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Lucas ED, Schafer JB, Matsuda J, Kraus M, Burchill MA, Tamburini BAJ. PD-L1 Reverse Signaling in Dermal Dendritic Cells Promotes Dendritic Cell Migration Required for Skin Immunity. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108258. [PMID: 33053342 PMCID: PMC7688291 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the function of the extracellular region of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) through its interactions with PD-1 on T cells is well studied, little is understood regarding the intracellular domain of PD-L1. Here, we outline a major role for PD-L1 intracellular signaling in the control of dendritic cell (DC) migration from the skin to the draining lymph node (dLN). Using a mutant mouse model, we identify a TSS signaling motif within the intracellular domain of PD-L1. The TSS motif proves critical for chemokine-mediated DC migration to the dLN during inflammation. This loss of DC migration, in the PD-L1 TSS mutant, leads to a significant decline in T cell priming when DC trafficking is required for antigen delivery to the dLN. Finally, the TSS motif is required for chemokine receptor signaling downstream of the Gα subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein complex, ERK phosphorylation, and actin polymerization in DCs. Lucas et al. define three residues within the cytoplasmic tail of PD-L1 that are required for proper dendritic cell migration from the skin to the lymph node. These three-amino-acid residues promote chemokine signaling in dendritic cells and productive T cell responses to skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Johnathon B Schafer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Madison Kraus
- Gates Summer Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew A Burchill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Walsh SM, Sheridan RM, Lucas ED, Doan TA, Ware BC, Schafer J, Fu R, Burchill MA, Hesselberth JR, Tamburini BAJ. Molecular tracking devices quantify antigen distribution and archiving in the murine lymph node. eLife 2021; 10:e62781. [PMID: 33843587 PMCID: PMC8116055 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of foreign antigens in vivo has relied on fluorescent conjugation or indirect read-outs such as antigen presentation. In our studies, we found that these widely used techniques had several technical limitations that have precluded a complete picture of antigen trafficking or retention across lymph node cell types. To address these limitations, we developed a 'molecular tracking device' to follow the distribution, acquisition, and retention of antigen in the lymph node. Utilizing an antigen conjugated to a nuclease-resistant DNA tag, acting as a combined antigen-adjuvant conjugate, and single-cell mRNA sequencing, we quantified antigen abundance in the lymph node. Variable antigen levels enabled the identification of caveolar endocytosis as a mechanism of antigen acquisition or retention in lymphatic endothelial cells. Thus, these molecular tracking devices enable new approaches to study dynamic tissue dissemination of antigen-adjuvant conjugates and identify new mechanisms of antigen acquisition and retention at cellular resolution in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Ryan M Sheridan
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Erin D Lucas
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Thu A Doan
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Brian C Ware
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Johnathon Schafer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Rui Fu
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Matthew A Burchill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Beth Ann Jiron Tamburini
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
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Silva AJD, de Macêdo LS, Leal LRS, de Jesus ALS, Freitas AC. Yeasts as a promising delivery platform for DNA and RNA vaccines. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:foab018. [PMID: 33837785 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are considered a useful system for the development of vaccines for human and veterinary health. Species such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris have been used successfully as host organisms for the production of subunit vaccines. These organisms have been also explored as vaccine vehicles enabling the delivery of antigens such as proteins and nucleic acids. The employed species possess a GRAS status (Generally Recognized as Safe) for the production of therapeutic proteins, besides promoting immunostimulation due to the properties of their wall cell composition. This strategy allows the administration of nucleic acids orally and a specific delivery to professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this review, we seek to outline the development of whole yeast vaccines (WYV) carrying nucleic acids in different approaches in the medical field, as well as the immunological aspects of this vaccine strategy. The data presented here reveal the application of this platform in promoting effective immune responses in the context of prophylactic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jéssica Duarte Silva
- Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rêgo, 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Larissa Silva de Macêdo
- Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rêgo, 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Lígia Rosa Sales Leal
- Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rêgo, 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Santos de Jesus
- Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rêgo, 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Freitas
- Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rêgo, 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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IL-27 is required for shaping the magnitude, affinity distribution, and memory of T cells responding to subunit immunization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16472-7. [PMID: 25267651 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407393111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An elusive goal of cellular immune vaccines is the generation of large numbers of antigen-specific T cells in response to subunit immunization. A broad spectrum of cytokines and cell-surface costimulatory molecules are known to shape the programming, magnitude, and repertoire of T cells responding to vaccination. We show here that the majority of innate immune receptor agonist-based vaccine adjuvants unexpectedly depend on IL-27 for eliciting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. This is in sharp contrast to infectious challenge, which generates T-cell responses that are IL-27-independent. Mixed bone marrow chimera experiments demonstrate that IL-27 dependency is T cell-intrinsic, requiring T-cell expression of IL-27Rα. Further, we show that IL-27 dependency not only dictates the magnitude of vaccine-elicited T-cell responses but also is critical for the programming and persistence of high-affinity T cells to subunit immunization. Collectively, our data highlight the unexpected central importance of IL-27 in the generation of robust, high-affinity cellular immune responses to subunit immunization.
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King TH, Kemmler CB, Guo Z, Mann D, Lu Y, Coeshott C, Gehring AJ, Bertoletti A, Ho ZZ, Delaney W, Gaggar A, Subramanian GM, McHutchison JG, Shrivastava S, Lee YJL, Kottilil S, Bellgrau D, Rodell T, Apelian D. A whole recombinant yeast-based therapeutic vaccine elicits HBV X, S and Core specific T cells in mice and activates human T cells recognizing epitopes linked to viral clearance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101904. [PMID: 25051027 PMCID: PMC4106793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) is characterized by sub-optimal T cell responses to viral antigens. A therapeutic vaccine capable of restoring these immune responses could potentially improve HBsAg seroconversion rates in the setting of direct acting antiviral therapies. A yeast-based immunotherapy (Tarmogen) platform was used to make a vaccine candidate expressing hepatitis B virus (HBV) X, surface (S), and Core antigens (X-S-Core). Murine and human immunogenicity models were used to evaluate the type and magnitude of HBV-Ag specific T cell responses elicited by the vaccine. C57BL/6J, BALB/c, and HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice immunized with yeast expressing X-S-Core showed T cell responses to X, S and Core when evaluated by lymphocyte proliferation assay, ELISpot, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), or tumor challenge assays. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were observed. Human T cells transduced with HBc18-27 and HBs183-91 specific T cell receptors (TCRs) produced interferon gamma (IFNγ following incubation with X-S-Core-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs). Furthermore, stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from CHB patients or from HBV vaccine recipients with autologous DCs pulsed with X-S-Core or a related product (S-Core) resulted in pronounced expansions of HBV Ag-specific T cells possessing a cytolytic phenotype. These data indicate that X-S-Core-expressing yeast elicit functional adaptive immune responses and supports the ongoing evaluation of this therapeutic vaccine in patients with CHB to enhance the induction of HBV-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. King
- GlobeImmune, Inc., Louisville, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Zhimin Guo
- GlobeImmune, Inc., Louisville, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Derrick Mann
- GlobeImmune, Inc., Louisville, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yingnian Lu
- GlobeImmune, Inc., Louisville, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Claire Coeshott
- GlobeImmune, Inc., Louisville, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Gehring
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology & Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zi Z. Ho
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - William Delaney
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Anuj Gaggar
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Shikha Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yu-Jin L. Lee
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shyamasundaran Kottilil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Donald Bellgrau
- GlobeImmune, Inc., Louisville, Colorado, United States of America
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Timothy Rodell
- GlobeImmune, Inc., Louisville, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David Apelian
- GlobeImmune, Inc., Louisville, Colorado, United States of America
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Antigen capture and archiving by lymphatic endothelial cells following vaccination or viral infection. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3989. [PMID: 24905362 PMCID: PMC4073648 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen derived from viral infections with influenza and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) can persist after resolution of infection. Here we show that antigen can similarly persist for weeks following viral challenge and vaccination. Antigen is captured by Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (LECs), under conditions that induce LEC proliferation. Consistent with published data showing that viral antigen persistence impacts on the function of circulating memory T cells, we find that vaccine elicited antigen persistence, found on LECs, positively influences the degree of protective immunity elicited by circulating memory CD8+ T cells. The coupling of LEC proliferation and antigen capture identifies a mechanism by which the LECs store, or “archive”, antigens for extended periods of time after antigen challenge, thereby increasing IFNγ/IL-2 production and enhancing protection against infection. These findings therefore have the potential to impact future vaccination strategies and our understanding of the role for persisting antigen in both vaccine and infectious settings.
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Abstract
While the need for CD4 T cells in the generation of CD8 T cell memory has been well documented, the mechanism underlying their requirement remains unknown. Here, we detail an immunization method capable of generating CD8 memory T cells that are indifferent to CD4 T cell help. Using a subunit vaccination that combines polyIC and an agonistic CD40 antibody, we program protective CD4-independent CD8 T cell memory. When cells generated by combined polyIC/CD40 immunization are compared to cells produced following a CD4-dependent vaccination, Listeria monocytogenes, they display dramatic differences, both phenotypically and functionally. The memory cells generated in a CD4-deficient host by polyIC/CD40 immunization provide protection against secondary infectious challenge, whereas cells generated by LM immunization in the same environment do not. Interestingly, combined polyIC/CD40 immunization generates long-term memory cells with low Blimp-1 and elevated Eomes expression despite high expression of Blimp-1 during the primary response. The potency of combined polyIC/CD40 to elicit CD8+ T cell memory in the absence of CD4 T cells suggests that it could be considered as a vaccine adjuvant in clinical situations where CD4 responses/numbers are compromised.
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