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Chai J, Capik SF, Kegley B, Richeson JT, Powell JG, Zhao J. Bovine respiratory microbiota of feedlot cattle and its association with disease. Vet Res 2022; 53:4. [PMID: 35022062 PMCID: PMC8756723 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD), as one of the most common and costly diseases in the beef cattle industry, has significant adverse impacts on global food security and the economic stability of the industry. The bovine respiratory microbiome is strongly associated with health and disease and may provide insights for alternative therapy when treating BRD. The niche-specific microbiome communities that colonize the inter-surface of the upper and the lower respiratory tract consist of a dynamic and complex ecological system. The correlation between the disequilibrium in the respiratory ecosystem and BRD has become a hot research topic. Hence, we summarize the pathogenesis and clinical signs of BRD and the alteration of the respiratory microbiota. Current research techniques and the biogeography of the microbiome in the healthy respiratory tract are also reviewed. We discuss the process of resident microbiota and pathogen colonization as well as the host immune response. Although associations between the microbiota and BRD have been revealed to some extent, interpreting the development of BRD in relation to respiratory microbial dysbiosis will likely be the direction for upcoming studies, which will allow us to better understand the importance of the airway microbiome and its contributions to animal health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chai
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Sarah F Capik
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Canyon, TX, 79015, USA
| | - Beth Kegley
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - John T Richeson
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, 79016, USA
| | - Jeremy G Powell
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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Pardon B, Buczinski S. Bovine Respiratory Disease Diagnosis: What Progress Has Been Made in Infectious Diagnosis? Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:425-444. [PMID: 32451034 PMCID: PMC7244442 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - Sébastien Buczinski
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
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Gautam S, Sharma L, Dela Cruz CS. Teaching an Old Intensivist Neutrophil Tricks: Using Alveolar Neutrophilia to Diagnose Ventilator-associated Pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:1178-1181. [PMID: 30543457 PMCID: PMC6519853 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201811-2163ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Gautam
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut
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Abstract
Pneumonia is a highly prevalent disease with considerable morbidity and mortality. However, diagnosis and therapy still rely on antiquated methods, leading to the vast overuse of antimicrobials, which carries risks for both society and the individual. Furthermore, outcomes in severe pneumonia remain poor. Genomic techniques have the potential to transform the management of pneumonia through deep characterization of pathogens as well as the host response to infection. This characterization will enable the delivery of selective antimicrobials and immunomodulatory therapy that will help to offset the disorder associated with overexuberant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Gautam
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Center for Pulmonary Infection Research and Treatment, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, TACS441, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Center for Pulmonary Infection Research and Treatment, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, TACS441, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Center for Pulmonary Infection Research and Treatment, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, TACS441, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA.
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van Leenen K, Van Driessche L, De Cremer L, Gille L, Masmeijer C, Boyen F, Deprez P, Pardon B. Factors associated with lung cytology as obtained by non-endoscopic broncho-alveolar lavage in group-housed calves. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:167. [PMID: 31126282 PMCID: PMC6534843 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory infections are the main indication for antimicrobial use in calves. As in humans and horses, studying inflammation of the deep airways by lung cytology raises the possibility of preventing respiratory disease and targeting its treatment in the future. Whether lung cytology findings coincide with clinical signs and lung ultrasonographic findings is currently unknown. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the association of lung cytology with clinical signs, lung consolidation and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALf) characteristics (including bacteriology). A total of 352 indoor group-housed calves aged between 1 and 6 months from 62 conveniently selected commercial herds were included in this cross-sectional study. Clinical examination, thoracic ultrasound and bacteriology and cytology on non-endoscopic broncho-alveolar lavage (nBAL) samples were performed. RESULTS Pneumonia, defined as presence of ultrasonographic lung consolidations ≥1 cm in depth, affected 42.4% of the calves. Mean BALf neutrophil percentage was 36.6% (SD 23.8; R 0-97.4) and only a positive induced tracheal cough reflex (P = 0.04), standing posture (P = 0.03) increased breathing rate (P = 0.02) and isolation of Pasteurella multocida (P = 0.005), were associated with increased neutrophil percentage. No significant associations between lung ultrasonographic findings and cytology results were present, except for presence of basophils in BALf and consolidation of > 3 cm in depth (OR = 2.6; CI = 1.2-5.6; P = 0.01). Abnormal lung sounds were associated with detection of eosinophils in BALf (OR = 2.8; CI = 1.0-8.1; P = 0.05). Total nucleated cell count (TNCC) (P < 0.001) was positively and macrophage percentage (P = 0.02) negatively associated with volume of lavage fluid recovered. Macroscopic blood staining of BALf increased TNCC (P = 0.002) and lymphocyte percentage (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Only a limited number of clinical signs and ultrasonographic findings were associated with nBAL cytology. BALf cytology offers additional and distinct information in calves aiding in detection and prevention of respiratory conditions. In this population, selected from herds not reporting any recent respiratory illness, a high number of calves had ultrasonographic lung consolidation and high neutrophil percentage in BALf, suggesting that subclinical disease presentations frequently occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina van Leenen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Laura Van Driessche
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieze De Cremer
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Linde Gille
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christien Masmeijer
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Bonvento BV, Rooney JA, Columb MO, McGrath BA, Bentley AM, Felton TW. Non-directed bronchial lavage is a safe method for sampling the respiratory tract in critically ill patient. J Intensive Care Soc 2018; 20:237-241. [PMID: 31447917 DOI: 10.1177/1751143718811113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventilated patients are at risk of acquiring ventilator-associated pneumonia. Various techniques are available for diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia including bronchoalveolar lavage, protected specimen brush and non-directed bronchoalveolar lavage. There is a paucity of evidence regarding the safety profile of these techniques, particularly non-directed bronchoalveolar lavage. This service evaluation aimed to establish whether non-directed bronchoalveolar lavage is a safe procedure. A prospective service evaluation of non-directed bronchoalveolar lavage on our adult intensive care unit was undertaken by a senior physiotherapist trained into carrying out the procedure, measuring pre- and post-procedure vital signs including heart rate (HR), tidal volume (VT), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse oximetry (SpO2). Eighty-five episodes in 41 patients were included in the evaluation. There was a statistically significant difference between pre- and immediately post-procedure recordings for all vital signs measure. HR (min-1), means (SD) 87.1 (16.4), 91.5 (16.5), 87.5 (15.9), 87.7 (15.7) respectively pre, immediately, 5 min after and 30 min after procedure (P < 0.01). SBP mmHg, means (SD) 133.9 (26.1), 142.1 (25.6), 136.9 (25.3), 134.8 (23.4) pre, immediately, 5 min and 30 min after procedure (P < 0.01). VT mL, median (range) 0.523 (0.118-1.180), 0.512 (0.131-1.05), 0.519 (0.104-0.95), 0.534 (0.110-1.080) each pre, immediately, 5 min and 30 min post procedure (P < 0.05). SpO2 %, median (range) 98 (89-100), 100 (96-100), 98 (92-100), 97 (90-100) again each pre-, immediately post, 5 and 30 min post-procedure time-points (P < 0.0001). The statistically significant difference was not detected between pre-, 5 or 30 min post-procedure time-points. None of the changes observed were clinically significant and no untoward events happened to any of the subjects included. Non-directed bronchoalveolar lavage is a safe and inexpensive procedure that can be carried out easily in an intensive care setting by a trained physiotherapist, avoiding the need for invasive bronchoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Bonvento
- Acute Intensive Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - J A Rooney
- Faculty of Health, Psychology & Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - M O Columb
- Acute Intensive Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - B A McGrath
- Acute Intensive Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A M Bentley
- Acute Intensive Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - T W Felton
- Acute Intensive Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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