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Li B, Jiang X, Liu C, Ma Y, Zhao R, Zhang H. Exploring the preventive effects of Jie Geng Tang on pulmonary fibrosis induced in vitro and in vivo: a network pharmacology approach. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03262-w. [PMID: 38961002 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a debilitating lung disease marked by excessive fibrotic tissue accumulation, which significantly impairs respiratory function. Given the limitations of current therapies, there is an increasing interest in exploring traditional herbal formulations like Jie Geng Tang (JGT) for treatment. This study examines the potential of JGT and its bioactive component, quercetin, in reversing bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. We employed a BLM-induced MLE-12 cell damage model for in vitro studies and a bleomycin-induced fibrosis model in C57BL/6 mice for in vivo experiments. In vitro assessments showed that JGT significantly enhanced cell viability and reduced apoptosis in MLE-12 cells treated with BLM. These findings underscore JGT's potential for cytoprotection against fibrotic agents. In vivo, JGT was effective in modulating the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin, key markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway, indicating its role in mitigating EMT-associated fibrotic changes in lung tissue. Quercetin, identified through network pharmacology analysis as a potential key bioactive component of JGT, was highlighted for its role in the regulatory mechanisms underlying fibrosis progression, particularly through the modulation of the IL-17 pathway and Il6 expression. By targeting inflammatory pathways and key processes like EMT, JGT and quercetin offer a potent alternative to conventional therapies, meriting further clinical exploration to harness their full therapeutic potential in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Li
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Dongshan Road 100, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Xiaojie Jiang
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Dongshan Road 100, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Dongshan Road 100, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Yun Ma
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Dongshan Road 100, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Ruining Zhao
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Dongshan Road 100, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Dongshan Road 100, Huaibei, 235000, China.
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Pinto N, Nissa MU, Yashwanth BS, Sathiyanarayanan A, Pai MGJ, Srivastava S, Goswami M. Proteomics analysis of differentially abundant proteins in the rohu kidney infected with Edwardsiella tarda. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 50:101221. [PMID: 38430708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda (Et) is a zoonotic gram-negative pathogen with a diverse host range, including fish. However, the in-depth molecular mechanisms underlying the response of Labeo rohita (rohu) kidney to Et are poorly understood. A proteomic and histopathological analysis was performed for the rohu kidney after Et infection. The histopathology of the infected rohu kidney showed vacuolation and necrosis. After LC-MS/MS analysis, ~1240 proteins were identified with ≥2 unique peptides. A total of 96 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were observed between the control and Et infected group (ET). Metascape and STRING analysis were used for the gene ontology (GO), and protein-protein interaction network (PPI) for the significant pathways of DAPs. In PPI, low-abundant proteins were mapped to metabolic pathways and oxidative phosphorylation (cox5ab, uqcrfs1). High-abundance proteins were mapped to ribosomes (rplp2), protein process in the ER (hspa8), and immune system (ptgdsb.1, muc2). Our label-free proteomic approach in the rohu kidney revealed abundant enriched proteins involved in vesicle coat (ehd4), complement activation (c3a.1, c9, c7a), phagosome (thbs4, mapk1), metabolic reprogramming (hao1, glud1a), wound healing (vim, alox5), and the immune system (psap) after Et infection. A targeted proteomics approach of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) validated the DAPs (nprl3, ambp, vmo1a, hspg2, muc2, hao1 and glud1a) between control and ET. Overall, the current analysis of histology and proteome in the rohu kidney provides comprehensive data on pathogenicity and the potential immune proteins against Et.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevil Pinto
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India. https://twitter.com/pintonevil8
| | - Mehar Un Nissa
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - B S Yashwanth
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
| | - A Sathiyanarayanan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
| | - Medha Gayathri J Pai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India. https://twitter.com/Sanjeeva_IITB
| | - Mukunda Goswami
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India.
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Huynh TN, Toperzer J, Scherer A, Gumina A, Brunetti T, Mansour MK, Markovitz DM, Russo BC. Vimentin regulates mitochondrial ROS production and inflammatory responses of neutrophils. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.11.589146. [PMID: 38659904 PMCID: PMC11042233 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.11.589146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The intermediate filament vimentin is present in immune cells and is implicated in proinflammatory immune responses. Whether and how it supports antimicrobial activities of neutrophils is not well established. Here, we developed an immortalized neutrophil model to examine the requirement of vimentin. We demonstrate that vimentin restricts the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), but enhances phagocytosis and swarming. We observe that vimentin is dispensable for neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, degranulation, and inflammasome activation. Moreover, gene expression analysis demonstrated that the presence of vimentin was associated with changes in expression of multiple genes required for mitochondrial function and ROS overproduction. Treatment of wild-type cells with rotenone, an inhibitor for complex I of the electron transport chain, increases the ROS levels. Likewise, treatment with mitoTEMPO, a SOD mimetic, rescues the ROS production in cells lacking vimentin. Together, these data show vimentin regulates neutrophil antimicrobial functions and alters ROS levels through regulation of mitochondrial activity.
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Chen R, Xie L, Fan Y, Hua X, Chung CY. Vesicular translocation of PARP-1 to cytoplasm causes ADP-ribosylation and disassembly of vimentin filaments during microglia activation induced by LPS. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1363154. [PMID: 38590714 PMCID: PMC10999663 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1363154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation plays a significant role in various biological processes including genomic stability maintenance, transcriptional regulation, energy metabolism, and cell death. Using macrodomain pull-down assay with microglia lysates and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, we identified vimentin as a major protein highly ADP-ribosylated by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases-1 (PARP-1) in response to LPS. ABT-888, a potent inhibitor of PARP-1/2 blocks the disassembly and ADP-ribosylation of vimentin. PARP-1 is a highly abundant nuclear protein. Its nuclear functions in repairing DNA damages induced by various stress signals, such as inflammatory stresses, have been well studied. In contrast, limited studies have been done on the cytoplasmic role(s) of PARP-1. Our study focuses on the cytoplasmic role of PARP-1 during microglia activation. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting, we showed that a significant amount of PARP-1 is present in the cytosol of microglia cells stimulated and activated by LPS. Live cell imaging showed the translocation of nuclear PARP-1-EGFP to the cytoplasm in vesicular structures upon LPS stimulation. ABT-888 and U0126 can block this translocation. Immunofluorescence staining with various organelle marker antibodies revealed that PARP-1 vesicles show colocalization with Lamin A/C, suggesting they might be derived from the nuclear envelope through nuclear envelope budding. In conclusion, we demonstrated that PARP-1 is translocated from the nucleus to cytoplasm via vesicles upon LPS stimulation and that cytoplasmic PARP-1 causes ADP-ribosylation and disassembly of vimentin filaments during microglia activation induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lirui Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangmei Hua
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chang Y. Chung
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, United States
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Huang C, Lin ZJ, Chen JC, Zheng HJ, Lai YH, Huang HC. α-Viniferin-Induced Apoptosis through Downregulation of SIRT1 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050727. [PMID: 37242510 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Viniferin, a natural stilbene compound found in plants and a polymer of resveratrol, had demonstrated potential anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the specific mechanisms underlying its anti-cancer activity were not yet fully understood and required further investigation. This study evaluated the effectiveness of α-viniferin and ε-viniferin using MTT assay. Results showed that α-viniferin was more effective than ε-viniferin in reducing the viability of NCI-H460 cells, a type of non-small cell lung cancer. Annexin V/7AAD assay results provided further evidence that the decrease in cell viability observed in response to α-viniferin treatment was due to the induction of apoptosis in NCI-H460 cells. The present findings indicated that treatment with α-viniferin could stimulate apoptosis in cells by cleaving caspase 3 and PARP. Moreover, the treatment reduced the expression of SIRT1, vimentin, and phosphorylated AKT, and also induced AIF nuclear translocation. Furthermore, this research provided additional evidence for the effectiveness of α-viniferin as an anti-tumor agent in nude mice with NCI-H460 cell xenografts. As demonstrated by the TUNEL assay results, α-viniferin promoted apoptosis in NCI-H460 cells in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Jun Lin
- Center for Teacher Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30014, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Science, Nanda Campus, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30014, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chieh Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jun Zheng
- Center for Teacher Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30014, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Science, Nanda Campus, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30014, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chen Huang
- Center for Teacher Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30014, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Science, Nanda Campus, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30014, Taiwan
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Kapuganti RS, Mohanty PP, Alone DP. Quantitative analysis of circulating levels of vimentin, clusterin and fibulin-5 in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2022; 224:109236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Miao H, Cui Y, Lu Y, Sun T, Dou J, Ren Y, Wang C, Zhang Y. Serum vimentin predicts mortality in pediatric severe sepsis: A prospective observational study. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 121:141-147. [PMID: 35568360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vascular hyperpermeability by loss of endothelial barrier integrity is a hallmark of sepsis. Vimentin is involved in the regulation of the endothelial function and inflammatory response. However, the serum level of vimentin and its clinical relevance in pediatric severe sepsis (PSS) remain unknown. METHODS We conducted a prospective study of PSS cases who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) from January 2018 to December 2020. RESULTS A total of 108 patients with PSS with a median age of 19.5 month were enrolled. The hospital mortality rate was 19.44% (21/108). Comparing with healthy controls, serum vimentin levels on PICU admission were significantly higher in patients with PSS (P < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve for vimentin to predict the hospital mortality was 0.712 (95% CI: 0.578-846) with a sensitivity of 71.43% and a specificity of 70.11%. Moreover, hospital mortality was significantly higher in patients with vimentin level over the cutoff value of 24.53 ng/ml than in patients with vimentin level below 24.53 ng/ml (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Serum vimentin level as an indicator of endothelial injury is associated with the prognosis of PSS, and serum vimentin level ≥24.53 ng/ml on PICU admission predicts high risk for hospital mortality in PSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Miao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Dou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqian Ren
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yucai Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Surolia R, Antony VB. Pathophysiological Role of Vimentin Intermediate Filaments in Lung Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:872759. [PMID: 35573702 PMCID: PMC9096236 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.872759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin intermediate filaments, a type III intermediate filament, are among the most widely studied IFs and are found abundantly in mesenchymal cells. Vimentin intermediate filaments localize primarily in the cytoplasm but can also be found on the cell surface and extracellular space. The cytoplasmic vimentin is well-recognized for its role in providing mechanical strength and regulating cell migration, adhesion, and division. The post-translationally modified forms of Vimentin intermediate filaments have several implications in host-pathogen interactions, cancers, and non-malignant lung diseases. This review will analyze the role of vimentin beyond just the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker highlighting its role as a regulator of host-pathogen interactions and signaling pathways for the pathophysiology of various lung diseases. In addition, we will also examine the clinically relevant anti-vimentin compounds and antibodies that could potentially interfere with the pathogenic role of Vimentin intermediate filaments in lung disease.
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Ostrowska-Podhorodecka Z, Ding I, Norouzi M, McCulloch CA. Impact of Vimentin on Regulation of Cell Signaling and Matrix Remodeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:869069. [PMID: 35359446 PMCID: PMC8961691 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.869069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin expression contributes to cellular mechanoprotection and is a widely recognized marker of fibroblasts and of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. But it is not understood how vimentin affects signaling that controls cell migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Recent data indicate that vimentin controls collagen deposition and ECM structure by regulating contractile force application to the ECM and through post-transcriptional regulation of ECM related genes. Binding of cells to the ECM promotes the association of vimentin with cytoplasmic domains of adhesion receptors such as integrins. After initial adhesion, cell-generated, myosin-dependent forces and signals that impact vimentin structure can affect cell migration. Post-translational modifications of vimentin determine its adaptor functions, including binding to cell adhesion proteins like paxillin and talin. Accordingly, vimentin regulates the growth, maturation and adhesive strength of integrin-dependent adhesions, which enables cells to tune their attachment to collagen, regulate the formation of cell extensions and control cell migration through connective tissues. Thus, vimentin tunes signaling cascades that regulate cell migration and ECM remodeling. Here we consider how specific properties of vimentin serve to control cell attachment to the underlying ECM and to regulate mesenchymal cell migration and remodeling of the ECM by resident fibroblasts.
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Pan P, Su L, Wang X, Chai W, Liu D, Song L, Xie L. Vimentin regulation of autophagy activation in lung fibroblasts in response to lipopolysaccharide exposure in vitro. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:304. [PMID: 33708931 PMCID: PMC7944268 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background The activation and assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome is dependent on the interaction between NLRP3 and the intermediate filament protein vimentin in an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model. We investigated the role of vimentin in this process using human fetal lung (HFL-1) fibroblasts with vimentin transfer genes or gene knockdown and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intervention. Methods HFL-1 cells [con-vector + LPS, vimentin-pCMV3 (VIM-pCMV3), con-siRNA, and vimentin siRNA (VIM-siRNA)] were treated with LPS. An oxidative stress damage assessment, apoptosis analysis, and quantification of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed. Immunoblotting was used to reveal the autophagy pathway. Results We demonstrated that in response to LPS vimentin expression was lower in the HFL-1 cells with the vimentin gene knocked down. Specifically, an increase in oxidative stress, a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, or an increase in calcium ion permeability resulted in an increase in the fibroblast apoptosis rate. In addition, the inflammatory response after vimentin gene knockout was upregulated, as indicated by higher levels of TNF-a, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10. Importantly, the mechanism of suppression of vimentin in the lung fibroblasts was caused by a decrease in autophagy, an increase in mitochondrial membrane protein, and a decrease in mitochondrial function, which may contribute to the augmented cellular injury generated during the response to LPS. Conclusions This study provides insights into whether vimentin may interfere with the inflammatory cascade by activating the autophagy pathway of mitochondrial lung fibroblasts in the early stage of acute lung injury (ALI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Pan
- College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Longxiang Su
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhao Chai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Licheng Song
- College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Xie
- College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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