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Suonpera E, Lanceley A, Ni Y, Marlow N. Parenting stress and health-related quality of life among parents of extremely preterm born early adolescents in England: a cross-sectional study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2024; 109:253-260. [PMID: 37879883 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-325429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether extremely preterm (EP) birth exerts persisting effects on parents in early adolescence. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey conducted between March 2017 and October 2018. SETTING Evaluation of a longitudinal population-based birth cohort in England at 11 years of age (EPICure2@11 Study). PARTICIPANTS Parents of EP (<27 weeks of gestation) adolescents and control parents of term born (≥37 weeks of gestation) classmates of similar age and sex. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI-4-SF) and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-12v1). RESULTS The 163 EP and 125 comparison respondents were most commonly mothers in their mid-40s. EP parents reported higher total parenting stress scores compared with controls, overall (adjusted difference in means: 14 (95% CI 9 to 20)) and after exclusion of moderate and severe child disability and multiples (9 (95% CI 3 to 15). Average physical and mental health-related quality of life scores were similar in the two groups (adjusted difference in means physical health: -2 (95% CI -4 to 1) and mental health: -1 (95% CI -4 to 1)). Among EP parents, 12% (20/164) reported the combination of high parenting stress and low mental health scores. With increasing child age, parenting stress scores for preterm parents were lower in contrast to controls who reported increasing parenting stress. CONCLUSIONS In early adolescence, compared with parents of term-born children, EP parents experience increased levels of parenting stress that are particularly high among a proportion of parents and associated with lower mental health-related quality of life. Practitioner awareness of this continuing risk throughout childhood is important to support parental abilities and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Suonpera
- EGA UCL Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Lanceley
- EGA UCL Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yanyan Ni
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Neil Marlow
- EGA UCL Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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Hua Y, Jiang W, He Y, Zheng X, Huang C, Guo L, Guo Y, Guo L. Associations of recent stressful life events with anxiety symptoms among Chinese adolescents with a consideration of family functioning. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2337577. [PMID: 38597558 PMCID: PMC11008314 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2337577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The association between stressful life events (SLEs) and adolescent anxiety symptoms has been extensively studied, but the specific impacts of different SLEs domains remain inconclusive. Moreover, limited research has examined the role of family functioning in these associations.Objective: This study aimed to investigate the associations between various recent SLEs and adolescent anxiety symptoms and explore the role of family functioning.Methods: Data were obtained from the second phase of the Longitudinal Study of Adolescents' Mental and Behavioral Well-being Research in Guangzhou, China. A total of 10,985 students (51.9% boys; mean [SD] age, 15.3 [1.5] years) from forty middle schools participated in the study in 2022 and completed a self-report questionnaire assessing anxiety symptoms, SLEs, and family functioning using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Adolescent Self-rating Life Events Checklist (ASLEC; including five subscales: interpersonal stress, academic stress, punishment-related stress, loss-related stress, and adaptation-related stress), and the adapted Chinese version of the Family Assessment Device (FAD), respectively. Linear mixed-effects models were performed and the moderation role of family functioning was also examined.Results: The fully adjusted model revealed that a 1-SD increase in the overall ASLEC score was associated with higher levels of anxiety symptoms (β = 2.23, 95%CI: 2.15-2.32). Among various SLEs domains, the academic domain shows the most significant association (β = 2.25, 95%CI: 2.17-2.33). Family functioning exerted an independent protective influence on anxiety symptoms, with each 1-SD increase in FAD scores negatively associated with anxiety symptoms (β = -2.11, 95%CI: - 2.29 to - 1.93) in the adjusted model. Moreover, family functioning significantly buffered the impacts of overall SLEs and each domain, except for adaptation-related SLEs, on anxiety symptoms.Conclusion: Higher recent SLEs levels were associated with increased anxiety symptoms among adolescents, with academic SLEs showing the greatest association. Positive family functioning had both direct and buffering influences on anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Hua
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiqing Jiang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yitong He
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuihong Huang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liling Guo
- Department of Prevention and Treatment of Common Diseases among Students, Health Promotion Center for Primary and Secondary Schools in Guangzhou, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangfeng Guo
- Department of Prevention and Treatment of Common Diseases among Students, Health Promotion Center for Primary and Secondary Schools in Guangzhou, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Guo L, Ye B, Li B, Liu X. Perceived COVID-19 Stress and Suicidal Ideation Among College Students: Meditation Roles of Family Cohesion and Unmet Interpersonal Needs. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024:302228231225994. [PMID: 38174861 DOI: 10.1177/00302228231225994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: Few studies examined variables that might explain the link between perceived COVID-19 stress and suicidal ideation. The present study tested a multiple-sequence mediation model with family cohesion, thwarted belongingness, and perceived burdensomeness as mediators. Methods: The current study surveyed 1098 college students in China using questionnaires concerning perceived COVID-19 stress, family cohesion, unmet interpersonal needs, and suicide ideation. Results: Perceived COVID-19 stress was significantly associated with family cohesion, thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicidal ideation. Family cohesion, thwarted belongingness, and perceived burdensomeness mediated the relationship between perceived COVID-19 stress and suicidal ideation separately. These factors also had multiple sequence-mediated effects between perceived COVID-19 stress and suicidal ideation. Conclusion: The study revealed pathways from perceived COVID-19 stress to suicidal ideation and suggested that interventions to increase family cohesion and reduce one's unmet interpersonal needs were beneficial in decreasing individuals' suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjing Guo
- Center of Mental Health Education and Research, Preschool Education Research Center, School of Psychology, School of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Mental Health Education Center, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baojuan Ye
- Center of Mental Health Education and Research, Preschool Education Research Center, School of Psychology, School of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- Center of Mental Health Education and Research, Preschool Education Research Center, School of Psychology, School of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Huai'an Third People's Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Xuezhi Liu
- Center of Mental Health Education and Research, Preschool Education Research Center, School of Psychology, School of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi College of Foreign Studies, Nanchang, China
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4
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Legge N, Popat H, Fitzgerald D. Examining the impact of premature birth on parental mental health and family functioning in the years following hospital discharge: A review. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2023:NPM221107. [PMID: 37182844 DOI: 10.3233/npm-221107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review provides an update of the current research related to the impact of extreme and very premature birth on parental mental health and family functioning following discharge from hospital. METHODS Full-text peer reviewed articles in English, describing parents' and families' health and wellbeing after the discharge from hospital of their baby using validated questionnaires, were evaluated. Results of included studies are presented in a summarized format. Embase, Medline and PsycINFO databases were accessed in January 2021. RESULTS 38 studies were included. Nine manuscripts reported on parental mental health and 13 on stress, which are a concern after the birth of a premature infant, especially in the first year. Depression, anxiety, and stress are known to measure higher compared to parents of infants born at term. Over several years, these measures of mental health decrease significantly. Four reported on quality of life for parents of premature infants, which is reduced immediately after discharge, but then improves over time. The impact of premature birth on the family functioning was described in ten included studies and was described to have positive and negative consequences. CONCLUSION The negative impact of the premature birth and hospital journey on parental mental health lessens significantly with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Legge
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - H Popat
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - D Fitzgerald
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
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Zhang Z, Wang X, Wang W, Zhang J, Shan L, Li Y. The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on abortion access and pre-abortion mental health in Shanghai. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2022; 160:1035-1041. [PMID: 36278866 PMCID: PMC9874749 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the barriers to abortion in Shanghai during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to compare pre-abortion mental health status before and during the crisis. METHODS In this case-control study, two groups of women seeking abortion (age ≥18 years, pregnancy duration <98 days) were recruited from March to September, 2021 (n = 1070) and from February to April 2022 (n = 625). The evaluation included COVID-19-related abortion stress questions, the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Family Environment Scale Chinese version. The researchers conducted interviews and collected questionnaires. RESULTS The median pregnancy duration at abortion among women during the pandemic was 65 days, compared with 51 days in the pre-pandemic group (P < 0.001). Anxiety and depression symptoms increased during the crisis (P < 0.001). Sleep disturbances were more common. Higher PSQI scores were related to increased anxiety and depression symptoms. A more negative family climate was described during the pandemic. CONCLUSION During the COVID-19 pandemic, abortion access was delayed and pre-abortion mental disorders increased. More attention should be paid to the mental health of women seeking abortions, and innovations should be promoted to ensure abortion services without delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University, School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University, School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University, School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | | | - Liyun Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University, School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yanli Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University, School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Qin X, Xu S, Ma M, Fan X, Nie X, Zhang Y, Liu B, Li L. Differences in associations between family functioning and anxious and depressive symptoms in Chinese women and their partners in early pregnancy. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e158. [PMID: 35983767 PMCID: PMC9438476 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family functioning is associated with anxiety and depression. Perinatal depression and anxiety are common and influence the well-being of women, partners and their offspring. However, little is known about differences in associations between family functioning and mood symptoms in women and their partners in early pregnancy. AIMS Investigating differences in associations between family functioning and anxious and depressive symptoms in women and their partners in early pregnancy. METHOD In total, 171 woman-partner pairs were enrolled. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item scale (GAD-7) and Family Assessment Device (FAD) were performed. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were applied to investigate the associations. RESULTS In pregnant women, all the subscale scores on the FAD were correlated with total scores on the EPDS and GAD-7 (all P < 0.05), whereas only the Roles subscale showed a predicting effect in regression models (P < 0.01). In partners, all the subscale scores on the FAD were related to total scores on the PHQ-9 (all P < 0.05), whereas only the Problem Solving subscale showed a predicting effect (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that family functioning in the domain of roles is associated with anxious and depressive symptoms in pregnant women and functioning in the domain of problem solving is associated with depressive symptoms in partners. Clinicians should pay special attention to roles and problem solving when assessing mood symptoms in pregnant women and their partners. This study also provides a basis for family health education in early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Qin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; and Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shuyin Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; and Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Mohan Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; and Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Changsha Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xueqing Nie
- Changsha Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; and Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Bangshan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; and Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Lingjiang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; and Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
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Gaxiola Romero JC, Pineda Domínguez A, Gaxiola Villa E, González Lugo S. Positive Family Environment, General Distress, Subjective Well-Being, and Academic Engagement among High School Students Before and During the COVID-19 Outbreak. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2021; 43:111-134. [PMID: 35619892 PMCID: PMC9123840 DOI: 10.1177/01430343211066461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the family dynamics of most people worldwide as
well as the mode in which students take classes. The impact of such changes on
students’ well-being, academic engagement, and general distress remains unknown.
Therefore, this study aims to test the structural relations among positive
family environment (a measure of Positive Home-Based Parent Involvement [HBI]),
subjective well-being (SWB), general distress, and academic engagement, focusing
on Mexican high school students. A longitudinal study was conducted covering two
time points: before (T1) and during (T2) the COVID-19 outbreak. A sample of 502
students answered questionnaires in T1 whereas 111 did so in T2. Analyses were
conducted using Mplus software. Principal results showed that the positive and
significant association between positive family environment and SWB did not
substantially change from T1 to T2, whereas the relation between positive family
environment and academic engagement became stronger. Data revealed that a
positive family environment can play an important role in promoting academic
engagement among adolescent students despite the risks brought about by sanitary
lockdowns and the increase of family interactions. Results are discussed
highlighting the importance of positive family environments and HBI on academic
outcomes for Mexican high school students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Pineda Domínguez
- Postgraduate in Regional Development, Research Center in Food and Development, Col. La Victoria, México
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Zeng Y, Ye B, Zhang Y, Yang Q. Family Cohesion and Stress Consequences Among Chinese College Students During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model. Front Public Health 2021; 9:703899. [PMID: 34336777 PMCID: PMC8319383 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.703899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Family plays a pivotal role in individuals' mental health. During the COVID-19 epidemic, people were being quarantined at home to prevent the further spread of the virus. Therefore, the influence of family on individuals is more significant than usual. It is reasonable to assume that family cohesion can effectively alleviate the stress consequences during the COVID-19 epidemic. In the present study, a moderated mediation model was constructed to examine the mechanisms underlying the association between family cohesion and stress consequences among Chinese college students. A large sample of Chinese college students (N = 1,254, Mage = 19.85, SDage = 1.29) participated in the study. Results indicated that family cohesion was negatively related to stress consequences. Fear of COVID-19 partially mediated the link between family cohesion and stress consequences. Excessive affective empathy reported by participants served to aggravate the relation between fear of COVID-19 and stress consequences. The study helps us understand how internal and external factors affect individual mental health that provides meaningful implications for promoting mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Zeng
- Center of Preschool Education, Center of Mental Health Education and Research, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Baojuan Ye
- Center of Preschool Education, Center of Mental Health Education and Research, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanzhen Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Qiang Yang
- Center of Preschool Education, School of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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Hu N, Li Y, He SS, Wang LL, Wei YY, Yin L, Chen JX. Impact of the Family Environment on the Emotional State of Medical Staff During the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy. Front Psychol 2020; 11:576515. [PMID: 33162916 PMCID: PMC7581684 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the medical staff was facing severe work pressure, which led to a negative emotional state. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the family environment and the emotional state of the medical staff members during the COVID-19 outbreak. Due to the importance of self-efficacy in regulating mental health, the mediating role of self-efficacy in the association between family environment and emotional state was also explored. A cross-sectional survey was performed, using an online questionnaire, on 645 medical staff who participated in the epidemic prevention and control tasks during the COVID-19 outbreak in Beijing. Family environment, self-efficacy, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were measured by the Family Environment Scale-Chinese Version (FES-CV), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. Correlation analysis and mediating effect analysis were used to explore the relationships between them. First, a higher prevalence of anxiety (39%) and depressive (33%) symptoms were confirmed among the medical staff. Second, the symptoms of anxiety and depression were negatively correlated with the dimensions of cohesion and expressiveness and positively correlated with the dimensions of conflict in the FES-CV scale. Third, self-efficacy significantly mediated the association between the family environment and anxiety symptoms (P < 0.001) as well as the family environment and depressive symptoms (P < 0.001). These findings show that a negative family environment was the main predictor of symptoms of anxiety and depression in the medical staff during the COVID-19 outbreak. Furthermore, we found that self-efficacy played a critical mediating role between the family environment and the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Our study also indicates that improvements in the family environment benefit the mental health care of the medical staff, and high self-efficacy enhances this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Hu
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Shuang He
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Lei-Lei Wang
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Yan Wei
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yin
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Xu Chen
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
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