer tissues. Conclusion Overall, this is the first study to demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of ERβ on the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells was mediated by CLDN6, which induced the beclin1-dependent autophagic cascade. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1359-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiye Song
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yanru Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yingying Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Huinan Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Da Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangshu Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yantong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yiyang Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Wenhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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Cherradi S, Martineau P, Gongora C, Del Rio M. Claudin gene expression profiles and clinical value in colorectal tumors classified according to their molecular subtype. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:1337-1348. [PMID: 30863148 PMCID: PMC6389001 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s188192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease that can be classified into distinct molecular subtypes. The aims of this study were 1) to compare claudin (CLDN) gene expression in CRC samples and normal colon mucosa, and then in the different CRC molecular subtypes, and 2) to assess their prognostic value. Patients and methods CLDN expression in CRC samples was analyzed using gene expression data for a cohort of 143 primary CRC samples, and compared in the same CRC samples classified into different molecular subtypes (C1 to C6 according to the Marisa's classification, and CMS1 to CMS4 of the consensus classification). Comparison of CLDN expression in normal and tumor colon samples was also made on a smaller number of samples. Then, the relationship between CLDN expression profiles and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival was examined. Results Compared with normal mucosa, CLDN1 and CLDN2 were upregulated, whereas CLDN5, 7, 8, and 23 were downregulated in CRC samples. Variations in CLDN expression profiles were observed mainly in the CMS2/C1 and CMS4/C4 subtypes. Overall, expression of CLDN2 or CLDN4 alone had a strong prognostic value that increased when they were associated. In the CMS4/C4 subtypes, lower expressions of CLDN11, CLDN12, and CLDN23 were associated with longer OS. Conversely, in the CMS2 and C1 subtypes, low CLDN23 expression was associated with shorter OS and progression-free survival, suggesting a dual role for CLDN23 as a tumor suppressor/promoter in CRC. CLDN6 and CLDN11 had a prognostic value in the CMS2 and C4 subtypes, respectively. Conclusion This analysis of CLDN gene expression profiles and prognostic value in CRC samples classified according to their molecular subtype shows that CRC heterogeneity must be taken into account when assessing CLDN potential value as prognostic markers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cherradi
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France,
| | - Pierre Martineau
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France,
| | - Céline Gongora
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France,
| | - Maguy Del Rio
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France,
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Okui N, Kamata Y, Sagawa Y, Kuhara A, Hayashi K, Uwagawa T, Homma S, Yanaga K. Claudin 7 as a possible novel molecular target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2019; 19:88-96. [PMID: 30416041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Pancreatic cancer consists of various subpopulations of cells, some of which have aggressive proliferative properties. The molecules responsible for the aggressive proliferation of pancreatic cancer may become molecular targets for the therapies against pancreatic cancer. METHODS From a human pancreatic cancer cell line, MIA PaCa-2, MIA PaCa-2-A cells with an epithelial morphology and MIA PaCa-2-R cells with a non-epithelial morphology were clonogenically isolated by the limiting dilution method. Gene expression of these subpopulations was analyzed by DNA microarray. Gene knockdown was performed using siRNA. RESULTS Although the MIA PaCa-2-A and MIA PaCa-2-R cells displayed the same DNA short tandem repeat (STR) pattern identical to that of the parental MIA PaCa-2 cells, the MIA PaCa-2-A cells were more proliferative than the MIA PaCa-2-R cells both in culture and in tumor xenografts generated in immunodeficient mice. Furthermore, the MIA PaCa-2-A cells were more resistant to gemcitabine than the MIA PaCa-2-R cells. DNA microarray analysis revealed a high expression of claudin (CLDN) 7 in the MIA PaCa-2-A cells, as opposed to a low expression in the MIA PaCa-2-R cells. The knockdown of CLDN7 in the MIA PaCa-2-A cells induced a marked inhibition of proliferation. The MIA PaCa-2-A cells in which CLDN7 was knocked down exhibited a decreased expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-Erk)1/2 and G1 cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSIONS CLDN7 may be expressed in the rapidly proliferating and dominant cell population in human pancreatic cancer tissues and may be a novel molecular target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimitsu Okui
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kamata
- Division of Oncology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sagawa
- Division of Oncology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kuhara
- Division of Oncology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hayashi
- Division of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uwagawa
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sadamu Homma
- Division of Oncology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Yanaga
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhang X, Wang H, Li Q, Liu Y, Zhao P, Li T. Differences in the expression profiles of claudin proteins in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma compared with non-neoplastic mucosa. Diagn Pathol 2018; 13:11. [PMID: 29402318 PMCID: PMC5800018 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-018-0685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have suggested that claudin proteins, which are the main components of tight junction structures, are related to the regulation of cell polarity and cell differentiation. Method To explore the expression profiles of the tight junction proteins claudin-2, − 5, − 8 and − 9 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, IHC (immunohistochemical analysis), Western blot and real-time PCR were used to detect the expression profiles of these claudin proteins in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues and in non-neoplastic mucosal tissues. Results According to our study, the expression levels of claudin-2 and claudin-5 were reduced, while the expression of claudin-8 was increased in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues in comparison with non-neoplastic mucosal tissues. Correlations between claudin-2 and -5 expression and metastatic progression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients were also found. Conclusion In summary, our research reveals distinct expression profiles of claudin-2, − 5 and − 8 in non-neoplastic mucosal tissues and nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues. In addition, the expression of these claudin proteins was highly correlated with metastatic progression and prognosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and had predictive value for the metastasis and survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine; Department of Spinal Surgery, Central Hospital of Zibo, Affiliated with Shandong University, Gongqingtuan Road 54Hao, Zibo, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haiming Wang
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Affiliated with Binzhou Medical College, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Central Hospital of Zibo, Affiliated with Shandong University, Zibo, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Peiqing Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine; Department of Spinal Surgery, Central Hospital of Zibo, Affiliated with Shandong University, Gongqingtuan Road 54Hao, Zibo, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tao Li
- Center for Translational Medicine; Department of Spinal Surgery, Central Hospital of Zibo, Affiliated with Shandong University, Gongqingtuan Road 54Hao, Zibo, Shandong Province, China.
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Yang M, Li Y, Ruan Y, Lu Y, Lin D, Xie Y, Dong B, Dang Q, Quan C. CLDN6 enhances chemoresistance to ADM via AF-6/ERKs pathway in TNBC cell line MDAMB231. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 443:169-180. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Zhang B, Zhang H, Zhou M, Wei M, Dong Q, Xu Y, Wang Z, Gao L, Qu Y, Shi B, Zhu J, Yin Y, Chen Y, Sun L, Zhang W, Xu S, Ying G, Wang C. Claudin-3 expression increases the malignant potential of lung adenocarcinoma cells: role of epidermal growth factor receptor activation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23033-23047. [PMID: 28160565 PMCID: PMC5410283 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are essential for the formation and maintenance of tight junctions (TJ). The altered expression of claudin proteins has been described in a variety of malignancies. However, the alteration of these proteins in lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) are poorly understood. Therefore, we report, based on the protein expression analysis of a total of 275 patient samples, that claudin-3 (CLDN3) expression is significantly increased in ADC tissues and is associated with cancer progression, correlating significantly with the poor survival of ADC patients (p=0.041&0.029). More importantly, forcing CLDN3 expression in ADC cells without endogenous CLDN3 expression resulted in significant increases in the cell proliferation, anchorage-dependent growth, migration and drug-resistance. In addition, epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathway modulates the expression of claudins in a number of solid tumors. However, the mechanism of tight junction regulation by EGF in ADC remains unclear. To investigate this mechanisms, ADC cell lines were treated with EGF and its inhibitor. EGF unregulated CLDN3 expression via the MEK/ERK or PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and was required for the maintenance of baseline CLDN3 expression. Furthermore, downregulation of CLDN3 expression in ADC cell was found to prevent the EGF-induced increase in cell proliferation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a novel role of CLDN3 overexpression in promoting the malignant potential of lung adenocarcinoma. This function is potentially regulated by the EGF-activated MEK/ERK and PI3K-Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianmin Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Mei Wei
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Qiuping Dong
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Zhaosong Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Liuwei Gao
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yanjun Qu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Bowen Shi
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yuesong Yin
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Shilei Xu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Guoguang Ying
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Changli Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
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Lu Y, Wang L, Li H, Li Y, Ruan Y, Lin D, Yang M, Jin X, Guo Y, Zhang X, Quan C. SMAD2 Inactivation Inhibits CLDN6 Methylation to Suppress Migration and Invasion of Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091863. [PMID: 28867761 PMCID: PMC5618512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The downregulation of tight junction protein CLDN6 promotes breast cancer cell migration and invasion; however, the exact mechanism underlying CLDN6 downregulation remains unclear. CLDN6 silence is associated with DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) mediated DNA methylation, and DNMT1 is regulated by the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)/SMAD pathway. Therefore, we hypothesized that TGFβ/SMAD pathway, specifically SMAD2, may play a critical role for CLDN6 downregulation through DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) mediated DNA methylation. To test this hypothesis, we blocked the SMAD2 pathway with SB431542 in two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and SKBR-3). Our results showed that treatment with SB431542 led to a decrease of DNMT1 expression and the binding activity for CLDN6 promoter. The methylation level of CLDN6 promoter was decreased, and simultaneously CLDN6 protein expression increased. Upregulation of CLDN6 inhibited epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and reduced the migration and invasion ability of both MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells. Furthermore, knocked down of CLDN6 abolished SB431542 effects on suppression of EMT associated gene expression and inhibition of migration and invasion. Thus, we demonstrated that the downregulation of CLDN6 is regulated through promoter methylation by DNMT1, which depends on the SMAD2 pathway, and that CLDN6 is a key regulator in the SMAD2/DNMT1/CLDN6 pathway to inhibit EMT, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Liping Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
- Clinical Pathology Research Center, Department of Pathobiology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihaer 161006, China.
| | - Hairi Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA.
| | - Yanru Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yang Ruan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Dongjing Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Minlan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Xiangshu Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yantong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Lin D, Guo Y, Li Y, Ruan Y, Zhang M, Jin X, Yang M, Lu Y, Song P, Zhao S, Dong B, Xie Y, Dang Q, Quan C. Bioinformatic analysis reveals potential properties of human Claudin-6 regulation and functions. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:875-885. [PMID: 28656265 PMCID: PMC5561977 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin-6 (CLDN6) is an integral component of the tight junction proteins in polarized epithelial and endothelial cells and plays a crucial role in maintaining cell integrity. Deregulation of CLDN6 expression and distribution in tumor tissues have been widely documented and correlated with cancer progression and metastasis. However, a complete mechanistic understanding of CLDN6 regulation and function remains to be studied. Herein, we show new potential properties of CLDN6 regulation and functions from bioinformatics analysis. Using numerous algorithms to characterize the CLDN6 gene promoter elements and the CLDN6 protein structure, physio-chemical and localization properties, and its evolutionary relationships. CLDN6 is regulated by a diverse set of transcription factors (SP1, SPR, AML-1a, CdxA, CRE-BP and CREB) and associated with the levels of methylation of CpG islands in promoters. The structural properties of CLDN6 indicate that it promotes cancer cell behavior via the ASK1-p38/JNK MAPK secretory signaling pathway. In conclusion, this information from bioinformatics analysis will help future attempts to better understand CLDN6 regulation and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjing Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yaxiong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yanru Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Ruan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Mingzi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangshu Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Minlan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Peiye Song
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Bing Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yinping Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Qihua Dang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
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Singh AB, Uppada SB, Dhawan P. Claudin proteins, outside-in signaling, and carcinogenesis. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:69-75. [PMID: 27988840 PMCID: PMC6166644 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Environment affects an individual's development and disease risk which then suggest that the environmental cues must have ways of reaching to the cellular nuclei to orchestrate desired genetic changes. Polarized and differentiated epithelial cells join together by cell-cell adhesions to create a protective sheet which separates body's internal milieu from its environment, albeit in highly regulated manner. Among these cell-cell adhesions, a key role of tight junction, the apical cell-cell adhesion, in maintaining epithelial cell polarity and differentiation is well recognized. Moreover, significant changes in expression and cellular distribution of claudin proteins, integral component of the tight junction, characterize pathophysiological changes including neoplastic growth and progression. Studies have further confirmed existence of complex claudin-based interactomes and demonstrated that changes in such protein partnering can influence barrier integrity and communication between a cell and its environment to produce undesired outcome. Cell signaling is the process by which cells respond to their environment to make dynamic decisions to live, grow and proliferate, or die. Thus, pivotal role of the deregulated tight junction structure/function in influencing cellular signaling cascades to alter cellular phenotype can be envisaged, however, is not well understood. Needless to mention that advanced knowledge in this area can help improve therapeutic considerations and preventive measures. Here, we discuss potential role of the tight junction in the regulation of "outside-in" signaling to regulate cancer growth, with specific focus upon the claudin family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar B Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
- Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA.
- Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA.
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24
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Jimenez FR, Lewis JB, Belgique ST, Milner DC, Lewis AL, Dunaway TM, Egbert KM, Winden DR, Arroyo JA, Reynolds PR. Cigarette smoke and decreased oxygen tension inhibit pulmonary claudin-6 expression. Exp Lung Res 2016; 42:440-452. [PMID: 27982694 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2016.1261309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a condition involving perturbed barrier integrity coincident with both emphysema and inflammation of the airways, and smoking is considered a major risk factor. Claudins (Cldns) stabilize barriers and contribute to tight junctions by preventing paracellular transport of extracellular fluid constituents. METHODS To determine Cldn6 was differentially influenced by tobacco smoke, Cldn6 was evaluated in cells and tissues by q-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry following exposure. Cldn6 transcriptional regulation was also assessed using luciferase reporter constructs. RESULTS Q-PCR and immunoblotting revealed that Cldn6 was decreased in alveolar type II-like epithelial cells (A549) and primary small airway epithelial cells when exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Cldn6 was also markedly decreased in the lungs of mice exposed to acute tobacco smoke delivered by a nose-only automated smoke machine compared to controls. Luciferase reporter assays incorporating 0.5-kb, 1.0-kb, or 2.0-kb of the Cldn6 promoter revealed decreased transcription of Cldn6 following exposure to CSE. Cldn6 transcriptional regulation was also assessed in hypoxic conditions due to low oxygen tension observed during smoking. Hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha caused decreased transcription of the Cldn6 gene via interactions with putative response elements in the proximal promoter sequence. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal that tight junctional proteins such as Cldn6 are differentially regulated by tobacco-smoke exposure and that Cldns are potentially targeted when epithelial cells respond to tobacco smoke. Further research may show that Cldns expressed in tight junctions between parenchymal cells contribute to impaired structural integrity of the lung coincident with smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix R Jimenez
- a Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Josh B Lewis
- a Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Samuel T Belgique
- a Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Dallin C Milner
- a Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Adam L Lewis
- a Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Todd M Dunaway
- a Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Kaleb M Egbert
- a Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Duane R Winden
- b College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences-South Jordan Campus , South Jordan , Utah , USA
| | - Juan A Arroyo
- a Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Paul R Reynolds
- a Lung and Placenta Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
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25
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Liu Y, Jin X, Li Y, Ruan Y, Lu Y, Yang M, Lin D, Song P, Guo Y, Zhao S, Dong B, Xie Y, Dang Q, Quan C. DNA methylation of claudin-6 promotes breast cancer cell migration and invasion by recruiting MeCP2 and deacetylating H3Ac and H4Ac. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:120. [PMID: 27461117 PMCID: PMC4962420 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Claudin-6 (CLDN6), a member of claudin transmembrane protein family, has recently been reported to be undetectable or at low levels in human breast cancer cell lines and tissues and plays a role in suppression of migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. In addition, it is reported that CLDN6 expression is regulated by DNA methylation in various human cancers and cell lines. However, it is unclear how DNA methylation regulates CLDN6 expression. Here we show the mechanism by which DNA methylation regulates CLDN6 expression in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Methods RT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescent staining were utilized to investigate CLDN6 expression in breast cancer tissues and MCF-7 cells. Methylation-Specific PCR (MSP) was applied to determine DNA methylation status in CLDN6 gene promoter region. Wound-healing assay and invasion assay were utilized to test mobility of MCF-7 cells treated with 5-aza-dC (DNA methyltransferase inhibitor). MeCP2 binding, H3Ac and H4Ac in CLDN6 promoter region were analyzed by ChIP assay. Nuclease accessibility assay was performed for analysis of the chromatin conformation of CLDN6 gene. To study the role of CLDN6 in malignant progression, we used RNAi to knockdown CLDN6 expression in MCF-7 cells treated with 5-aza-dC, and examined the mobility of MCF-7 cells by wound-healing assay and invasion assay. Results 5-aza-dC and TSA (histone deacetylase inhibitor) application induced CLDN6 expression in MCF-7 cells respectively and synergistically. 5-aza-dC treatment induced CLDN6 demethylation, inhibited MeCP2 binding to CLDN6 promoter and increased H3Ac and H4Ac in the promoter. In addition, TSA increased H4Ac, not H3Ac in the promoter. The chromatin structure of CLDN6 gene became looser than the control group after treating with 5-aza-dC in MCF-7 cells. 5-aza-dC up-regulated CLDN6 expression and suppressed migration and invasion in MCF-7 cells, whereas CLDN6 silence restored tumor malignance in MCF-7 cells. Conclusions DNA methylation down-regulates CLDN6 expression through MeCP2 binding to the CLDN6 promoter, deacetylating H3 and H4, and altering chromatin structure, consequently promoting migratory and invasive phenotype in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.,Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Xiangshu Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yanru Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yang Ruan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Minlan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Dongjing Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Peiye Song
- The Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yantong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Bing Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yinping Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Qihua Dang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
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GUO YAXIONG, LIN DONGJING, ZHANG MINGZI, ZHANG XIAOWEI, LI YANRU, YANG RUAN, LU YAN, JIN XIANGSHU, YANG MINLAN, WANG MIAOMIAO, ZHAO SHUAI, QUAN CHENGSHI. CLDN6-induced apoptosis via regulating ASK1-p38/JNK signaling in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:2435-44. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Wang Q, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Han ZG, Shan L. Low claudin-6 expression correlates with poor prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:1971-7. [PMID: 26261421 PMCID: PMC4527519 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s85478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Claudins are found in junctional complexes mediating cell adhesion and are involved in the attachment of tight junctions to the underlying cytoskeleton. Abnormal claudin-6 expression has been observed for a variety of malignant solid tumors, but the expression of claudin-6 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not yet been characterized. Methods Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and western blot analysis were used to quantify claudin-6 expression in 123 cases of NSCLC and non-cancerous adjacent tissue. We analyzed the relationship between claudin-6 expression and clinicopathological features of NSCLC. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to analyze postoperative survival rates, and the log-rank test was used to assess differences in survival rates. The Cox regression model was used to perform multivariate analysis. Results Claudin-6 expression was low for 61 of 123 (49.6%) NSCLC tissue samples and for 33 of 123 (26.8%) normal adjacent tissue samples. RT-PCR and western blot analyses confirmed the immunohistochemistry results. Claudin-6 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis (P<0.001) and TNM stage (P=0.007). Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that patients with low claudin-6 expression had significantly lower survival rates than those with high claudin-6 expression. Multivariate analysis suggested that low claudin-6 expression was an independent indicator of prognosis in NSCLC patients. Conclusion Low claudin-6 expression is an independent prognostic biomarker that indicates a worse prognosis in patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Han
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Shan
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Ma X, Miao H, Jing B, Pan Q, Zhang H, Chen Y, Zhang D, Liang Z, Wen Z, Li M. Claudin-4 controls the proliferation, apoptosis, migration and in vivo growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:681-90. [PMID: 26058359 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the expression of claudin-4 is upregulated in breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role and the regulation of claudin-4 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. For the in vitro experiments, MCF-7 cells were treated with recombinant vectors carrying cDNA for claudin-4 overexpression or short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) for claudin-4 silencing. Cell proliferation was determined by an MTT assay and cell migration ability was measured by a wound-healing assay. The cell cycle profile and apoptotic rate were analyzed using flow cytometry. The effect of methylation status on claudin-4 expression was determined by PCR and western blotting. For the in vivo tumorigenesis analysis, MCF-7 cells with or without claudin-4 silencing were transplanted into nude mice. In vivo cell growth was evaluated 14 days after transplantation. We found that claudin-4 overexpression increased MCF-7 cell proliferation and migration, and reduced the rate of cell apoptosis. Silencing of claudin-4 induced the opposite effects in MCF-7 cells. In addition, claudin-4 expression was upregulated by demethylation. Moreover, the size of tumor formation was reduced in nude mice transplanted with claudin-4 silenced MCF-7 cells. These observations suggested that claudin-4, which was regulated by methylation status, plays an important role in breast cancer growth and malignancy via the control of cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotang Ma
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Huilai Miao
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Baoguo Jing
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Qunwen Pan
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Huiting Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Zhongzeng Liang
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Zhili Wen
- Affiliated Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, P.R. China
| | - Mingyi Li
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
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Tight junction protein claudin-6 inhibits growth and induces the apoptosis of cervical carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Med Oncol 2015; 32:148. [PMID: 25822939 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Claudin-6, a member of claudin family integral membrane proteins, has recently been reported to be a tumor suppressor for breast cancer. However, whether it plays a role in other types of cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we showed that the expression of claudin-6 is down-regulated in cervical carcinoma tissues as revealed by immunohistochemistry. Through over-expressing claudin-6 in HeLa and C33A cervical carcinoma cells, we found that claudin-6 is localized at plasma membrane and it increases transepithelial electrical resistance of the cells. Gain of claudin-6 expression suppresses cell proliferation, colony formation in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. The effects are accompanied and potentially caused by promotion of tumor cell apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that claudin-6 may function as a tumor suppressor and loss of claudin-6 contributes to enhanced tumorigenic properties of cervical carcinoma cells.
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Heerma van Voss MR, van Diest PJ, Smolders YHCM, Bart J, van der Wall E, van der Groep P. Distinct claudin expression characterizes BRCA1-related breast cancer. Histopathology 2014; 65:814-27. [PMID: 25041042 DOI: 10.1111/his.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Members of the claudin family are involved in cancer progression and are differentially expressed in subtypes of breast cancer. Breast cancers in BRCA1 germ line mutation carriers have distinct clinicopathological characteristics. Biomarkers that discriminate between BRCA1-related and sporadic breast cancer cases are needed to improve early identification of mutation carriers. In this study we evaluated protein expression of five major claudins in BRCA1-related breast cancers in comparison with sporadic controls. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty breast cancers in BRCA1 mutation carriers and 40 age-matched sporadic breast cancers were immunohistochemically stained for claudins 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7. Total intratumoural expression levels were compared to those in the surrounding normal tissue. In addition, subcellular claudin expression was scored. Higher overexpression rates were observed for all five claudins in BRCA1-related breast cancers when compared to sporadic controls. In multivariate analysis, overexpression of claudin 3, 4, and 7 was mainly dependent on ER-status, whereas overexpression of claudin 6 and high membranous expression of claudin 1 were independent of other characteristics. CONCLUSIONS BRCA1-related breast cancers are characterized by frequent overexpression of claudins. Especially claudin 1 and 6 expression may help to discriminate mutation carriers from sporadic breast cancer cases.
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31
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Jimenez FR, Lewis JB, Belgique ST, Wood TT, Reynolds PR. Developmental lung expression and transcriptional regulation of claudin-6 by TTF-1, Gata-6, and FoxA2. Respir Res 2014; 15:70. [PMID: 24970044 PMCID: PMC4082679 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Claudins are transmembrane proteins expressed in tight junctions that prevent paracellular transport of extracellular fluid and a variety of other substances. However, the expression profile of Claudin-6 (Cldn6) in the developing lung has not been characterized. Methods and results Cldn6 expression was determined during important periods of lung organogenesis by microarray analysis, qPCR and immunofluorescence. Expression patterns were confirmed to peak at E12.5 and diminish as lung development progressed. Immunofluorescence revealed that Cldn6 was detected in cells that also express TTF-1 and FoxA2, two critical transcriptional regulators of pulmonary branching morphogenesis. Cldn6 was also observed in cells that express Sox2 and Sox9, factors that influence cell differentiation in the proximal and distal lung, respectively. In order to assess transcriptional control of Cldn6, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0-kb of the proximal murine Cldn6 promoter was ligated into a luciferase reporter and co-transfected with expression vectors for TTF-1 or two of its important transcriptional co-regulators, FoxA2 and Gata-6. In almost every instance, TTF-1, FoxA2, and Gata-6 activated gene transcription in cell lines characteristic of proximal airway epithelium (Beas2B) and distal alveolar epithelium (A-549). Conclusions These data revealed for the first time that Cldn6 might be an important tight junctional component expressed by pulmonary epithelium during lung organogenesis. Furthermore, Cldn6-mediated aspects of cell differentiation may describe mechanisms of lung perturbation coincident with impaired cell junctions and abnormal membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul R Reynolds
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, 3054 Life Sciences Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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Estrogen-responsive genes overlap with triiodothyronine-responsive genes in a breast carcinoma cell line. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:969404. [PMID: 24587767 PMCID: PMC3920670 DOI: 10.1155/2014/969404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well established that estrogen plays an important role in the progression and treatment of breast cancer. However, the role of triiodothyronine (T₃) remains controversial. We have previously shown its capacity to stimulate the development of positive estrogen receptor breast carcinoma, induce the expression of genes (PR, TGF-alpha) normally stimulated by estradiol (E₂), and suppress genes (TGF-beta) normally inhibited by E₂. Since T₃ regulates growth hormones, metabolism, and differentiation, it is important to verify its action on other genes normally induced by E₂. Therefore, we used DNA microarrays to compare gene expression patterns in MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells treated with E₂ and T₃. Several genes were modulated by both E₂ and T₃ in MCF-7 cells (Student's t-test, P < 0.05). Specifically, we found eight genes that were differentially expressed after treatment with both E₂ and T₃, including amphiregulin, fibulin 1, claudin 6, pericentriolar material 1, premature ovarian failure 1B, factor for adipocyte differentiation-104, sterile alpha motif domain containing 9, and likely ortholog of rat vacuole membrane protein 1 (fold change > 2.0, pFDR < 0.05). We confirmed our microarray results by real-time PCR. Our findings reveal that certain genes in MCF-7 cells can be regulated by both E₂ and T₃.
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Clinicopathologic significance of claudin-6, occludin, and matrix metalloproteinases -2 expression in ovarian carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:190. [PMID: 24245968 PMCID: PMC3866569 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tight junctions (TJs) are mainly composed of claudins, occludin, and tight junction adhesion molecules (JAM). The invasive and metastatic phenotype of highly invasive cancer cells has been related to abnormal structure and function of TJs, and with expression of activated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The relevance of these mechanisms responsible for the invasion and metastasis of ovarian carcinoma is unclear. Similarly, it is not known if the expression of claudin-6, occludin and MMP2 is related with the clinical properties of these tumors. Methods Expression of claudin-6, occludin, and MMP2 was detected in samples of human ovarian cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry and correlated with the clinical properties of the tumors. Results The positive expression rates of claudin-6 and MMP-2 were higher in ovarian papillary serous carcinomas than n ovarian serous adenomas (P < 0.05). There were no differences in the expression of occludin (P > 0.05). The expression of claudin-6 and occludin in ovarian cancer was not correlated with patient age, pathological grade, clinical stage, and metastasis (P > 0.05). MMP-2 expression was enhanced with increased clinical stage and metastasis (P < 0.05), but was unrelated to patient age or tumor grade (P > 0.05). There were no apparent correlations between expression of claudin-6, occludin and MMP-2 in ovarian cancer tissue (P > 0.05). Conclusions Our data suggest, for the first time, that the claudin-6 and MMP-2 are up-regulated in ovarian papillary serous carcinomas, MMP-2 expression was enhanced with increased clinical stage and metastasis. Claudin-6 and MMP-2 may play a positive role in the invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1775628454106511.
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Ding L, Lu Z, Lu Q, Chen YH. The claudin family of proteins in human malignancy: a clinical perspective. Cancer Manag Res 2013; 5:367-75. [PMID: 24232410 PMCID: PMC3825674 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s38294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions, or zonula occludens, are the most apical component of the junctional complex and provide one form of cell-cell adhesion in epithelial and endothelial cells. Nearly 90% of malignant tumors are derived from the epithelium. Loss of cell-cell adhesion is one of the steps in the progression of cancer to metastasis. At least three main tight junction family proteins have been discovered: occludin, claudin, and junctional adhesion molecule (JAM). Claudins are the most important structural and functional components of tight junction integral membrane proteins, with at least 24 members in mammals. They are crucial for the paracellular flux of ions and small molecules. Overexpression or downregulation of claudins is frequently observed in epithelial-derived cancers. However, molecular mechanisms by which claudins affect tumorigenesis remain largely unknown. As the pivotal proteins in epithelial cells, altered expression and distribution of different claudins have been reported in a wide variety of human malignancies, including pancreatic, colonic, lung, ovarian, thyroid, prostate, esophageal, and breast cancers. In this review, we will give the readers an overall picture of the changes in claudin expression observed in various cancers and their mechanisms of regulation. Downregulation of claudins contributes to epithelial transformation by increasing the paracellular permeability of nutrients and growth factors to cancerous cells. In the cases of upregulation of claudin expression, the barrier function of the cancerous epithelia changes, as they often display a disorganized arrangement of tight junction strands with increased permeability to paracellular markers. Finally, we will summarize the literature suggesting that claudins may become useful biomarkers for cancer detection and diagnosis as well as possible therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Ren Y, Wu Q, Liu Y, Xu X, Quan C. Gene silencing of claudin‑6 enhances cell proliferation and migration accompanied with increased MMP‑2 activity via p38 MAPK signaling pathway in human breast epithelium cell line HBL‑100. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1505-10. [PMID: 24026616 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption or loss of tight junction structure and function is associated with tumor growth, invasion and metastasis in tumors of human epithelial origin. Since claudin is the most important backbone protein of tight junctions, the downregulation or loss of claudin expression is hypothesized to be important for tumor development and metastasis. In the current study, RNA interference (RNAi) was used to knock down the expression of claudin‑6 to investigate the effect of claudin‑6 downregulation on the malignant phenotype in the human breast epithelium cell line HBL‑100. The junctional function was investigated by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance across the confluent epithelial cell layer. Manual cell counting and wound healing assays were performed to examine cell proliferation and migration. Changes in matrix metalloproteinase‑2 (MMP‑2) expression and activity were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR) and gelatin zymography. The expression of p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphorylated p38 MAPK were measured by western blot analysis. Claudin‑6 knockdown resulted in significantly lower transepithelial electrical resistance (P<0.001), higher growth rate (P<0.001) and migratory ability (P<0.001) accompanied with an increased MMP‑2 expression and activity (P<0.001). Furthermore, a decreased expression of phosphorylated p38 MAPK (P<0.001) was detected in HBL‑100 cells. These observations support the hypothesis that a decreased expression of claudin‑6 contributes to the malignant progression of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Kwon MJ. Emerging roles of claudins in human cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18148-80. [PMID: 24009024 PMCID: PMC3794774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins are major integral membrane proteins of tight junctions. Altered expression of several claudin proteins, in particular claudin-1, -3, -4 and -7, has been linked to the development of various cancers. Although their dysregulation in cancer suggests that claudins play a role in tumorigenesis, the exact underlying mechanism remains unclear. The involvement of claudins in tumor progression was suggested by their important role in the migration, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells in a tissue-dependent manner. Recent studies have shown that they play a role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), the formation of cancer stem cells or tumor-initiating cells (CSCs/TICs), and chemoresistance, suggesting that claudins are promising targets for the treatment of chemoresistant and recurrent tumors. A recently identified claudin-low breast cancer subtype that is characterized by the enrichment of EMT and stem cell-like features is significantly associated with disease recurrence, underscoring the importance of claudins as predictors of tumor recurrence. The critical role of epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of claudin expression indicates the possible application of epigenetic therapy to target claudins. A better understanding of the emerging role of claudins in CSC/TICs and chemoresistance may help to develop therapies against recurrent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jeong Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
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Owens MB, Hill AD, Hopkins AM. Ductal barriers in mammary epithelium. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e25933. [PMID: 24665412 PMCID: PMC3783220 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.25933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue barriers play an integral role in the biology and pathobiology of mammary ductal epithelium. In normal breast physiology, tight and adherens junctions undergo dynamic changes in permeability in response to hormonal and other stimuli, while several of their proteins are directly involved in mammary tumorigenesis. This review describes first the structure of mammary ductal epithelial barriers and their role in normal mammary development, examining the cyclical changes in response to puberty, pregnancy, lactation and involution. It then examines the role of adherens and tight junctions and the participation of their constituent proteins in mammary tumorigenic functions such as migration, invasion and metastasis. Finally, it discusses the potential of these adhesion proteins as both prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Owens
- Department of Surgery; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arnold Dk Hill
- Department of Surgery; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann M Hopkins
- Department of Surgery; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin, Ireland
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Lin Z, Zhang X, Liu Z, Liu Q, Wang L, Lu Y, Liu Y, Wang M, Yang M, Jin X, Quan C. The distinct expression patterns of claudin-2, -6, and -11 between human gastric neoplasms and adjacent non-neoplastic tissues. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:133. [PMID: 23919729 PMCID: PMC3751254 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancers have a multifactorial etiology a part of which is genetic. Recent data indicate that expression of the tight junction claudin proteins is involved in the etiology and progression of cancer. Methods To explore the correlations of the tight junction proteins claudin-2,-6, and −11 in the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of gastric cancer, 40 gastric cancer tissues and 28 samples of non-neoplastic tissues adjacent to the tumors were examined for expression of claudin-2,-6, and −11 by streptavidin-perosidase immunohistochemical staining method. Results The positive expression rates of claudin-2 in gastric cancer tissues and adjacent tissues were 25% and 68% respectively (P < 0.001). The positive expression rates of claudin-6 in gastric cancer tissues and adjacent tissues were 55% and 79% respectively (P = 0.045 < 0.05). In contrast, the positive expression rates of claudin-11 in gastric cancer tissues and gastric cancer adjacent tissues were 80% and 46% (P = 0.004 < 0.01). Thus in our study, the expression of claudin-2, and claudin-6 was down regulated in gastric cancer tissue while the expression of claudin-11 was up regulated. Correlations between claudin expression and clinical behavior were not observed. Conclusion Our study provides the first evidence that claudin-2,-6, and −11 protein expression varies between human gastric cancers and adjacent non-neoplastic tissues. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here:
http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/5470513569630744
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lin
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Immunologic and chemical targeting of the tight-junction protein Claudin-6 eliminates tumorigenic human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1992. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Regulation of Tight Junctions for Therapeutic Advantages. CANCER METASTASIS - BIOLOGY AND TREATMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6028-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Lal-Nag M, Battis M, Santin AD, Morin PJ. Claudin-6: a novel receptor for CPE-mediated cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e33. [PMID: 23552466 PMCID: PMC3511677 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are integral tight junction proteins that are responsible for maintaining the integrity of epithelial cell architecture and cell polarity. Claudin-3 and -4 are overexpressed in several cancers and have been shown to act as receptors for the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), a toxin that causes rapid cell lysis. CPE has demonstrated effectiveness in treating several different cancers in mouse models, provided that these cancers express claudin-3 or claudin-4. Here, we show that claudin-3/4 expression is not an absolute requirement for CPE action and, through overexpression and knockdown experiments, we identify claudin-6 as a novel functional receptor for CPE. Indeed, UCI-101, an ovarian cancer cell line highly sensitive to CPE, does not express claudin-3/4 and knockdown of claudin-6 in these cells decreases CPE sensitivity. Moreover, two different ovarian cell lines that are resistant to the effects of CPE can be made sensitive through claudin-6 overexpression. Binding assays show that CPE can indeed bind claudin-6 in cells and that this binding is associated with CPE cytotoxicity. Multicellular tumor spheroids experiments demonstrate that claudin-6 can also be a target of CPE in three-dimensional cultures. Our data establish claudin-6 as a novel receptor for CPE and introduces the possibility of a novel targeted therapeutic for ovarian and other cancers that express claudin-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lal-Nag
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore MD, USA
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Guo Y, Xu X, Liu Z, Zhang T, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang M, Liu Y, Lu Y, Liu Y, Quan C. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 is associated with the effect of claudin-6 in breast cancer. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:111. [PMID: 22925655 PMCID: PMC3487933 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have demonstrated that claudin-6 functions as a cancer suppressor in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The growth inhibitory effect could be attributed to inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. The purpose of the current study was to examine the involvement of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) in the anticancer effect of claudin-6. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate the ASK1 protein expression and the correlation between ASK1, claudin-6 and clinicopathological features in 85 samples of breast invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC). Western blotting and RT-PCR was carried out to examine the expression of ASK1 and claudin-6 in MCF-7 cell clones transfected with claudin-6. Results Immunohistochemical analysis showed that ASK1 expression was significantly related with that of claudin-6 in breast invasive ductal carcinomas (P < 0.05). In addition, a positive correlation between ASK1 and C-erb B 2 protein expression was identified (P < 0.05). Western blotting and RT-PCR consistently revealed that the level of ASK1 protein and mRNA was upregulated in MCF-7 cell clones transfected with claudin-6. Conclusions Our data suggests, for the first time, that the ASK1 signal may play a positive role in the inhibitory effect of claudin-6 in breast cancer. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1200314318763661
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Beyuthune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Yao PL, Lin YC, Richburg JH. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) promotes invasion and migration of human testicular embryonal carcinoma cells. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:160, 1-10. [PMID: 22321834 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.097295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular dysgenesis syndrome refers to a collection of diseases in men, including testicular cancer, that arise as a result of abnormal testicular development. Phthalates are a class of chemicals used widely in the production of plastic products and other consumer goods. Unfortunately, phthalate exposure has been linked to reproductive dysfunction and has been shown to adversely affect normal germ cell development. In this study, we show that mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) induces matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) expression in testicular embryonal carcinoma NT2/D1 cells but has no significant effect on MMP9 expression. NT2/D1 cells also have higher levels of MYC expression following MEHP treatment. It is widely recognized that activation of MMP2 and MYC is tightly associated with tumor metastasis and tumor progression. Gelatin zymographic analysis indicates that MEHP strongly activates MMP2 in NT2/D1 cells. Addition of the MMP2-specific inhibitor SB-3CT inhibited MEHP-enhanced cell invasion and migration, demonstrating that MMP2 plays a functional role in promoting testicular embryonal carcinoma progression in response to MEHP exposure. Furthermore, we investigated genome-wide gene expression profiles of NT2/D1 cells following MEHP exposure at 0, 3, and 24 h. Microarray analysis and semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed that MEHP exposure primarily influenced genes in cell adhesion and transcription in NT2/D1 cells. Gap junction protein-alpha 1, vinculin, and inhibitor of DNA-binding protein-1 were significantly down-regulated by MEHP treatment, while claudin-6 and beta 1-catenin expression levels were up-regulated. This study provides insight into mechanisms that may account for modulating testicular cancer progression following phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Li Yao
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
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Xu X, Jin H, Liu Y, Liu L, Wu Q, Guo Y, Yu L, Liu Z, Zhang T, Zhang X, Dong X, Quan C. The expression patterns and correlations of claudin-6, methy-CpG binding protein 2, DNA methyltransferase 1, histone deacetylase 1, acetyl-histone H3 and acetyl-histone H4 and their clinicopathological significance in breast invasive ductal carcinomas. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:33. [PMID: 22455563 PMCID: PMC3349567 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Claudin-6 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer, and has been shown to be regulated by DNA methylation and histone modification in breast cancer lines. However, the expression of claudin-6 in breast invasive ductal carcinomas and correlation with clinical behavior or expression of other markers is unclear. We considered that the expression pattern of claudin-6 might be related to the expression of DNA methylation associated proteins (methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)) and histone modification associated proteins (histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), acetyl-histone H3 (H3Ac) and acetyl- histone H4 (H4Ac)). METHODS We have investigated the expression of claudin-6, MeCP2, HDAC1, H3Ac and H4Ac in 100 breast invasive ductal carcinoma tissues and 22 mammary gland fibroadenoma tissues using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Claudin-6 protein expression was reduced in breast invasive ductal carcinomas (P < 0.001). In contrast, expression of MeCP2 (P < 0.001), DNMT1 (P = 0.001), HDAC1 (P < 0.001) and H3Ac (P = 0.004) expressions was increased. Claudin-6 expression was inversely correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.021). Increased expression of HDAC1 was correlated with histological grade (P < 0.001), age (P = 0.004), clinical stage (P = 0.007) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001). H3Ac expression was associated with tumor size (P = 0.044) and clinical stage of cancers (P = 0.034). MeCP2, DNMT1 and H4Ac expression levels did not correlate with any of the tested clinicopathological parameters (P > 0.05). We identified a positive correlation between MeCP2 protein expression and H3Ac and H4Ac protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that claudin-6 protein is significantly down-regulated in breast invasive ductal carcinomas and is an important correlate with lymphatic metastasis, but claudin-6 down-regulation was not correlated with upregulation of the methylation associated proteins (MeCP2, DNMT1) or histone modification associated proteins (HDAC1, H3Ac, H4Ac). Interestingly, the expression of MeCP2 was positively correlated with the expression of H3Ac and H3Ac protein expression was positively correlated with the expression of H4Ac in breast invasive ductal carcinoma VIRTUAL SLIDES The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/4549669866581452.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huiying Jin
- Department of Pathology, Jilin Oil Field General Hospital, Songyuan, Jilin, China
| | - Yafang Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pathology, Jilin Oil Field General Hospital, Songyuan, Jilin, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Third Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yaxiong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lina Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhijing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xueyan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
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Turksen K, Troy TC. Junctions gone bad: Claudins and loss of the barrier in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yafang L, Qiong W, Yue R, Xiaoming X, Lina Y, Mingzi Z, Ting Z, Yulin L, Chengshi Q. Role of Estrogen Receptor-α in the Regulation of Claudin-6 Expression in Breast Cancer Cells. J Breast Cancer 2011; 14:20-7. [PMID: 21847390 PMCID: PMC3148509 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2011.14.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In our previous studies we showed that upregulating claudin-6 (CLDN6) expression may contribute to preventing breast cancer, and that 17β-estradiol induces a concentration- and time-related effect on CLDN6 mRNA and protein expression in MCF-7 cells. However, the mechanisms of 17β-estradiol regulation of CLDN6 are still unclear. We determined the role of estrogen receptors in the regulation of CLDN6 expression in human breast cancer tissues and a cell line. Methods CLDN6, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) expression in breast cancer tissues were examined using immunohistochemistry. The human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, which expresses ERα but not ERβ was used. CLDN6 and ERα expression were measured by reverse transcriptase-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. Treatments with propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) and ICI 182, 780 (ICI) were performed. Results The results revealed that CLDN6 expression was related to ERα in breast cancer tissues (p=0.033). PPT, an ERα-selective ligand, upregulated CLDN6 expression at 10-5 mol/L after 24 hours. The effect of PPT on regulating CLDN6 expression in MCF-7 cells was blocked by ICI. Conclusion These findings suggest that Erα reulates CLDN6 expression in breast cancer tissues and that 17β-estradiol induces CLDN6 expression through an ERα pathway in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yafang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Hill VK, Ricketts C, Bieche I, Vacher S, Gentle D, Lewis C, Maher ER, Latif F. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiling of CpG Islands in Breast Cancer Identifies Novel Genes Associated with Tumorigenicity. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2988-99. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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