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Swindells S, Andrade-Villanueva JF, Richmond GJ, Rizzardini G, Baumgarten A, Masiá M, Latiff G, Pokrovsky V, Bredeek F, Smith G, Cahn P, Kim YS, Ford SL, Talarico CL, Patel P, Chounta V, Crauwels H, Parys W, Vanveggel S, Mrus J, Huang J, Harrington CM, Hudson KJ, Margolis DA, Smith KY, Williams PE, Spreen WR. Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine for Maintenance of HIV-1 Suppression. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1112-1123. [PMID: 32130809 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1904398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simplified regimens for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection may increase patient satisfaction and facilitate adherence. METHODS In this phase 3, open-label, multicenter, noninferiority trial involving patients who had had plasma HIV-1 RNA levels of less than 50 copies per milliliter for at least 6 months while taking standard oral antiretroviral therapy, we randomly assigned participants (1:1) to either continue their oral therapy or switch to monthly intramuscular injections of long-acting cabotegravir, an HIV-1 integrase strand-transfer inhibitor, and long-acting rilpivirine, a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor. The primary end point was the percentage of participants with an HIV-1 RNA level of 50 copies per milliliter or higher at week 48, determined with the use of the Food and Drug Administration snapshot algorithm. RESULTS Treatment was initiated in 308 participants per group. At week 48, HIV-1 RNA levels of 50 copies per milliliter or higher were found in 5 participants (1.6%) receiving long-acting therapy and in 3 (1.0%) receiving oral therapy (adjusted difference, 0.6 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.2 to 2.5), a result that met the criterion for noninferiority for the primary end point (noninferiority margin, 6 percentage points). An HIV-1 RNA level of less than 50 copies per milliliter at week 48 was found in 92.5% of participants receiving long-acting therapy and in 95.5% of those receiving oral therapy (adjusted difference, -3.0 percentage points; 95% CI, -6.7 to 0.7), a result that met the criterion for noninferiority for this end point (noninferiority margin, -10 percentage points). Virologic failure was confirmed in 3 participants who received long-acting therapy and 4 participants who received oral therapy. Adverse events were more common in the long-acting-therapy group and included injection-site pain, which occurred in 231 recipients (75%) of long-acting therapy and was mild or moderate in most cases; 1% withdrew because of this event. Serious adverse events were reported in no more than 5% of participants in each group. CONCLUSIONS Monthly injections of long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine were noninferior to standard oral therapy for maintaining HIV-1 suppression. Injection-related adverse events were common but only infrequently led to medication withdrawal. (Funded by ViiV Healthcare and Janssen; ATLAS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02951052.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Swindells
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Jaime-Federico Andrade-Villanueva
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Gary J Richmond
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Giuliano Rizzardini
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Axel Baumgarten
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Mar Masiá
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Gulam Latiff
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Vadim Pokrovsky
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Fritz Bredeek
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Graham Smith
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Pedro Cahn
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Yeon-Sook Kim
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Susan L Ford
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Christine L Talarico
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Parul Patel
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Vasiliki Chounta
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Herta Crauwels
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Wim Parys
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Simon Vanveggel
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Joseph Mrus
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Jenny Huang
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Conn M Harrington
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Krischan J Hudson
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - David A Margolis
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Kimberly Y Smith
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - Peter E Williams
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
| | - William R Spreen
- From the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.S.); Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (J.-F.A.-V.); Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health Imperial Point, Fort Lauderdale, FL (G.J.R.); Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan (G.R.); the Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin (A.B.); Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain (M.M.); Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); Metropolis Medical Group, San Francisco (F.B.); Maple Leaf Research, Toronto (G.S.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (J.H.) - both in Ontario, Canada; Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Y.-S.K.); GlaxoSmithKline (S.L.F.) and ViiV Healthcare (C.L.T., P.P., J.M., C.M.H., K.J.H., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.) - both in Research Triangle Park, NC; ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom (V.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., W.P., S.V., P.E.W.)
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