1
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Fenis A, Demaria O, Gauthier L, Vivier E, Narni-Mancinelli E. New immune cell engagers for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:471-486. [PMID: 38273127 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
There have been major advances in the immunotherapy of cancer in recent years, including the development of T cell engagers - antibodies engineered to redirect T cells to recognize and kill cancer cells - for the treatment of haematological malignancies. However, the field still faces several challenges to develop agents that are consistently effective in a majority of patients and cancer types, such as optimizing drug dose, overcoming treatment resistance and improving efficacy in solid tumours. A new generation of T cell-targeted molecules was developed to tackle these issues that are potentially more effective and safer. In addition, agents designed to engage the antitumour activities of other immune cells, including natural killer cells and myeloid cells, are showing promise and have the potential to treat a broader range of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Fenis
- Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Demaria
- Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Gauthier
- Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Vivier
- Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille Immunopôle, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Narni-Mancinelli
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
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2
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Yan W, Dunmall LSC, Lemoine NR, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang P. The capability of heterogeneous γδ T cells in cancer treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285801. [PMID: 38077392 PMCID: PMC10704246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells, a specialized subset of T lymphocytes, have garnered significant attention within the realm of cancer immunotherapy. Operating at the nexus between adaptive and innate immunological paradigms, these cells showcase a profound tumor discernment repertoire, hinting at novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Significantly, these cells possess the capability to directly identify and eliminate tumor cells without reliance on HLA-antigen presentation. Furthermore, γδ T cells have the faculty to present tumor antigens to αβ T cells, amplifying their anti-tumoral efficacy.Within the diverse and heterogeneous subpopulations of γδ T cells, distinct immune functionalities emerge, manifesting either anti-tumor or pro-tumor roles within the tumor microenvironment. Grasping and strategically harnessing these heterogeneous γδ T cell cohorts is pivotal to their integration in tumor-specific immunotherapeutic modalities. The aim of this review is to describe the heterogeneity of the γδ T cell lineage and the functional plasticity it generates in the treatment of malignant tumors. This review endeavors to elucidate the intricate heterogeneity inherent to the γδ T cell lineage, the consequential functional dynamics in combating malignancies, the latest advancements from clinical trials, and the evolving landscape of γδ T cell-based oncological interventions, while addressing the challenges impeding the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Yan
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Louisa S. Chard Dunmall
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Lemoine
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yafeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengju Wang
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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3
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Bold A, Gross H, Holzmann E, Knop S, Hoeres T, Wilhelm M. An optimized cultivation method for future in vivo application of γδ T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1185564. [PMID: 37539052 PMCID: PMC10394837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1185564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells, with their properties of both the innate and acquired immune systems, are suitable candidates for cellular immunotherapy in cancer. Because of their non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding T cell receptor, allogenic transfer is feasible without relevant graft versus host reactions. In recent years, much experience has been gained with ex vivo expansion and stimulation of γδ T cells using bisphosphonates and Interleukin 2. Unfortunately, many current stimulation protocols are based on the use of xenogenic materials and other potentially hazardous supplements, which conflicts with basic principles of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). Adherence to the concept and current guidelines of GMP is state of the art for production of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) like cell therapeutics and a necessity for clinical use under a regulatory perspective. In this study, we developed a new stimulation protocol that induces a marked increase of γδ T cell counts and allows for an easier transition from research to clinical applications with minimized regulatory workload. It reliably leads to a cell product with a purity of more than 90% γδ T cells and improved in vitro anti-tumor activity compared to our previous standard procedure. Furthermore, by investigating correlations between properties of unstimulated γδ T cells and proliferation rate as well as degranulation ability of stimulated γδ T cells, we can draw conclusions about suitable donors. Finally, we examined if expansion can be improved by pulsing zoledronate and/or using Interleukin 15 with or without Interleukin 2. Significant improvements can be achieved with respect to intrinsic and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Our results demonstrate that the stimulation protocol presented here leads to an improved γδ T cell product for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bold
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Heike Gross
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Holzmann
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Knop
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Timm Hoeres
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Translational Medicine & Pharmacology (ITMP), Clinical Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Wilhelm
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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4
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Rimailho L, Faria C, Domagala M, Laurent C, Bezombes C, Poupot M. γδ T cells in immunotherapies for B-cell malignancies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200003. [PMID: 37426670 PMCID: PMC10325712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the advancements in therapy for B cell malignancies and the increase in long-term survival of patients, almost half of them lead to relapse. Combinations of chemotherapy and monoclonal antibodies such as anti-CD20 leads to mixed outcomes. Recent developments in immune cell-based therapies are showing many encouraging results. γδ T cells, with their potential of functional plasticity and their anti-tumoral properties, emerged as good candidates for cancer immunotherapies. The representation and the diversity of γδ T cells in tissues and in the blood, in physiological conditions or in B-cell malignancies such as B cell lymphoma, chronic lymphoblastic leukemia or multiple myeloma, provides the possibility to manipulate them with immunotherapeutic approaches for these patients. In this review, we summarized several strategies based on the activation and tumor-targeting of γδ T cells, optimization of expansion protocols, and development of gene-modified γδ T cells, using combinations of antibodies and therapeutic drugs and adoptive cell therapy with autologous or allogenic γδ T cells following potential genetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Rimailho
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 Inserm-Univ. Toulouse III Paul Sabatier-ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carla Faria
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 Inserm-Univ. Toulouse III Paul Sabatier-ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marcin Domagala
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 Inserm-Univ. Toulouse III Paul Sabatier-ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Laurent
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 Inserm-Univ. Toulouse III Paul Sabatier-ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopôle, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Bezombes
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 Inserm-Univ. Toulouse III Paul Sabatier-ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mary Poupot
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 Inserm-Univ. Toulouse III Paul Sabatier-ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France
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5
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Becker SA, Petrich BG, Yu B, Knight KA, Brown HC, Raikar SS, Doering CB, Spencer HT. Enhancing the effectiveness of γδ T cells by mRNA transfection of chimeric antigen receptors or bispecific T cell engagers. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 29:145-157. [PMID: 37387794 PMCID: PMC10300408 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) utilizing γδ T cells is becoming a promising option for the treatment of cancer, because it offers an off-the-shelf allogeneic product that is safe, potent, and clinically effective. Approaches to engineer or enhance immune-competent cells for ACT, like expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or combination treatments with bispecific T cell engagers, have improved the specificity and cytotoxic potential of ACTs and have shown great promise in preclinical and clinical settings. Here, we test whether electroporation of γδ T cells with CAR or secreted bispecific T cell engager (sBite) mRNA is an effective approach to improve the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells. Using a CD19-specific CAR, approximately 60% of γδ T cells are modified after mRNA electroporation and these cells show potent anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo against two CD19-positive cancer cell lines. In addition, expression and secretion of a CD19 sBite enhances γδ T cell cytotoxicity, both in vitro and in vivo, and promotes killing of target cells by modified and unmodified γδ T cells. Taken together, we show that transient transfection of γδ T cells with CAR or sBite mRNA by electroporation can be an effective treatment platform as a cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Becker
- Molecular and System Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Bing Yu
- Expression Therapeutics, Inc, Tucker, GA, USA
| | - Kristopher A. Knight
- Molecular and System Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Sunil S. Raikar
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher B. Doering
- Molecular and System Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H. Trent Spencer
- Molecular and System Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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6
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Karunakaran MM, Subramanian H, Jin Y, Mohammed F, Kimmel B, Juraske C, Starick L, Nöhren A, Länder N, Willcox CR, Singh R, Schamel WW, Nikolaev VO, Kunzmann V, Wiemer AJ, Willcox BE, Herrmann T. Division of labor and cooperation between different butyrophilin proteins controls phosphoantigen-mediated activation of human γδ T cells. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2583246. [PMID: 36824912 PMCID: PMC9949253 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2583246/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Butyrophilin (BTN)-3A and BTN2A1 molecules control TCR-mediated activation of human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells triggered by phosphoantigens (PAg) from microbes and tumors, but the molecular rules governing antigen sensing are unknown. Here we establish three mechanistic principles of PAg-action. Firstly, in humans, following PAg binding to the BTN3A1-B30.2 domain, Vγ9Vδ2 TCR triggering involves the V-domain of BTN3A2/BTN3A3. Moreover, PAg/B30.2 interaction, and the critical γδ-T-cell-activating V-domain, localize to different molecules. Secondly, this distinct topology as well as intracellular trafficking and conformation of BTN3A heteromers or ancestral-like BTN3A homomers are controlled by molecular interactions of the BTN3 juxtamembrane region. Finally, the ability of PAg not simply to bind BTN3A-B30.2, but to promote its subsequent interaction with the BTN2A1-B30.2 domain, is essential for T-cell activation. Defining these determinants of cooperation and division of labor in BTN proteins deepens understanding of PAg sensing and elucidates a mode of action potentially applicable to other BTN/BTNL family members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yiming Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Fiyaz Mohammed
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Brigitte Kimmel
- University Hospital Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Claudia Juraske
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Starick
- Institute for Virology und Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Nöhren
- Institute for Virology und Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nora Länder
- Institute for Virology und Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carrie R Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Rohit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Volker Kunzmann
- University Hospital Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- 6Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology und Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Haploidentical γδ T Cells Induce Complete Remission in Chemorefractory B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. J Immunother 2023; 46:56-58. [PMID: 36723414 PMCID: PMC9889192 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia to an aggressive lymphoma, called Richter transformation, is often accompanied by resistance to chemotherapy and high mortality. Thus, novel therapeutic strategies are required for the successful treatment of these patients. One possibility is cellular immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor T cells. However, the time delay until cells are available and the limited number of effector cells due to the impaired immune system of these patients potentially compromises the efficacy of this approach. Another promising attempt might be the therapy with γδ T cells. Once activated, they exhibit various antitumor effects against several types of malignancies. Furthermore, they can be safely used in an allogeneic setting and can be multiplied in vivo as already demonstrated in clinical studies. In vitro data, in addition, show that the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells can be significantly enhanced by monoclonal antibodies. Here we present a patient, who suffered from Richter transformation and did not respond to several lines of immunochemotherapy. Due to the lack of further therapy options, we conducted an individual therapy with adoptive transfer of haploidentical γδ T cells combined with the application of the monoclonal antibody obinutuzumab. A histologically confirmed complete remission was achieved through this therapy approach, whereby relevant side effects were not seen. This case highlights the potential of γδ T cells and the feasibility of this therapeutic approach for further clinical trials.
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8
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Bold A, Gross H, Holzmann E, Smetak M, Birkmann J, Bertsch T, Triebel J, Sauer K, Wilhelm M, Hoeres T. Immune activating and inhibiting effects of calcitriol on γδ T cells and NK cells. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Golay J, Andrea AE, Cattaneo I. Role of Fc Core Fucosylation in the Effector Function of IgG1 Antibodies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929895. [PMID: 35844552 PMCID: PMC9279668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of fucose on IgG1 Asn-297 N-linked glycan is the modification of the human IgG1 Fc structure with the most significant impact on FcɣRIII affinity. It also significantly enhances the efficacy of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by natural killer (NK) cells in vitro, induced by IgG1 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The effect of afucosylation on ADCC or antibody dependent phagocytosis (ADCP) mediated by macrophages or polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) is less clear. Evidence for enhanced efficacy of afucosylated therapeutic mAbs in vivo has also been reported. This has led to the development of several therapeutic antibodies with low Fc core fucose to treat cancer and inflammatory diseases, seven of which have already been approved for clinical use. More recently, the regulation of IgG Fc core fucosylation has been shown to take place naturally during the B-cell immune response: A decrease in α-1,6 fucose has been observed in polyclonal, antigen-specific IgG1 antibodies which are generated during alloimmunization of pregnant women by fetal erythrocyte or platelet antigens and following infection by some enveloped viruses and parasites. Low IgG1 Fc core fucose on antigen-specific polyclonal IgG1 has been linked to disease severity in several cases, such as SARS-CoV 2 and Dengue virus infection and during alloimmunization, highlighting the in vivo significance of this phenomenon. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about human IgG1 Fc core fucosylation and its regulation and function in vivo, in the context of both therapeutic antibodies and the natural immune response. The parallels in these two areas are informative about the mechanisms and in vivo effects of Fc core fucosylation, and may allow to further exploit the desired properties of this modification in different clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Golay
- Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani", Division of Hematology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Josée Golay,
| | - Alain E. Andrea
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Thérapies Moléculaires, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Irene Cattaneo
- Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani", Division of Hematology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
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10
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Song Y, Liu Y, Teo HY, Liu H. Targeting Cytokine Signals to Enhance γδT Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914839. [PMID: 35747139 PMCID: PMC9210953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
γδT cells represent a small percentage of T cells in circulation but are found in large numbers in certain organs. They are considered to be innate immune cells that can exert cytotoxic functions on target cells without MHC restriction. Moreover, γδT cells contribute to adaptive immune response via regulating other immune cells. Under the influence of cytokines, γδT cells can be polarized to different subsets in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current understanding of antigen recognition by γδT cells, and the immune regulation mediated by γδT cells in the tumor microenvironment. More importantly, we depicted the polarization and plasticity of γδT cells in the presence of different cytokines and their combinations, which provided the basis for γδT cell-based cancer immunotherapy targeting cytokine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Song
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yonghao Liu
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huey Yee Teo
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Haiyan Liu,
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11
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Her JH, Pretscher D, Patra-Kneuer M, Schanzer J, Cho SY, Hwang YK, Hoeres T, Boxhammer R, Heitmueller C, Wilhelm M, Steidl S, Endell J. Tafasitamab mediates killing of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in combination with γδ T cell or allogeneic NK cell therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2829-2836. [PMID: 35348812 PMCID: PMC9519642 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03165-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tafasitamab is an Fc-modified monoclonal antibody that binds to CD19, a cell-surface antigen that is broadly expressed on various types of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), a key mode of action of tafasitamab, is mediated through the binding of tafasitamab’s Fc region to FcγRIIIa receptors on immune effector cells and results in antitumor activity. Despite the proven clinical activity of tafasitamab in combination with lenalidomide in the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a higher number of immune cells in cancer patients may improve the activity of tafasitamab. Here, we characterized two ex vivo-expanded FcγRIIIa receptor—expressing cell types—γδ T and MG4101 natural killer (NK) cells—as effector cells for tafasitamab in vitro, and found that in the presence of these cells tafasitamab was able to induce ADCC against a range of NHL cell lines and patient-derived cells. We also explored the concept of effector cell supplementation during tafasitamab treatment in vivo by coadministering MG4101 NK cells in Raji and Ramos xenograft models of NHL. Combination treatment of tafasitamab and allogeneic MG4101 NK cells in these models demonstrated a survival benefit compared with tafasitamab or MG4101 monotherapy (Raji: 1.7- to 1.9-fold increase in lifespan; Ramos: 2.0- to 4.1-fold increase in lifespan). In conclusion, adoptive cell transfer of ex vivo-expanded allogeneic NK or autologous γδ T cells in combination with tafasitamab treatment may potentially be a promising novel approach to increase the number of immune effector cells and enhance the antitumor effect of tafasitamab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Her
- Cell Therapy Research Center, GC LabCell, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Dominik Pretscher
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Sung Yoo Cho
- Cell Therapy Research Center, GC LabCell, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Hwang
- Cell Therapy Research Center, GC LabCell, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Timm Hoeres
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Wilhelm
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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Barros MDS, de Araújo ND, Magalhães-Gama F, Pereira Ribeiro TL, Alves Hanna FS, Tarragô AM, Malheiro A, Costa AG. γδ T Cells for Leukemia Immunotherapy: New and Expanding Trends. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729085. [PMID: 34630403 PMCID: PMC8493128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, many discoveries have elucidated the cellular and molecular diversity in the leukemic microenvironment and improved our knowledge regarding their complex nature. This has allowed the development of new therapeutic strategies against leukemia. Advances in biotechnology and the current understanding of T cell-engineering have led to new approaches in this fight, thus improving cell-mediated immune response against cancer. However, most of the investigations focus only on conventional cytotoxic cells, while ignoring the potential of unconventional T cells that until now have been little studied. γδ T cells are a unique lymphocyte subpopulation that has an extensive repertoire of tumor sensing and may have new immunotherapeutic applications in a wide range of tumors. The ability to respond regardless of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression, the secretion of antitumor mediators and high functional plasticity are hallmarks of γδ T cells, and are ones that make them a promising alternative in the field of cell therapy. Despite this situation, in particular cases, the leukemic microenvironment can adopt strategies to circumvent the antitumor response of these lymphocytes, causing their exhaustion or polarization to a tumor-promoting phenotype. Intervening in this crosstalk can improve their capabilities and clinical applications and can make them key components in new therapeutic antileukemic approaches. In this review, we highlight several characteristics of γδ T cells and their interactions in leukemia. Furthermore, we explore strategies for maximizing their antitumor functions, aiming to illustrate the findings destined for a better mobilization of γδ T cells against the tumor. Finally, we outline our perspectives on their therapeutic applicability and indicate outstanding issues for future basic and clinical leukemia research, in the hope of contributing to the advancement of studies on γδ T cells in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus de Souza Barros
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Nilberto Dias de Araújo
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fábio Magalhães-Gama
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thaís Lohana Pereira Ribeiro
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Silva Alves Hanna
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Andréa Monteiro Tarragô
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Adriana Malheiro
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães Costa
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, UEA, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Escola de Enfermagem de Manaus, UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
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Tanaka Y. Cancer immunotherapy harnessing γδ T cells and programmed death-1. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:237-253. [PMID: 32888218 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has received increasing attention since the success of CTLA-4 and programmed death-1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cells. One of the most promising next-generation cancer treatments is adoptive transfer of immune effector cells. Developing an efficacious adoptive transfer therapy requires growing large numbers of highly purified immune effector cells in a short period of time. γδ T cells can be effectively expanded using synthetic antigens such as pyrophosphomonoesters and nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs). Pyrophosphomonoester antigens, initially identified in mycobacterial extracts, were used for this purpose in the early years of the development of γδ T cell-based therapy. GMP-grade N-BPs, which are now commercially available, are used in many clinical trials worldwide. In order to develop N-BPs for cancer immunotherapy, N-BP prodrugs have been synthesized; among these, tetrakis-pivaloyloxymethyl 2-(thiazole-2-ylamino)ethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (PTA) is the most potent compound for stimulating γδ T cells. The activated γδ T cells express high levels of PD-1, suggesting the potential for a combination therapy harnessing γδ T cells and PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. In addition, the functions of γδ T cells can be modified by IL-18. Collectively, the recent findings show that γδ T cells are one of the most promising immune effector subsets for the development of novel cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Japan
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Kabelitz D, Serrano R, Kouakanou L, Peters C, Kalyan S. Cancer immunotherapy with γδ T cells: many paths ahead of us. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:925-939. [PMID: 32699351 PMCID: PMC7609273 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells play uniquely important roles in stress surveillance and immunity for infections and carcinogenesis. Human γδ T cells recognize and kill transformed cells independently of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) restriction, which is an essential feature of conventional αβ T cells. Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells, which prevail in the peripheral blood of healthy adults, are activated by microbial or endogenous tumor-derived pyrophosphates by a mechanism dependent on butyrophilin molecules. γδ T cells expressing other T cell receptor variable genes, notably Vδ1, are more abundant in mucosal tissue. In addition to the T cell receptor, γδ T cells usually express activating natural killer (NK) receptors, such as NKp30, NKp44, or NKG2D which binds to stress-inducible surface molecules that are absent on healthy cells but are frequently expressed on malignant cells. Therefore, γδ T cells are endowed with at least two independent recognition systems to sense tumor cells and to initiate anticancer effector mechanisms, including cytokine production and cytotoxicity. In view of their HLA-independent potent antitumor activity, there has been increasing interest in translating the unique potential of γδ T cells into innovative cellular cancer immunotherapies. Here, we discuss recent developments to enhance the efficacy of γδ T cell-based immunotherapy. This includes strategies for in vivo activation and tumor-targeting of γδ T cells, the optimization of in vitro expansion protocols, and the development of gene-modified γδ T cells. It is equally important to consider potential synergisms with other therapeutic strategies, notably checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, or the (local) activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Ruben Serrano
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Shirin Kalyan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells: Can We Re-Purpose a Potent Anti-Infection Mechanism for Cancer Therapy? Cells 2020; 9:cells9040829. [PMID: 32235616 PMCID: PMC7226769 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapies based on in vivo stimulation, or on adoptive T cell transfer of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, have been tested in the past decades but have failed to provide consistent clinical efficacy. New, promising concepts such as γδ Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) -T cells and γδ T-cell engagers are currently under preclinical evaluation. Since the impact of factors, such as the relatively low abundance of γδ T cells within tumor tissue is still under investigation, it remains to be shown whether these effector T cells can provide significant efficacy against solid tumors. Here, we highlight key learnings from the natural role of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in the elimination of host cells bearing intracellular bacterial agents and we translate these into the setting of tumor therapy. We discuss the availability and relevance of preclinical models as well as currently available tools and knowledge from a drug development perspective. Finally, we compare advantages and disadvantages of existing therapeutic concepts and propose a role for Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in immune-oncology next to Cluster of Differentiation (CD) 3 activating therapies.
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Battle of Thermopylae: 300 Spartans (natural killer cells plus obinutuzumab) versus the immortal warriors (chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells) of Xerxes' army. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO425. [PMID: 31827894 PMCID: PMC6900973 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2019-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To analyze the effects of subcutaneous or intravenous rituximab + lymphokine-activated killer cells, obinutuzumab or ibrutinib on natural killer (NK) cell levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and follicular lymphoma patients. Patients & methods: The distribution of peripheral blood NK cells of 31 patients was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: We detected a decrease of NK cells in peripheral blood below normal range after obinutuzumab treatment. During maintenance treatment with subcutaneous rituximab, an NK cell reduction was less pronounced than after intravenous rituximab treatment, despite lymphokine-activated killer cell infusions. Conclusion: After one dose of obinutuzumab, each NK cell in peripheral blood destroys 25 leukemic cells. The standard treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and follicular lymphoma is chemotherapy in combination with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, resulting in the destruction of the immune system, or a ‘Kamikaze effect’. Unfortunately, immunotherapy with rituximab or obinutuzumab may be of limited efficacy when the immunological system is overwhelmed by abundant tumor cells or is diminished by chemotherapy, which eliminates effector immune cells such as natural killer cells before they would be able to kill the whole tumor. Hence, it is important to measure the number of immune cells to ensure that during the encounter of effector cells with tumor cells, sufficient ‘warriors’ can win the battle against the tumor. Otherwise, something akin to the Battle of Thermopylae can happen where a limited number of Spartan warriors faced a huge army and were defeated in the end.
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