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Cheng L, Chen L, Shi Y, Gu W, Ding W, Zheng X, Liu Y, Jiang J, Zheng Z. Efficacy and safety of bispecific antibodies vs. immune checkpoint blockade combination therapy in cancer: a real-world comparison. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:77. [PMID: 38627681 PMCID: PMC11020943 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging tumor immunotherapy methods encompass bispecific antibodies (BSABs), immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and adoptive cell immunotherapy. BSABs belong to the antibody family that can specifically recognize two different antigens or epitopes on the same antigen. These antibodies demonstrate superior clinical efficacy than monoclonal antibodies, indicating their role as a promising tumor immunotherapy option. Immune checkpoints are also important in tumor immunotherapy. Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) is a widely acknowledged immune checkpoint target with effective anti-tumor activity. PD-1 inhibitors have demonstrated notable therapeutic efficacy in treating hematological and solid tumors; however, more than 50% of patients undergoing this treatment exhibit a poor response. However, ICI-based combination therapies (ICI combination therapies) have been demonstrated to synergistically increase anti-tumor effects and immune response rates. In this review, we compare the clinical efficacy and side effects of BSABs and ICI combination therapies in real-world tumor immunotherapy, aiming to provide evidence-based approaches for clinical research and personalized tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lujun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China
- Institute for Cell Therapy of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Laboratory of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Weiying Gu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weidong Ding
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China.
- Institute for Cell Therapy of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China.
- Institute for Cell Therapy of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Zhuojun Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Plüss L, Peissert F, Elsayed A, Rotta G, Römer J, Dakhel Plaza S, Villa A, Puca E, De Luca R, Oxenius A, Neri D. Generation and in vivo characterization of a novel high-affinity human antibody targeting carcinoembryonic antigen. MAbs 2023; 15:2217964. [PMID: 37243574 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2217964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no effective treatment options for most patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). mCRC remains a leading cause of tumor-related death, with a five-year survival rate of only 15%, highlighting the urgent need for novel pharmacological products. Current standard drugs are based on cytotoxic chemotherapy, VEGF inhibitors, EGFR antibodies, and multikinase inhibitors. The antibody-based delivery of pro-inflammatory cytokines provides a promising and differentiated strategy to improve the treatment outcome for mCRC patients. Here, we describe the generation of a novel fully human monoclonal antibody (termed F4) targeting the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a tumor-associated antigen overexpressed in colorectal cancer and other malignancies. The F4 antibody was selected by antibody phage display technology after two rounds of affinity maturation. F4 in single-chain variable fragment format bound to CEA in surface plasmon resonance with an affinity of 7.7 nM. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence on human cancer specimens confirmed binding to CEA-expressing cells. F4 selectively accumulated in CEA-positive tumors, as evidenced by two orthogonal in vivo biodistribution studies. Encouraged by these results, we genetically fused murine interleukin (IL) 12 to F4 in the single-chain diabody format. F4-IL12 exhibited potent antitumor activity in two murine models of colon cancer. Treatment with F4-IL12 led to an increased density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and an upregulation of interferon γ expression by tumor-homing lymphocytes. These data suggest that the F4 antibody is an attractive delivery vehicle for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Plüss
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Abdullah Elsayed
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Rotta
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, Otelfingen, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Römer
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Emanuele Puca
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, Otelfingen, Switzerland
| | | | - Annette Oxenius
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
- Philogen SpA, Località Bellaria, Sovicille, Italy
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3
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Bispecific Antibodies: A Novel Approach for the Treatment of Solid Tumors. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112442. [PMID: 36432631 PMCID: PMC9694302 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancement in sequencing technologies allows for the identification of molecular pathways involved in tumor progression and treatment resistance. Implementation of novel agents targeting these pathways, defined as targeted therapy, significantly improves the prognosis of cancer patients. Targeted therapy also includes the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). These drugs recognize specific oncogenic proteins expressed in cancer cells. However, as with many other types of targeting agents, mAb-based therapy usually fails in the long-term control of cancer progression due to the development of resistance. In many cases, resistance is caused by the activation of alternative pathways involved in cancer progression and the development of immune evasion mechanisms. To overcome this off-target resistance, bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) were developed to simultaneously target differential oncogenic pathway components, tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and immune regulatory molecules. As a result, in the last few years, several bsAbs have been tested or are being tested in cancer patients. A few of them are currently approved for the treatment of some hematologic malignancies but no bsAbs are approved in solid tumors. In this review, we will provide an overview of the state-of-the-art of bsAbs for the treatment of solid malignancies outlining their classification, design, main technologies utilized for production, mechanisms of action, updated clinical evidence and potential limitations.
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4
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Al-Hujaily EM, Al-Sowayan BS, Alyousef Z, Uddin S, Alammari F. Recruiting Immunity for the Fight against Colorectal Cancer: Current Status and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213696. [PMID: 36430176 PMCID: PMC9697544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies have changed the landscape of cancer management and improved the standard treatment protocols used in multiple tumors. This has led to significant improvements in progression-free survival and overall survival rates. In this review article, we provide an insight into the major immunotherapeutic methods that are currently under investigation for colorectal cancer (CRC) and their clinical implementations. We emphasize therapies that are based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and adoptive cell therapy, their mechanisms of action, their advantages, and their potential in combination therapy. We also highlight the clinical trials that have demonstrated both the therapeutic efficacy and the toxicities associated with each method. In addition, we summarize emerging targets that are now being evaluated as potential interventions for CRC. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future direction for the cancer immunotherapy field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensaf M. Al-Hujaily
- Department of Blood and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Batla S. Al-Sowayan
- Department of Blood and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeyad Alyousef
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Farah Alammari
- Department of Blood and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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Muñoz-López P, Ribas-Aparicio RM, Becerra-Báez EI, Fraga-Pérez K, Flores-Martínez LF, Mateos-Chávez AA, Luria-Pérez R. Single-Chain Fragment Variable: Recent Progress in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174206. [PMID: 36077739 PMCID: PMC9455005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recombinant antibody fragments have shown remarkable potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the fight against cancer. The single-chain fragment variable (scFv) that contains the complete antigen-binding domains of a whole antibody, has several advantages such as a high specificity and affinity for antigens, a low immunogenicity, and the proven ability to penetrate tumor tissues and diffuse. This review provides an overview of the current studies on the principle, generation, and applications of scFvs, particularly in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer, and underscores their potential use in clinical trials. Abstract Cancer remains a public health problem worldwide. Although conventional therapies have led to some excellent outcomes, some patients fail to respond to treatment, they have few therapeutic alternatives and a poor survival prognosis. Several strategies have been proposed to overcome this issue. The most recent approach is immunotherapy, particularly the use of recombinant antibodies and their derivatives, such as the single-chain fragment variable (scFv) containing the complete antigen-binding domains of a whole antibody that successfully targets tumor cells. This review describes the recent progress made with scFvs as a cancer diagnostic and therapeutic tool, with an emphasis on preclinical approaches and their potential use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Muñoz-López
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Elayne Irene Becerra-Báez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Karla Fraga-Pérez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Luis Fernando Flores-Martínez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Armando Alfredo Mateos-Chávez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Rosendo Luria-Pérez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(55)-5228-9917 (ext. 4401)
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6
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Sanz L, Ibáñez-Pérez R, Guerrero-Ochoa P, Lacadena J, Anel A. Antibody-Based Immunotoxins for Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1729. [PMID: 34829955 PMCID: PMC8615520 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are included among the treatment options for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). However, while these mAbs effectively target cancer cells, they may have limited clinical activity. A strategy to improve their therapeutic potential is arming them with a toxic payload. Immunotoxins (ITX) combining the cell-killing ability of a toxin with the specificity of a mAb constitute a promising strategy for CRC therapy. However, several important challenges in optimizing ITX remain, including suboptimal pharmacokinetics and especially the immunogenicity of the toxin moiety. Nonetheless, ongoing research is working to solve these limitations and expand CRC patients' therapeutic armory. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of targets and toxins employed in the design of ITX for CRC and highlight a wide selection of ITX tested in CRC patients as well as preclinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Ibáñez-Pérez
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.I.-P.); (P.G.-O.)
| | - Patricia Guerrero-Ochoa
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.I.-P.); (P.G.-O.)
| | - Javier Lacadena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Anel
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.I.-P.); (P.G.-O.)
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7
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Ghalamfarsa F, Khatami SH, Vakili O, Taheri-Anganeh M, Tajbakhsh A, Savardashtaki A, Fazli Y, Uonaki LR, Shabaninejad Z, Movahedpour A, Ghalamfarsa G. Bispecific antibodies in colorectal cancer therapy: recent insights and emerging concepts. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1355-1367. [PMID: 34641708 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is identified as a life-threatening malignancy. Despite several efforts and proceedings available for CRC therapy, it is still a health concern. Among a vast array of novel therapeutic procedures, employing bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) is currently considered to be a promising approach for cancer therapy. BsAbs, as a large family of molecules designed to realize two distinct epitopes or antigens, can be beneficial microgadgets to target the tumor-associated antigen pairs. On the other hand, applying the immune system's capabilities to attack malignant cells has been proven as a tremendous development in cancer therapeutic projects. The current study has attempted to overview some of the approved BsAbs in CRC therapy and those under clinical trials. For this purpose, reputable scientific search engines and databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scopus, etc., were explored using the keywords 'bispecific antibodies', 'colorectal cancer', 'immunotherapy' and 'tumor markers'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Ghalamfarsa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Vakili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Yousef Fazli
- Dena Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Leila Rezaei Uonaki
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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8
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Wang C, Fakih M. Targeting MSS colorectal cancer with immunotherapy: are we turning the corner? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1347-1357. [PMID: 34030532 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1933940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibition has shown potent antitumor activity in patients with microsatellite instability (MSI) metastatic cancer. Microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer has long been considered resistant to immunotherapy. AREAS COVERED In this review, we provide an overview of current progress on strategies to overcome the resistance to immunotherapy in MSS colorectal cancer. EXPERT OPINION Emerging evidence suggest that combination of immune modulators such as regorafenib may improve the responsiveness of MSS colorectal cancer to checkpoint blockade. In addition, signs of clinical activity have also been observed in other combination strategies, such as the combination of checkpoint blockade with Stat3 inhibitor, or bispecific T-cell engagers. Nevertheless, predictive biomarkers that can identify patients who may benefit from immunotherapy are key for its implementation in clinical setting. Metastatic disease sites may predict for the response or resistance to checkpoint blockade, with liver metastases emerging as a strong predictive biomarker of lack of benefit from PD-1 targeting, even with combination therapies. Additional efforts are required to study the mechanism of resistance and to develop novel therapeutic strategies to overcome immune resistance. ABBREVIATIONS CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; CR: complete response; CTLA-4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; DCR: disease control rate; MSI-H: microsatellite instability-high; MSS: Microsatellite stable (MSS); OS: overall survival; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand receptor 1; PR: partial response; PFS: progression-free survival; SD: stable disease; TMB: tumor mutation burden; VEGFR: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongkai Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Marwan Fakih
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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9
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Lumish MA, Cercek A. Immunotherapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2021; 123:760-774. [PMID: 33595891 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has transformed the management of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with mismatch-repair deficiency (dMMR) and microsatellite instability (MSI-H), though this constitutes on average less than 5% of mCRC, and ICI is ineffective in preserved MMR/microsatellite stable disease (pMMR/MSS). Here we review the efficacy of ICI in dMMR/MSI-H mCRC, poor response to ICI in pMMR/MSS mCRC, role for ICI in locally advanced disease, biomarkers of response, novel immunotherapies, and future directions in targeting resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Cercek
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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10
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Giffin MJ, Cooke K, Lobenhofer EK, Estrada J, Zhan J, Deegen P, Thomas M, Murawsky CM, Werner J, Liu S, Lee F, Homann O, Friedrich M, Pearson JT, Raum T, Yang Y, Caenepeel S, Stevens J, Beltran PJ, Canon J, Coxon A, Bailis JM, Hughes PE. AMG 757, a Half-Life Extended, DLL3-Targeted Bispecific T-Cell Engager, Shows High Potency and Sensitivity in Preclinical Models of Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:1526-1537. [PMID: 33203642 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine tumor with a high relapse rate, limited therapeutic options, and poor prognosis. We investigated the antitumor activity of AMG 757, a half-life extended bispecific T-cell engager molecule targeting delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3)-a target that is selectively expressed in SCLC tumors, but with minimal normal tissue expression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AMG 757 efficacy was evaluated in SCLC cell lines and in orthotopic and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse SCLC models. Following AMG 757 administration, changes in tumor volume, pharmacodynamic changes in tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs), and the spatial relationship between the appearance of TILs and tumor histology were examined. Tolerability was assessed in nonhuman primates (NHPs). RESULTS AMG 757 showed potent and specific killing of even those SCLC cell lines with very low DLL3 expression (<1,000 molecules per cell). AMG 757 effectively engaged systemically administered human T cells, induced T-cell activation, and redirected T cells to lyse tumor cells to promote significant tumor regression and complete responses in PDX models of SCLC and in orthotopic models of established primary lung SCLC and metastatic liver lesions. AMG 757 was well tolerated with no AMG 757-related adverse findings up to the highest tested dose (4.5 mg/kg weekly) in NHP. AMG 757 exhibits an extended half-life in NHP, which is projected to enable intermittent administration in patients. CONCLUSIONS AMG 757 has a compelling safety and efficacy profile in preclinical studies making it a viable option for targeting DLL3-expressing SCLC tumors in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keegan Cooke
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Edward K Lobenhofer
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Juan Estrada
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Jinghui Zhan
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Petra Deegen
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Melissa Thomas
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Jonathan Werner
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Fei Lee
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California
| | - Oliver Homann
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California
| | - Matthias Friedrich
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Joshua T Pearson
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California
| | - Tobias Raum
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Yajing Yang
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Sean Caenepeel
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Jennitte Stevens
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Pedro J Beltran
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Jude Canon
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Angela Coxon
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Julie M Bailis
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California.
| | - Paul E Hughes
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California.
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11
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Li H, Yang C, Cheng H, Huang S, Zheng Y. CAR-T cells for Colorectal Cancer: Target-selection and strategies for improved activity and safety. J Cancer 2021; 12:1804-1814. [PMID: 33613769 PMCID: PMC7890323 DOI: 10.7150/jca.50509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell immunotherapy is a novel method that is genetically engineered to recruit T cells against malignant disease. Administration of CAR-T cells has led to progress in hematological malignancies, and it has been proposed for solid tumors like colorectal cancer (CRC) for years. However, this method was not living up to expectations for the intrinsic challenges posed to CAR-T cells by solid tumors, which mainly due to the lacking of tumor-restricted antigens and adverse effects following treatment. New approaches are proposed to overcome the multiple challenges to alleviate the difficult situation of CAR-T cells in CRC, including engineering T cells with immune-activating molecules, regional administration of T cell, bispecific T cell engager, and combinatorial target-antigen recognition. In this review, we sum up the current stage of knowledge about target-selection, adverse events like on/off-tumor toxicity, the preclinical and clinical studies of CAR-T therapy, and the characteristics of strategies applied in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Huangrong Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shuoyang Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yongbin Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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12
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Ghani S, Bahrami S, Rafiee B, Eyvazi S, Yarian F, Ahangarzadeh S, Khalili S, Shahzamani K, Jafarisani M, Bandehpour M, Kazemi B. Recent developments in antibody derivatives against colorectal cancer; A review. Life Sci 2020; 265:118791. [PMID: 33220288 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer and mortality worldwide and is the third most common cancer in men and women. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are conventionally used for the treatment of colorectal cancer. However, these methods are associated with various side effects on normal cells. Thus, new studies are moving towards more effective and non-invasive methods for treatment of colorectal cancer. Targeted therapy of CRC is a promising new approach to enhance the efficiency and decrease the toxicity of the treatment. In targeted therapy of CRC, antibody fragments can directly inhibit tumor cell growth and proliferation. They also can act as an ideal carrier for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs. In the present study, the structure and function of different formats of antibody fragments, immune-targeted therapy of CRC using antibody fragments will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Ghani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular & Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Bahrami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Rafiee
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shirin Eyvazi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yarian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular & Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahrzad Ahangarzadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiana Shahzamani
- Isfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center (IGHRC), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Moslem Jafarisani
- Clinical Biochemistry, Cancer Prevention Research Center, Shahroud university of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular & Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular & Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Bajic D, Chester K, Neri D. An Antibody-Tumor Necrosis Factor Fusion Protein that Synergizes with Oxaliplatin for Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2554-2563. [PMID: 32999042 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned and characterized a novel fusion protein (Sm3E-TNF), consisting of the mAb, S 6m3E, in single-chain Fv fragment format, fused to murine TNF. The protein, which was expressed in mammalian cells and purified as a noncovalent stable homotrimer, bound to the cognate carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and retained TNF activity. A quantitative biodistribution experiment, performed in immunocompetent mice with CT26 colon carcinomas transfected with human CEA, revealed that Sm3E-TNF was able to preferentially accumulate in the tumors with excellent selectivity (tumor:blood ratio = 56:1, 24 hours after intravenous administration). The fusion protein mediated a rapid hemorrhagic necrosis of a large portion of the tumor mass, but a rim survived and eventually regrew. Surprisingly, the combination of Sm3E-TNF with 5-fluorouracil led to a reduction of therapeutic activity, while a combination with oxaliplatin led to a prolonged stabilization, with complete tumor eradication in 40% of treated mice. These therapy results were confirmed in a second immunocompetent mouse model of colorectal cancer (CEA-transfected C51 tumors) and provide a rationale for the possible clinical use of oxaliplatin in combination with fully human antibody-TNF fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Bajic
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kerry Chester
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland.
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14
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Balibegloo M, Rezaei N. Development and clinical application of bispecific antibody in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:689-709. [PMID: 32536227 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1783249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment of colorectal cancer as one of the most commonly diagnosed and a frequent cause of cancer-related deaths is of great challenges in health-related issues. AREAS COVERED Immunotherapy is the fourth pillar of cancer treatment which provides more novel therapeutic options with expanding investigational potentials. One of the modalities in immunotherapy is the use of bispecific antibodies. Despite demonstrating many promising roles, it still needs more advanced studies to identify the actual pros and cons. In this review, the application of bispecific antibody in the treatment of colorectal cancer has been explained, based on preclinical and clinical studies. The literature search was conducted mainly through PubMed in June and September 2019. EXPERT OPINION Bispecific antibody is in its early stages in colorectal cancer treatment, requiring modern technologies in manufacturing, better biomarkers and more specific target antigens, more studies on individual genetic variations, and conducting later phase clinical trials and systematic reviews to achieve better survival benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Balibegloo
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN) , Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN) , Tehran, Iran
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15
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Ahamadi-Fesharaki R, Fateh A, Vaziri F, Solgi G, Siadat SD, Mahboudi F, Rahimi-Jamnani F. Single-Chain Variable Fragment-Based Bispecific Antibodies: Hitting Two Targets with One Sophisticated Arrow. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2019; 14:38-56. [PMID: 31011631 PMCID: PMC6463744 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to treat some disorders, the monospecific molecular entity of mAbs as well as the presence of multiple factors and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of disorders, such as various malignancies, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disorders, and resistance to therapy have restricted the therapeutic efficacy of mAbs in clinical use. Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), by concurrently recognizing two targets, can partly circumvent these problems. Serial killing of tumor cells by bsAb-redirected T cells, simultaneous blocking of two antigens involved in the HIV-1 infection, and concurrent targeting of the activating and inhibitory receptors on B cells to modulate autoimmunity are part of the capabilities of bsAbs. After designing and developing a large number of bsAbs for years, catumaxomab, a full-length bsAb targeting EpCAM and CD3, was approved in 2009 to treat EpCAM-positive carcinomas besides blinatumomab, a bispecific T cell engager antibody targeting CD19 and CD3, which was approved in 2014 to treat relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Furthermore, approximately 60 bsAbs are under investigation in clinical trials. The current review aims at portraying different formats of the single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-based bsAbs and shedding light on the scFv-based bsAbs in preclinical development, different phases of clinical trials, and the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoufeh Ahamadi-Fesharaki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Solgi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Rahimi-Jamnani
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Ibáñez-Pérez R, Guerrero-Ochoa P, Al-Wasaby S, Navarro R, Tapia-Galisteo A, De Miguel D, Gonzalo O, Conde B, Martínez-Lostao L, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Sanz L, Anel A. Anti-tumoral potential of a human granulysin-based, CEA-targeted cytolytic immunotoxin. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1641392. [PMID: 31646080 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1641392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulysin is a protein present in the granules of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells, with cytolytic activity against microbes and tumors. Previous work demonstrated the therapeutic effect of intratumoral injection of recombinant granulysin using in vivo models of breast cancer and multiple myeloma. In the present work we have developed a granulysin gene fusion to the anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA/CEACAM5) single chain Fv antibody fragment MFE23. Both granulysin and the granulysin-based immunotoxin were expressed in Pichia pastoris. The immunotoxin specifically recognized CEA, purified or expressed on the cell surface. Moreover, the bioactivity of the immunotoxin against several CEA+ cell lines was higher than that of granulysin alone. Granulysin and the immunotoxin were tested as a treatment in in vivo xenograft models in athymic mice. When injected intratumorally, both granulysin and the immunotoxin were able to inhibit tumor growth. Furthermore, systemic administration of the immunotoxin demonstrated a decrease in tumor growth in a CEA+ tumor-bearing mouse model, whereas granulysin did not exhibit a therapeutic effect. This is the first granulysin-based immunotoxin and the present work constitutes the proof of concept of its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ibáñez-Pérez
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, University of Zaragoza/Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Patricia Guerrero-Ochoa
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, University of Zaragoza/Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sameer Al-Wasaby
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, University of Zaragoza/Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rocío Navarro
- Molecular Immunology Unit, "Puerta de Hierro" University Hospital, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Tapia-Galisteo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, "Puerta de Hierro" University Hospital, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego De Miguel
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, University of Zaragoza/Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Oscar Gonzalo
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, University of Zaragoza/Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Blanca Conde
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, University of Zaragoza/Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Lostao
- Immunology Department, "Lozano Blesa" University Clinical Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ramón Hurtado-Guerrero
- Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems Institute (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,ARAID Foundation, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Sanz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, "Puerta de Hierro" University Hospital, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Anel
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, University of Zaragoza/Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
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17
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Labrijn AF, Janmaat ML, Reichert JM, Parren PWHI. Bispecific antibodies: a mechanistic review of the pipeline. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:585-608. [DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Moek KL, Waaijer SJH, Kok IC, Suurs FV, Brouwers AH, Menke-van der Houven van Oordt CW, Wind TT, Gietema JA, Schröder CP, Mahesh SVK, Jorritsma-Smit A, Lub-de Hooge MN, Fehrmann RSN, de Groot DJA, de Vries EGE. 89Zr-labeled Bispecific T-cell Engager AMG 211 PET Shows AMG 211 Accumulation in CD3-rich Tissues and Clear, Heterogeneous Tumor Uptake. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3517-3527. [PMID: 30745297 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Biodistribution of bispecific antibodies in patients is largely unknown. We therefore performed a feasibility study in 9 patients with advanced gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas to explore AMG 211 biodistribution (also known as MEDI-565), an approximately 55 kDa bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE®) directed against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) on tumor cells and cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) on T-cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 89Zr-labeled AMG 211 as tracer was administered alone or with cold AMG 211, for PET imaging before and/or during AMG 211 treatment. RESULTS Before AMG 211 treatment, the optimal imaging dose was 200-μg 89Zr-AMG 211 + 1,800-μg cold AMG 211. At 3 hours, the highest blood pool standardized uptake value (SUV)mean was 4.0, and tracer serum half-life was 3.3 hours. CD3-mediated uptake was clearly observed in CD3-rich lymphoid tissues including spleen and bone marrow (SUVmean 3.2 and 1.8, respectively), and the SUVmean decreased more slowly than in other healthy tissues. 89Zr-AMG 211 remained intact in plasma and was excreted predominantly via the kidneys in degraded forms. Of 43 visible tumor lesions, 37 were PET quantifiable, with a SUVmax of 4.0 [interquartile range (IQR) 2.7-4.4] at 3 hours using the optimal imaging dose. The tracer uptake differed between tumor lesions 5-fold within and 9-fold between patients. During AMG 211 treatment, tracer was present in the blood pool, whereas tumor lesions were not visualized, possibly reflecting target saturation. CONCLUSIONS This first-in-human study shows high, specific 89Zr-AMG 211 accumulation in CD3-rich lymphoid tissues, as well as a clear, inter- and intraindividual heterogeneous tumor uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L Moek
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stijn J H Waaijer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iris C Kok
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans V Suurs
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Adrienne H Brouwers
- Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Thijs T Wind
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jourik A Gietema
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carolien P Schröder
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shekar V K Mahesh
- Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Annelies Jorritsma-Smit
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn N Lub-de Hooge
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudolf S N Fehrmann
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Derk Jan A de Groot
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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19
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Waaijer SJH, Warnders FJ, Stienen S, Friedrich M, Sternjak A, Cheung HK, van Scheltinga AGTT, Schröder CP, de Vries EGE, Lub-de Hooge MN. Molecular Imaging of Radiolabeled Bispecific T-Cell Engager 89Zr-AMG211 Targeting CEA-Positive Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4988-4996. [PMID: 29980531 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: AMG 211, a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody construct, targets carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and the CD3 epsilon subunit of the human T-cell receptor. AMG 211 was labeled with zirconium-89 (89Zr) or fluorescent dye to evaluate the tumor-targeting properties.Experimental Design: 89Zr-AMG211 was administered to mice bearing CEA-positive xenograft tumors of LS174T colorectal adenocarcinoma or BT474 breast cancer cells, as well as CEA-negative HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia xenografts. Biodistribution studies with 2- to 10-μg 89Zr-AMG211 supplemented with unlabeled AMG 211 up to 500-μg protein dose were performed. A BiTE that does not bind CEA, 89Zr-Mec14, served as a negative control. 89Zr-AMG211 integrity was determined in tumor lysates ex vivo Intratumoral distribution was studied with IRDye800CW-AMG211. Moreover, 89Zr-AMG211 was manufactured according to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines for clinical trial NCT02760199Results: 89Zr-AMG211 demonstrated dose-dependent tumor uptake at 6 hours. The highest tumor uptake was observed with a 2-μg dose, and the lowest tumor uptake was observed with a 500-μg dose. After 24 hours, higher uptake of 10-μg 89Zr-AMG211 occurred in CEA-positive xenografts, compared with CEA-negative xenografts. Although the blood half-life of 89Zr-AMG211 was approximately 1 hour, tumor retention persisted for at least 24 hours. 89Zr-Mec14 showed no tumor accumulation beyond background level. Ex vivo autoradiography revealed time-dependent disintegration of 89Zr-AMG211. 800CW-AMG211 was specifically localized in CEA-expressing viable tumor tissue. GMP-manufactured 89Zr-AMG211 fulfilled release specifications.Conclusions: 89Zr-AMG211 showed dose-dependent CEA-specific tumor targeting and localization in viable tumor tissue. Our data enabled its use to clinically evaluate AMG 211 in vivo behavior. Clin Cancer Res; 24(20); 4988-96. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn J H Waaijer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J Warnders
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carolien P Schröder
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn N Lub-de Hooge
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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20
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Antiviral Activity of HIV gp120-Targeting Bispecific T Cell Engager Antibody Constructs. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00491-18. [PMID: 29720517 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00491-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Today's gold standard in HIV therapy is combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). It requires strict adherence by patients and lifelong medication, which can lower the viral load below detection limits and prevent HIV-associated immunodeficiency but cannot cure patients. The bispecific T cell-engaging (BiTE) antibody technology has demonstrated long-term relapse-free outcomes in patients with relapsed and refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia. Here, we generated BiTE antibody constructs that target the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 (HIV gp120) using either the scFv B12 or VRC01, the first two extracellular domains (1 + 2) of human CD4 alone or joined to the single chain variable fragment (scFv) of the antibody 17b fused to an anti-human CD3ε scFv. These engineered human BiTE antibody constructs showed engagement of T cells for redirected lysis of HIV gp120-transfected CHO cells. Furthermore, they substantially inhibited HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as in macrophages cocultured with autologous CD8+ T cells, the most potent being the human CD4(1 + 2) BiTE [termed CD(1 + 2) h BiTE] antibody construct and the CD4(1 + 2)L17b BiTE antibody construct. The CD4(1 + 2) h BiTE antibody construct promoted HIV infection of human CD4-/CD8+ T cells. In contrast, the neutralizing B12 and the VRC01 BiTE antibody constructs, as well as the CD4(1 + 2)L17b BiTE antibody construct, did not. Thus, BiTE antibody constructs targeting HIV gp120 are very promising for constraining HIV and warrant further development as novel antiviral therapy with curative potential.IMPORTANCE HIV is a chronic infection well controlled with the current cART. However, we lack a cure for HIV, and the HIV pandemic goes on. Here, we showed in vitro and ex vivo that a BiTE antibody construct targeting HIV gp120 resulted in substantially reduced HIV replication. In addition, these BiTE antibody constructs display efficient killing of gp120-expressing cells and inhibited replication in ex vivo HIV-infected PBMCs or macrophages. We believe that BiTE antibody constructs recognizing HIV gp120 could be a very valuable strategy for a cure of HIV in combination with cART and compounds which reverse latency.
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21
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Dahlén E, Veitonmäki N, Norlén P. Bispecific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2018; 6:3-17. [PMID: 29998217 DOI: 10.1177/2515135518763280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the clinical success of immune checkpoint antibodies targeting CTLA-4, PD-1 or PD-L1 in cancer treatment, bispecific antibodies are now emerging as a growing class of immunotherapies with potential to further improve clinical efficacy and safety. We describe three classes of immunotherapeutic bispecific antibodies: (a) cytotoxic effector cell redirectors; (b) tumor-targeted immunomodulators; and (c) dual immunomodulators. Cytotoxic effector cell redirectors are dominated by T-cell redirecting compounds, bispecific compounds engaging a tumor-associated antigen and the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex, thereby redirecting T-cell cytotoxicity to malignant cells. This is the most established class of bispecific immunotherapies, with two compounds having reached the market and numerous compounds in clinical development. Tumor-targeted immunomodulators are bispecific compounds binding to a tumor-associated antigen and an immunomodulating receptor, such as CD40 or 4-1BB. Such compounds are usually designed to be inactive until binding the tumor antigen, thereby localizing immune stimulation to the tumor environment, while minimizing immune activation elsewhere. This is expected to induce powerful activation of tumor-specific T cells with reduced risk of immune-related adverse events. Finally, dual immunomodulators are bispecific compounds that bind two distinct immunomodulating targets, often combining targeting of PD-1 or PD-L1 with that of LAG-3 or TIM-3. The rationale is to induce superior tumor immunity compared to monospecific antibodies to the same targets. In this review, we describe each of these classes of bispecific antibodies, and present examples of compounds in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dahlén
- Alligator Bioscience, 22381 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Per Norlén
- Alligator Bioscience, 22381 Lund, Sweden
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22
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Ishiguro T, Sano Y, Komatsu SI, Kamata-Sakurai M, Kaneko A, Kinoshita Y, Shiraiwa H, Azuma Y, Tsunenari T, Kayukawa Y, Sonobe Y, Ono N, Sakata K, Fujii T, Miyazaki Y, Noguchi M, Endo M, Harada A, Frings W, Fujii E, Nanba E, Narita A, Sakamoto A, Wakabayashi T, Konishi H, Segawa H, Igawa T, Tsushima T, Mutoh H, Nishito Y, Takahashi M, Stewart L, ElGabry E, Kawabe Y, Ishigai M, Chiba S, Aoki M, Hattori K, Nezu J. An anti–glypican 3/CD3 bispecific T cell–redirecting antibody for treatment of solid tumors. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/410/eaal4291. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer care is being revolutionized by immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, engineered T cell transfer, and cell vaccines. The bispecific T cell–redirecting antibody (TRAB) is one such promising immunotherapy, which can redirect T cells to tumor cells by engaging CD3 on a T cell and an antigen on a tumor cell. Because T cells can be redirected to tumor cells regardless of the specificity of T cell receptors, TRAB is considered efficacious for less immunogenic tumors lacking enough neoantigens. Its clinical efficacy has been exemplified by blinatumomab, a bispecific T cell engager targeting CD19 and CD3, which has shown marked clinical responses against hematological malignancies. However, the success of TRAB in solid tumors has been hampered by the lack of a target molecule with sufficient tumor selectivity to avoid “on-target off-tumor” toxicity. Glypican 3 (GPC3) is a highly tumor-specific antigen that is expressed during fetal development but is strictly suppressed in normal adult tissues. We developed ERY974, a whole humanized immunoglobulin G–structured TRAB harboring a common light chain, which bispecifically binds to GPC3 and CD3. Using a mouse model with reconstituted human immune cells, we revealed that ERY974 is highly effective in killing various types of tumors that have GPC3 expression comparable to that in clinical tumors. ERY974 also induced a robust antitumor efficacy even against tumors with nonimmunogenic features, which are difficult to treat by inhibiting immune checkpoints such as PD-1 (programmed cell death protein–1) and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein–4). Immune monitoring revealed that ERY974 converted the poorly inflamed tumor microenvironment to a highly inflamed microenvironment. Toxicology studies in cynomolgus monkeys showed transient cytokine elevation, but this was manageable and reversible. No organ toxicity was evident. These data provide a rationale for clinical testing of ERY974 for the treatment of patients with GPC3-positive solid tumors.
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Yu S, Li A, Liu Q, Yuan X, Xu H, Jiao D, Pestell RG, Han X, Wu K. Recent advances of bispecific antibodies in solid tumors. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:155. [PMID: 28931402 PMCID: PMC5607507 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0522-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is the most exciting advancement in cancer therapy. Similar to immune checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T), bispecific antibody (BsAb) is attracting more and more attention as a novel strategy of antitumor immunotherapy. BsAb not only offers an effective linkage between therapeutics (e.g., immune effector cells, radionuclides) and targets (e.g., tumor cells) but also simultaneously blocks two different oncogenic mediators. In recent decades, a variety of BsAb formats have been generated. According to the structure of Fc domain, BsAb can be classified into two types: IgG-like format and Fc-free format. Among these formats, bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs) and triomabs are commonly investigated. BsAb has achieved an exciting breakthrough in hematological malignancies and promising outcome in solid tumor as showed in various clinical trials. In this review, we focus on the preclinical experiments and clinical studies of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) related BsAbs in solid tumors, as well as discuss the challenges and corresponding approaches in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hanxiao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dechao Jiao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Pennsylvania Center for Cancer and Regenerative Medicine, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Labrijn AF, Meesters JI, Bunce M, Armstrong AA, Somani S, Nesspor TC, Chiu ML, Altintaş I, Verploegen S, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI. Efficient Generation of Bispecific Murine Antibodies for Pre-Clinical Investigations in Syngeneic Rodent Models. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2476. [PMID: 28559564 PMCID: PMC5449386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic concepts exploiting tumor-specific antibodies are often established in pre-clinical xenograft models using immuno-deficient mice. More complex therapeutic paradigms, however, warrant the use of immuno-competent mice, that more accurately capture the relevant biology that is being exploited. These models require the use of (surrogate) mouse or rat antibodies to enable optimal interactions with murine effector molecules. Immunogenicity is furthermore decreased, allowing longer-term treatment. We recently described controlled Fab-arm exchange (cFAE) as an easy-to-use method for the generation of therapeutic human IgG1 bispecific antibodies (bsAb). To facilitate the investigation of dual-targeting concepts in immuno-competent mice, we now applied and optimized our method for the generation of murine bsAbs. We show that the optimized combinations of matched point-mutations enabled efficient generation of murine bsAbs for all subclasses studied (mouse IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b; rat IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG2c). The mutations did not adversely affect the inherent effector functions or pharmacokinetic properties of the corresponding subclasses. Thus, cFAE can be used to efficiently generate (surrogate) mouse or rat bsAbs for pre-clinical evaluation in immuno-competent rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew Bunce
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC., Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Anthony A Armstrong
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC., Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Sandeep Somani
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC., Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Tom C Nesspor
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC., Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Mark L Chiu
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC., Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Genmab, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Klinger M, Benjamin J, Kischel R, Stienen S, Zugmaier G. Harnessing T cells to fight cancer with BiTE® antibody constructs--past developments and future directions. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:193-208. [PMID: 26864113 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE(®)) antibody constructs represent a novel immunotherapy that bridges cytotoxic T cells to tumor cells, thereby inducing target cell-dependent polyclonal T-cell activation and proliferation, and leading to apoptosis of bound tumor cells. Anti-CD19 BiTE(®) blinatumomab has demonstrated clinical activity in Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-negative relapsed or refractory (r/r) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) eventually resulting in conditional approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2014. This drug is currently further developed in pediatric and Ph(+) r/r, as well as in minimal residual disease-positive ALL, and might also offer clinical benefit for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, especially for those with aggressive forms like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Another BiTE(®) antibody construct in hemato-oncology designated AMG 330 targets CD33 on acute myeloid leukemia blast cells. After showing promising ex vivo activity, this drug candidate has recently entered phase 1 clinical development, and has further indicated potential for combination with checkpoint inhibitors. In solid tumor indications, three BiTE(®) antibody constructs have been tested in phase 1 studies so far: anti-EpCAM BiTE(®) AMG 110, anti-CEA BiTE(®) MEDI-565/AMG 211, and anti-PSMA BiTE(®) BAY2010112/AMG 212. Pertinent questions comprise how to maximize BiTE(®) penetration and T-cell infiltration of the tumor while simultaneously minimizing any adverse events, which is currently explored by a continuous intravenous infusion approach. Thus, BiTE(®) antibody constructs will hopefully provide new treatment options for patients in several indications with high unmet medical need.
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Pishvaian M, Morse MA, McDevitt J, Norton JD, Ren S, Robbie GJ, Ryan PC, Soukharev S, Bao H, Denlinger CS. Phase 1 Dose Escalation Study of MEDI-565, a Bispecific T-Cell Engager that Targets Human Carcinoembryonic Antigen, in Patients With Advanced Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinomas. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2016; 15:345-351. [PMID: 27591895 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MEDI-565, a bispecific, single-chain antibody targeting human carcinoembryonic antigen on tumor cells and the CD3 epsilon subunit of the human T-cell receptor complex, showed antitumor activity in carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing tumors in murine models. PATIENTS AND METHODS This phase I, multicenter, open-label dose escalation study enrolled adults with gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. MEDI-565 was given intravenously over 3 hours on days 1 through 5 in 28-day cycles, with 4 single-patient (0.75-20 μg) and 5 standard 3 + 3 escalation (60 μg-3 mg; 1.5-7.5 mg with dexamethasone) cohorts. Primary objective was determining maximum tolerated dose; secondary objectives were evaluating pharmacokinetics, antidrug antibodies, and antitumor activity. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients were enrolled (mean age, 59 years; 56% male; 72% colorectal cancer). Four patients experienced dose-limiting toxicities (2 at 3 mg; 2 at 7.5 mg + dexamethasone): hypoxia (n = 2), diarrhea, and cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Five patients reported grade 3 treatment-related adverse events: diarrhea, CRS, increased alanine aminotransferase, hypertension (all, n = 1), and hypoxia (n = 2); 6 experienced treatment-related serious adverse events: diarrhea, vomiting, pyrexia, CRS (all, n = 1), and hypoxia (n = 2). MEDI-565 pharmacokinetics was linear and dose-proportional, with fast clearance and short half-life. Nineteen patients (48.7%) had antidrug antibodies; 5 (12.8%) had high titers, 2 with decreased MEDI-565 concentrations. No objective responses occurred; 11 (28%) had stable disease as best response. CONCLUSIONS The maximum tolerated dose of MEDI-565 in this patient population was 5 mg administered over 3 hours on days 1 through 5 every 28 days, with dexamethasone. Pharmacokinetics were linear. No objective responses were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pishvaian
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.
| | - Michael A Morse
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Crystal S Denlinger
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
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Bacac M, Fauti T, Sam J, Colombetti S, Weinzierl T, Ouaret D, Bodmer W, Lehmann S, Hofer T, Hosse RJ, Moessner E, Ast O, Bruenker P, Grau-Richards S, Schaller T, Seidl A, Gerdes C, Perro M, Nicolini V, Steinhoff N, Dudal S, Neumann S, von Hirschheydt T, Jaeger C, Saro J, Karanikas V, Klein C, Umaña P. A Novel Carcinoembryonic Antigen T-Cell Bispecific Antibody (CEA TCB) for the Treatment of Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3286-97. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Dong B, Zhou C, He P, Li J, Chen S, Miao J, Li Q, Wang Z. A novel bispecific antibody, BiSS, with potent anti-cancer activities. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:364-70. [PMID: 26828900 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1139266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most active fields in cancer immunotherapy is the study of bispecific antibodies, which engage immune cells to kill cancer cells. However, a variety of issues are associated with most of current bispecific antibody formats. In this study, we present a novel bispecific antibody, BiSS (Bispecific antibody with Single domain, Single domain antibodies), which was constructed by linking 2 single domain antibodies, anti-CEA and anti-CD16, in tandem. Unlike most other bispecific antibodies, the BiSS antibody can be expressed and purified from E.coli in large quantities. By recruiting natural killer cells (NK cells) to CEA-positive cancer cells, BiSS led to cancer cell death in vitro. In xenograft models, the BiSS protein blocked cancer progression. The data suggested that the single domain-based bispecific antibody BiSS was functional and can be potentially applied to a broad range of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Changhua Zhou
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ping He
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jing Li
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Siqi Chen
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ji Miao
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qing Li
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhong Wang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Redman JM, Hill EM, AlDeghaither D, Weiner LM. Mechanisms of action of therapeutic antibodies for cancer. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:28-45. [PMID: 25911943 PMCID: PMC4529810 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic utility of antibodies and their derivatives is achieved by various means. The FDA has approved several targeted antibodies that disrupt signaling of various growth factor receptors for the treatment of a number of cancers. Rituximab, and other anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies are active in B cell malignancies. As more experience has been gained with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, the multifactorial nature of their anti-tumor mechanisms has emerged. Other targeted antibodies function to dampen inhibitory checkpoints. These checkpoint inhibitors have recently achieved dramatic results in several cancers, including melanoma. These and related antibodies continue to be investigated in the clinical and pre-clinical settings. Novel antibody structures that target two or more antigens have also made their way into clinical use. Tumor targeted antibodies can also be conjugated to chemo- or radiotherapeutic agents, or catalytic toxins, as a means to deliver toxic payloads to cancer cells. Here we provide a review of these mechanisms and a discussion of their relevance to current and future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Redman
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - E M Hill
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - D AlDeghaither
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - L M Weiner
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States.
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30
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Oberst MD, Fuhrmann S, Mulgrew K, Amann M, Cheng L, Lutterbuese P, Richman L, Coats S, Baeuerle PA, Hammond SA. CEA/CD3 bispecific antibody MEDI-565/AMG 211 activation of T cells and subsequent killing of human tumors is independent of mutations commonly found in colorectal adenocarcinomas. MAbs 2015; 6:1571-84. [PMID: 25484061 PMCID: PMC4622052 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.975660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual or combinations of somatic mutations found in genes from colorectal cancers can redirect the effects of chemotherapy and targeted agents on cancer cell survival and, consequently, on clinical outcome. Novel therapeutics with mechanisms of action that are independent of mutational status would therefore fulfill a current unmet clinical need. Here the CEA and CD3 bispecific single-chain antibody MEDI-565 (also known as MT111 and AMG 211) was evaluated for its ability to activate T cells both in vitro and in vivo and to kill human tumor cell lines harboring various somatic mutations commonly found in colorectal cancers. MEDI-565 specifically bound to normal and malignant tissues in a CEA-specific manner, and only killed CEA positive cells. The BiTE® antibody construct mediated T cell-directed killing of CEA positive tumor cells within 6 hours, at low effector-to-target ratios which were independent of high concentrations of soluble CEA. The potency of in vitro lysis was dependent on CEA antigen density but independent of the mutational status in cancer cell lines. Importantly, individual or combinations of mutated KRAS and BRAF oncogenes, activating PI3KCA mutations, loss of PTEN expression, and loss-of-function mutations in TP53 did not reduce the activity in vitro. MEDI-565 also prevented growth of human xenograft tumors which harbored various mutations. These findings suggest that MEDI-565 represents a potential treatment option for patients with CEA positive tumors of diverse origin, including those with individual or combinations of somatic mutations that may be less responsive to chemotherapy and other targeted agents.
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Key Words
- AMG 211
- BiTE®, bi-specific T cell engager
- CD3
- CEA
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CEACAM5, CEA-related cell adhesion molecule family member 5
- DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase
- EC50, half maximal effective concentration
- FFPE, formaldehye fixed paraffin embedded
- IV, intravenous
- MEDI-565
- MEDI-565, bispecific single-chain antibody specific for CEA and human CD3
- MT111
- SC, subcutaneous
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- T cells
- TMA, tissue microarray
- bispecific antibody
- peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC
- scFv, single chain variable fragment
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Abstract
The immune system is designed to discriminate between self and tumor tissue. Through genetic recombination, there is fundamentally no limit to the number of tumor antigens that immune cells can recognize. Yet, tumors use a variety of immunosuppressive mechanisms to evade immunity. Insight into how the immune system interacts with tumors is expanding rapidly and has accelerated the translation of immunotherapies into medical breakthroughs. Herein, we appraise novel strategies that exploit the patient's immune system to kill cancer. We review various forms of immune-based therapies, which have shown significant promise in patients with hematologic malignancies, including (i) conventional monoclonal therapies like rituximab; (ii) engineered monoclonal antibodies called bispecific T-cell engagers; (iii) monoclonal antibodies and pharmaceutical drugs that block inhibitory T-cell pathways (i.e. PD-1, CTLA-4, and IDO); and (iv) adoptive cell transfer therapy with T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors or T-cell receptors. We also assess the idea of using these therapies in combination and conclude by suggesting multi-prong approaches to improve treatment outcomes and curative responses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Osada T, Patel SP, Hammond SA, Osada K, Morse MA, Lyerly HK. CEA/CD3-bispecific T cell-engaging (BiTE) antibody-mediated T lymphocyte cytotoxicity maximized by inhibition of both PD1 and PD-L1. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:677-88. [PMID: 25742933 PMCID: PMC11029757 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific T cell-engaging (BiTE) antibodies recruit polyclonal cytotoxic T cells (CTL) to tumors. One such antibody is carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) BiTE that mediates T cell/tumor interaction by simultaneously binding CD3 expressed by T cells and CEA expressed by tumor cells. A widely operative mechanism for mitigating cytotoxic T cell-mediated killing is the interaction of tumor-expressed PD-L1 with T cell-expressed PD-1, which may be partly reversed by PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. We hypothesized that PD-1/PD-L1 blockade during BiTE-mediated T cell killing would enhance CTL function. Here, we determined the effects of PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade during initial T cell-mediated killing of CEA-expressing human tumor cell lines in vitro, as well as subsequent T cell-mediated killing by T lymphocytes that had participated in tumor cell killing. We observed a rapid upregulation of PD-1 expression and diminished cytolytic function of T cells after they had engaged in CEA BiTE-mediated killing of tumors. T cell cytolytic activity in vitro could be maximized by administration of anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies alone or in combination if applied prior to a round of T cell killing, but T cell inhibition could not be fully reversed by this blockade once the T cells had killed tumor. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that dual blockade of PD-1 and PD-L1 maximizes T cell killing of tumor directed by CEA BiTE in vitro, is more effective if applied early, and provides a rationale for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Osada
- Section of Applied Therapeutics, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 403 MSRB, Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA,
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Niwa R, Satoh M. The Current Status and Prospects of Antibody Engineering for Therapeutic Use: Focus on Glycoengineering Technology. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:930-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bispecific T-cell engagers for cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:290-6. [PMID: 25367186 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) are a new class of immunotherapeutic molecules intended for the treatment of cancer. These molecules enhance the patient's immune response to tumors by retargeting T cells to tumor cells. BiTEs are constructed of two single-chain variable fragments (scFv) connected in tandem by a flexible linker. One scFv binds to a T-cell-specific molecule, usually CD3, whereas the second scFv binds to a tumor-associated antigen. This structure and specificity allows a BiTE to physically link a T cell to a tumor cell, ultimately stimulating T-cell activation, tumor killing and cytokine production. BiTEs have been developed, which target several tumor-associated antigens, for a variety of both hematological and solid tumors. Several BiTEs are currently in clinical trials for their therapeutic efficacy and safety. This review examines the salient structural and functional features of BiTEs, as well as the current state of their clinical and preclinical development.
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35
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Friedrich M, Henn A, Raum T, Bajtus M, Matthes K, Hendrich L, Wahl J, Hoffmann P, Kischel R, Kvesic M, Slootstra JW, Baeuerle PA, Kufer P, Rattel B. Preclinical characterization of AMG 330, a CD3/CD33-bispecific T-cell-engaging antibody with potential for treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1549-57. [PMID: 24674885 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is high demand for novel therapeutic options for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). One possible approach is the bispecific T-cell-engaging (BiTE, a registered trademark of Amgen) antibody AMG 330 with dual specificity for CD3 and the sialic acid-binding lectin CD33 (SIGLEC-3), which is frequently expressed on the surface of AML blasts and leukemic stem cells. AMG 330 binds with low nanomolar affinity to CD33 and CD3ε of both human and cynomolgus monkey origin. Eleven human AML cell lines expressing between 14,400 and 56,700 CD33 molecules per cell were all potently lysed with EC(50) values ranging between 0.4 pmol/L and 3 pmol/L (18-149 pg/mL) by previously resting, AMG 330-redirected T cells. Complete lysis was achieved after 40 hours of incubation. In the presence of AML cells, AMG 330 specifically induced expression of CD69 and CD25 as well as release of IFN-γ, TNF, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, and IL-6. Ex vivo, AMG 330 mediated autologous depletion of CD33-positive cells from cynomolgous monkey bone marrow aspirates. Soluble CD33 at concentrations found in bone marrow of patients with AML did not significantly affect activities of AMG 330. Neoexpression of CD33 on newly activated T cells was negligible as it was limited to 6% of T cells in only three out of ten human donors tested. Daily intravenous administration with as low as 0.002 mg/kg AMG 330 significantly prolonged survival of immunodeficient mice adoptively transferred with human MOLM-13 AML cells and human T cells. AMG 330 warrants further development as a potential therapy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Friedrich
- Authors' Affiliations: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Anja Henn
- Authors' Affiliations: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Raum
- Authors' Affiliations: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Monika Bajtus
- Authors' Affiliations: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Katja Matthes
- Authors' Affiliations: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Larissa Hendrich
- Authors' Affiliations: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Wahl
- Authors' Affiliations: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Hoffmann
- Authors' Affiliations: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Roman Kischel
- Authors' Affiliations: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Majk Kvesic
- Authors' Affiliations: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Jerry W Slootstra
- Authors' Affiliations: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick A Baeuerle
- Authors' Affiliations: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Kufer
- Authors' Affiliations: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Benno Rattel
- Authors' Affiliations: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, the Netherlands
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Gu J, Ghayur T. Rationale and development of multispecific antibody drugs. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 3:491-508. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Costimulation improves the killing capability of T cells redirected to tumor cells expressing low levels of CD33: description of a novel modular targeting system. Leukemia 2013; 28:59-69. [PMID: 23958923 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their clinical success, there is growing interest in novel bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) for retargeting of T cells to tumor cells including for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). One potential target for retargeting of T cells to AML blasts is the surface molecule CD33. Here we describe a novel modular targeting platform that consists of a universal effector module (EM) and individual target modules (TMs). Both modules can form an immune complex via a peptide epitope. The resulting targeting complex can functionally replace a conventional bsAb. By fusion of a costimulatory domain (for example, the extracellular CD137 ligand domain) to the TM, the targeting complex can even provide a costimulatory signal to the redirected T cells at their side of interaction with the tumor cell. Furthermore, we observed that an efficient killing of tumor cells expressing low levels of the tumor target CD33 becomes critical at low effector-to-target cell ratios but can be improved by costimulation via CD137 using our novel targeting system.
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Fournier P, Schirrmacher V. Bispecific antibodies and trispecific immunocytokines for targeting the immune system against cancer: preparing for the future. BioDrugs 2013; 27:35-53. [PMID: 23329400 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-012-0008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal anti-tumor antibodies (mAbs) that are clinically effective usually recruit, via their constant fragment (Fc) domain, Fc receptor (FcR)-positive accessory cells of the immune system and engage these additionally against the tumor. Since T cells are FcR negative, these important cells are not getting involved. In contrast to mAbs, bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) can be designed in such a way that they involve T cells. bsAbs are artificially designed molecules that bind simultaneously to two different antigens, one on the tumor cell, the other one on an immune effector cell such as CD3 on T cells. Such dual antibody constructs can cross-link tumor cells and T cells. Many such bsAb molecules at the surface of tumor cells can thus build a bridge to T cells and aggregate their CD3 molecules, thereby activating them for cytotoxic activity. BsAbs can also contain a third binding site, for instance a Fc domain or a cytokine that would bind to its respective cytokine receptor. The present review discusses the pros and cons for the use of the Fc fragment during the development of bsAbs using either cell-fusion or recombinant DNA technologies. The recombinant antibody technology allows the generation of very efficient bsAbs containing no Fc domain such as the bi-specific T-cell engager (BiTE). The strong antitumor activity of these molecules makes them very interesting new cancer therapeutics. Over the last decade, we have developed another concept, namely to combine bsAbs and multivalent immunocytokines with a tumor cell vaccine. The latter are patient-derived tumor cells modified by infection with a virus. The virus-Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)-introduces, at the surface of the tumor cells, viral molecules that can serve as general anchors for the bsAbs. Our strategy aims at redirecting, in an Fc-independent fashion, activities of T cells and accessory cells against autologous tumor antigens. It creates very promising perspectives for a new generation of efficient and safe cancer therapeutics that should confer long-lasting anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Fournier
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
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Baum V, Bühler P, Gierschner D, Herchenbach D, Fiala GJ, Schamel WW, Wolf P, Elsässer-Beile U. Antitumor activities of PSMA×CD3 diabodies by redirected T-cell lysis of prostate cancer cells. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:27-38. [PMID: 23256796 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Although prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in men, there is no effective curative therapy for the advanced disease. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to generate prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)×CD3 diabodies as a novel treatment option for this tumor. METHODS A PSMA×CD3 diabody and a covalently linked single-chain diabody were constructed from the anti-PSMA single-chain Fv fragment D7 and an anti-CD3 single-chain Fv fragment. The fusion proteins were periplasmatically expressed in Escherichia coli. The binding properties were tested on PSMA-expressing C4-2 prostate cancer cells and CD3(+) Jurkat cells by flow cytometry. For in vitro functional analysis, a cell viability assay was used. T-cell activation was determined by flow cytometry. In vivo activity of the diabody was tested in SCID mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing C4-2 tumor xenografts. RESULTS Bacterial expression levels were significantly higher for the diabody (1-1.5 mg/l culture) compared with the single-chain diabody (0.2-0.4 mg/l culture). Specific binding on CD3-expressing Jurkat cells and PSMA-expressing C4-2 cells was shown with both diabody formats. In vitro, both diabodies proved to be potent agents for retargeting human CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes to lyse C4-2 prostate cancer cells. The formation of conjugates between T cells and target cells with clustering of the diabody at sites of interaction could be shown. SCID mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing C4-2 tumor xenografts with the diabody showed an efficient inhibition of tumor growth. CONCLUSION Both diabody formats showed a highly efficient and specific T cell-mediated killing of prostate cancer cells and are encouraging for further development in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Baum
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Street 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Frankel SR, Baeuerle PA. Targeting T cells to tumor cells using bispecific antibodies. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:385-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yee NS. Toward the goal of personalized therapy in pancreatic cancer by targeting the molecular phenotype. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 779:91-143. [PMID: 23288637 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6176-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide a critical review of the molecular alterations in pancreatic cancer that are clinically investigated as therapeutic targets and their potential impact on clinical outcomes. Adenocarcinoma of exocrine pancreas is generally associated with poor prognosis and the conventional therapies are marginally effective. Advances in understanding the genetic regulation of normal and neoplastic development of pancreas have led to development and clinical evaluation of new therapeutic strategies that target the signaling pathways and molecular alterations in pancreatic cancer. Applications have begun to utilize the genetic targets as biomarkers for prediction of therapeutic responses and selection of treatment options. The goal of accomplishing personalized tumor-specific therapy with tolerable side effects for patients with pancreatic cancer is hopefully within reach in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson S Yee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.
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Sun P, Xu Y, DU X, Ning N, Sun H, Liang W, Li R. An engineered three-dimensional gastric tumor culture model for evaluating the antitumor activity of immune cells in vitro. Oncol Lett 2012; 5:489-494. [PMID: 23420461 PMCID: PMC3573075 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monolayer tumor culture models have been used for evaluating the antitumor activity of immune cells in vitro. However, their value in this research is limited. We used human gastric cancer cells (BGC823) and collagen hydrogel as a matrix to establish an engineered three-dimensional (3-D) tumor culture model in vitro. Tumor cells grew in 3-D culture and formed spheroids in the collagen matrix. Evaluation of the antitumor activity of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells revealed that, compared with the 2-D cell culture models, CIK cells migrated towards the tumor cells and destroyed the spheroids and tumor cells in the engineered 3-D tumor culture model. The cytotoxicity of CIK cells against the tumor cells in the engineered 3-D tumor culture model was lower than that in 2-D tumor culture models at 12–36 h post-interaction, but there was no significant difference in the cytotoxicity at later time points. Further analysis indicated that dendritic cell-activated CIK cells had a significantly higher level of cytotoxicity against tumor cells, compared with CIK and anti-CEA/CD3-treated CIK cells, in the engineered 3-D tumor culture model. Our data suggest that the engineered 3-D gastric tumor culture model may better mimic the interaction of immune cells with tumor cells in vivo than the 2-D tumor culture models, and may be used for evaluating the antitumor activity of immune cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiming Sun
- Institute of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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43
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Du X, Jin R, Ning N, Li L, Wang Q, Liang W, Liu J, Xu Y. In vivo distribution and antitumor effect of infused immune cells in a gastric cancer model. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1743-9. [PMID: 22948809 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular transfer has been employed for cancer immunotherapy, including patients with gastric cancer. However, little is known about the distribution of effector cells after their injection via different pathways. In this study, we used human gastric cancer cells (BGC823) tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGPF) to establish a subcutaneous gastric cancer model in nude mice. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were generated from human peripheral blood and labeled with red fluorescent PKH26. A portion of CIK cells was armed with CEA/CD3-bispecific single-chain antibody. When CIK cells were injected into nude mice with established subcutaneous gastric cancer via peritumoral (p.t.), intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) infusion respectively, the distribution of cells was observed using a live fluorescence imaging system. We found that only a very small number of CIK cells could travel to the tumor site after i.p. or i.v. infusion, and they inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth in vivo only immediately following injection. In contrast, p.t. injection resulted in a significantly higher accumulation of CIK cells at the tumor site for 48 hours and mediated the greatest tumor inhibition compared with the other two injection methods. In addition, we compared the antitumor activity of CIK, CEA/CD3-bscAb-CIK and CTL cells in vitro and in vivo after p.t. injection. Among the three types of immune cells, CTLs demonstrated the strongest antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. CEA/CD3-bispecific single chain antibody could effectively link T lymphocytes and tumor cells expressing CEA, and resulted in significantly higher accumulation of CIK cells at the tumor site compared with the parental CIK cells. This study indicates that peritumoral injection of immune effector cells by minimally invasive surgical procedures represents an effective delivery method of adoptive cellular immunotherapy. Tumor-specific immune cells, such as CTLs, are a better choice of effector cells than CIKs in cellular immunotherapy. Furthermore, CD3+ immune cells armed with the CEA/CD3-bispecific single chain antibody could more effectively travel to and accumulate at the site of tumors expressing CEA, such as gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Du
- General Surgery Department, Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan, PR China.
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Feldmann A, Arndt C, Töpfer K, Stamova S, Krone F, Cartellieri M, Koristka S, Michalk I, Lindemann D, Schmitz M, Temme A, Bornhäuser M, Ehninger G, Bachmann M. Novel humanized and highly efficient bispecific antibodies mediate killing of prostate stem cell antigen-expressing tumor cells by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3249-59. [PMID: 22875801 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy in men. The prostate stem cell Ag (PSCA) is a promising target for immunotherapy of advanced disease. Based on a novel mAb directed to PSCA, we established and compared a series of murine and humanized anti-CD3-anti-PSCA single-chain bispecific Abs. Their capability to redirect T cells for killing of tumor cells was analyzed. During these studies, we identified a novel bispecific humanized Ab that efficiently retargets T cells to tumor cells in a strictly Ag-dependent manner and at femtomolar concentrations. T cell activation, cytokine release, and lysis of target cells depend on a cross-linkage of redirected T cells with tumor cells, whereas binding of the anti-CD3 domain alone does not lead to an activation or cytokine release. Interestingly, both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells are activated in parallel and can efficiently mediate the lysis of tumor cells. However, the onset of killing via CD4+ T cells is delayed. Furthermore, redirecting T cells via the novel humanized bispecific Abs results in a delay of tumor growth in xenografted nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Feldmann
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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A novel bispecific single-chain antibody for ADAM17 and CD3 induces T-cell-mediated lysis of prostate cancer cells. Biochem J 2012; 445:135-44. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20120433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ADAM17 (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17) is a membrane-bound protease that cleaves various cell surface proteins, including cytokines and cytokine receptors. Recently it was shown that ADAM17 is highly expressed on the surface of many cancer cells, whereas normal cells express low levels of ADAM17, implying that ADAM17 is a potential immunotherapeutic target. We have generated a monoclonal antibody against human ADAM17, which recognized the membrane proximal cysteine-rich extension of the ADAM17 protein. Unlike normal cells, tumour cell lines, such as a prostate cancer cell line, pancreatic cancer cell lines, a breast cancer cell line and a non-small lung cancer cell line, expressed ADAM17 on the cell surface. Using the sequence of the antibody we generated an ADAM17-specific scFv (single-chain variable fragment) and fused this to a CD3-specific scFv to generate a bispecific T-cell engager antibody [A300E-BiTE (bispecific T-cell engager antibody)]. Specificity was demonstrated on cells in which ADAM17 was knocked down with a specific shRNA (short hairpin RNA). A300E-BiTE recognized ADAM17 and CD3 on the cell surface of tumour cells and T-cells respectively. In the presence of primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or human T-cells the addition of A300E-BiTE led to ADAM17-specific killing of prostate tumour cells indicating a novel strategy for the treatment of cancer.
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Immunopharmacologic response of patients with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia to continuous infusion of T cell-engaging CD19/CD3-bispecific BiTE antibody blinatumomab. Blood 2012; 119:6226-33. [PMID: 22592608 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-01-400515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-engaging CD19/CD3-bispecific BiTE Ab blinatumomab has shown an 80% complete molecular response rate and prolonged leukemia-free survival in patients with minimal residual B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (MRD(+) B-ALL). Here, we report that lymphocytes in all patients of a phase 2 study responded to continuous infusion of blinatumomab in a strikingly similar fashion. After start of infusion, B-cell counts dropped to < 1 B cell/μL within an average of 2 days and remained essentially undetectable for the entire treatment period. By contrast, T-cell counts in all patients declined to a nadir within < 1 day and recovered to baseline within a few days. T cells then expanded and on average more than doubled over baseline within 2-3 weeks under continued infusion of blinatumomab. A significant percentage of reappearing CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells newly expressed activation marker CD69. Shortly after start of infusion, a transient release of cytokines dominated by IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ was observed, which no longer occurred on start of a second treatment cycle. The response of lymphocytes in leukemic patients to continuous infusion of blinatumomab helps to better understand the mode of action of this and other globally T cell-engaging Abs. The trial is registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00560794.
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Peng L, Oberst MD, Huang J, Brohawn P, Morehouse C, Lekstrom K, Baeuerle PA, Wu H, Yao Y, Coats SR, Dall’Acqua W, Damschroder M, Hammond SA. The CEA/CD3-bispecific antibody MEDI-565 (MT111) binds a nonlinear epitope in the full-length but not a short splice variant of CEA. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36412. [PMID: 22574157 PMCID: PMC3344869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MEDI-565 (also known as MT111) is a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE®) antibody in development for the treatment of patients with cancers expressing carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). MEDI-565 binds CEA on cancer cells and CD3 on T cells to induce T-cell mediated killing of cancer cells. To understand the molecular basis of human CEA recognition by MEDI-565 and how polymorphisms and spliced forms of CEA may affect MEDI-565 activity, we mapped the epitope of MEDI-565 on CEA using mutagenesis and homology modeling approaches. We found that MEDI-565 recognized a conformational epitope in the A2 domain comprised of amino acids 326–349 and 388–410, with critical residues F326, T328, N333, V388, G389, P390, E392, I408, and N410. Two non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs10407503, rs7249230) were identified in the epitope region, but they are found at low homozygosity rates. Searching the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank® database, we further identified a single, previously uncharacterized mRNA splice variant of CEA that lacks a portion of the N-terminal domain, the A1 and B1 domains, and a large portion of the A2 domain. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of multiple cancers showed widespread expression of full-length CEA in these tumors, with less frequent but concordant expression of the CEA splice variant. Because the epitope was largely absent from the CEA splice variant, MEDI-565 did not bind or mediate T-cell killing of cells solely expressing this form of CEA. In addition, the splice variant did not interfere with MEDI-565 binding or activity when co-expressed with full-length CEA. Thus MEDI-565 may broadly target CEA-positive tumors without regard for expression of the short splice variant of CEA. Together our data suggest that MEDI-565 activity will neither be impacted by SNPs nor by a splice variant of CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Oberst
- Preclinical Oncology, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip Brohawn
- Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chris Morehouse
- Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristen Lekstrom
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Herren Wu
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yihong Yao
- Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Coats
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William Dall’Acqua
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melissa Damschroder
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MD); (SH)
| | - Scott A. Hammond
- Preclinical Oncology, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MD); (SH)
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Redirected lysis of human melanoma cells by a MCSP/CD3-bispecific BiTE antibody that engages patient-derived T cells. J Immunother 2012; 34:597-605. [PMID: 21904216 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3182307fd8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP; also called HMW-MAA, CSPG4, NG2, MSK16, MCSPG, MEL-CSPG, or gp240) is a well characterized melanoma cell-surface antigen. In this study, a new bispecific T-cell engaging (BiTE) antibody that binds to MCSP and human CD3 (MCSP-BiTE) was tested for its cytotoxic activity against human melanoma cell lines. When unstimulated peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) derived from healthy donors were cocultured with melanoma cells at effector:target ratios of 1:1, 1:5, or 1:10, and treated with MCSP-BiTE antibody at doses of 10, 100, or 1000 ng/mL, all MCSP-expressing melanoma cell lines (n=23) were lysed in a dose-dependent and effector:target ratio-dependent manner, whereas there was no cytotoxic activity against MCSP-negative melanoma cell lines (n=2). To investigate whether T cells from melanoma patients could act as effector cells, we cocultured unstimulated PBMCs with allogeneic melanoma cells from 13 patients (4 stage I/II, 3 stage III, and 6 stage IV) or with autologous melanoma cells from 2 patients (stage IV). Although cytotoxic activity varied, all 15 PBMC samples mediated significant redirected lysis by the BiTE antibody. When PBMC or CD8 T cells were prestimulated by anti-CD3 antibody OKT-3 and interleukin-2, the MCSP-BiTE concentrations needed for melanoma cell lysis decreased up to 1000-fold. As MCSP is expressed on most human melanomas, immunotherapy with MCSP/CD3-bispecific antibodies merits clinical investigation.
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Koristka S, Cartellieri M, Theil A, Feldmann A, Arndt C, Stamova S, Michalk I, Töpfer K, Temme A, Kretschmer K, Bornhäuser M, Ehninger G, Schmitz M, Bachmann M. Retargeting of Human Regulatory T Cells by Single-Chain Bispecific Antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1551-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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