Sphincter-Sparing Anal Fistula Repair: Are We Getting Better?

Anal Cryptoglandular Suppuration: Evidence-Based Management

Anal suppurative processes are commonly encountered in surgical practice. While the initial therapeutic intervention is philosophically straightforward (incision and drainage), drainage of the appropriate space and treatment of the subsequent fistula in ano require a thorough understanding of perianal anatomy and nuanced decision making. Balancing the risk of fecal incontinence with simple fistulotomy versus the higher risk of fistula recurrence with all sphincter-sparing fistula treatments can be a challenge for surgeons and patients alike.

Accuracy prediction of Goodsall's rule for anal fistulas of crypotogladular origin, is still standing?

Background

Treatment of anal fistulas is still a challenging task because of high recurrence and risk of incontinence. Identification of internal fistula opening is paramount for successful treatment. Goodsall's rule is commonly used to predict the course of fistula and internal opening. However, its accuracy has been questioned by many investigators and its role became a controversial topic.

Method

This is a case series prospective study in which 320 consecutive patients with anal fistula with Mean age 48.9± 6 years ages (ranges from 16 to 64 years) and mean body mass index 24.8± 5.5 average 18.5-30.6) were enroled. Goodsall's rule was applied to all fistulas according to the site of external fistula opening. Location of internal fistula opening as suggested by Goodsall's rule then compared to the exact location of internal opening identified by perineal or pelvic MRI and intraoperative findings. to assess the accuracy and positive predictive value of the Goodsall's rule in predicting the internal opening of the tract.

Results

The overall accuracy rate, positive predictive value (PPV), sensitivity and specificity of Goodsall's rule in this study were 74.75%, 77.1, 74.5, and 72.05, respectively. The accuracy in predicting the internal fistula opening was 52.4% in anterior tracts and 73% in posterior tracts. Goodsall's rule was found to be more accurate in posterior fistulas than anterior fistulas and in short superficial fistulas rather than in long and high fistulas.

Conclusion

Goodsall's rule was accurate in 74.75% of anal fistulas. It was more accurate for posterior long fistulas and anterior short and superficial fistulas. Patients with long (>3 cm) anterior fistulas defied Goodsall's rule when they found to have fistulas tracking to a midline anterior origin. Further, short posterior fistulas were found to open more commonly in a direct radial course rather to midline posteriorly.

Perianal Fistula; from Etiology to Treatment - A Review

Anal fistula has been a challenging clinical issue for years due to its complex pathogenesis. The risk of frequent recurrence and incontinence complicates long-term treatment. Recent scientific literature has reviewed new techniques used for anal fistula treatment in recent years, assessing the advantages and disadvantages of each based on clinical outcomes. Although surgery is the main method used to treat anal fistula, there is no simple technique that can completely heal complex anal fistula. The surgical treatment should consider the healing outcome and the protection of anal function comprehensively. Several innovative techniques have emerged in recent years, such as combined techniques based on drainage seton and LIFT-plug, which appear to be relatively effective therapies. However, more multi-center prospective trials with long-term follow-up are needed to validate their effectiveness. In some situations, medical treatment may also be considered.

Efficacy and safety of 13 surgical techniques for the treatment of complex anal fistula, non-Crohn CAF: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Considering the difficulty of treating complex anal fistula (CAF), various surgical techniques exist in clinical work. However, none are ideal. Evidence on the efficacy and safety of different surgical treatments is scarce. The authors aimed to compare the outcomes of the 13 surgical techniques and tried to find the best surgical method for treating CAF.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The authors searched worldwide databases, including Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang, VIP, and SinoMed, from inception to March 2023. All randomized controlled trials comparing the outcomes of 13 surgical techniques were included according to the PICO principles. The indicators of the cure rate, the recurrence rate, the complication rate, the operating time, the postoperative pain on day 1 (VAS), and the postoperative incontinence in month 1 (Wexner) were extracted and analyzed using STATA software 15.1, Review Manager 5.4, and GeMTC14.3.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight randomized controlled trials with a total of 2274 patients were included in the network meta-analysis. There was no statistically significant difference in the comparison among any surgical interventions in terms of the cure rate ( P >0.05 Table 2) and recurrence rate ( P >0.05 Table 3). However, in terms of complication rate, fistulectomy was lower than FPS (Median: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.02-0.70) or fistulotomy (Median: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.01-0.55), and fistulotomy was lower than EAFR (Median: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.05-0.84), LIFT (Median: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.02-0.66) or LIFT-EAFR (Median: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01-0.69) ( P >0.05 Table 4). The surface estimated the advantages and disadvantages under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA). The ranking results indicated that fistulectomy might have the lowest complication rate (SUCRA=7.9%). Because the network results of the operating time, the postoperative pain, and the postoperative incontinence contained no closed loops, the results of their probability ranking could only be referenced, demonstrating that fistulectomy might have the shortest operating time (SUCRA=23.4%), video-assisted modified ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (VAMLIFT) might have the lowest postoperative pain on day 1 (VAS) (SUCRA=0.4%) and LIFT might have the lowest postoperative incontinence in month 1(Wexner) (SUCRA=16.2%).

CONCLUSION

Fistulectomy might have the lowest complication rate, which might be the relatively superior surgical technique for treating CAF.

Slowly cutting, loose seton ligature and staged fistulotomy for healing of idiopathic perianal fistula and influence on anal continence

PURPOSE

To investigate the ability of a "slowly cutting, loose seton ligature and staged fistulotomy" to heal perianal fistulas, the time needed with the seton ligature, recurrence rate, influence on anal continence, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and patient satisfaction.

METHODS

Observational single-center study. We reviewed the medical records of all patients with primary surgeries from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2018. The patients answered a questionnaire pre- and postoperative on anal continence (St. Mark's incontinence score) and HRQoL (The Short Health Scale). Satisfaction with the operation was answered postoperatively.

RESULTS

Forty-three patients (37 men, 6 women) were included. Initially 41 of 43 healed (95%). Three patients (7%) had a recurrence, two healed after retreatment. The median follow-up was 55 months (IQR, 4). Thirty-four patients (79%) responded to the questionnaire. At follow-up, forty (93%) patients were healed. The median time treated with a seton ligature in the healed patients was 13 months (IQR, 14). St. Mark's incontinence score preoperative was median 2 (IQR, 9) and after the operation median 1 (IQR, 4). The Short Health Scale improved from median 20 (IQR, 5) preoperatively to 5 (IQR, 5) postoperatively, p < 0.001. Patient satisfaction was median 1 (= very satisfied) (IQR, 1).

CONCLUSION

A "slowly cutting, loose seton ligature followed by a staged fistulotomy", heals the vast majority of perianal fistulas with minor or none influence on continence and few recurrences. Patient-reported HRQoL improves greatly, and patient satisfaction is high.

OTSC Proctology clip as appropriate treatment for complicated anorectal fistula

PURPOSE

Evaluation of the effectiveness and tolerability of the application of an OTSC (Ovesco Endoscopy AG Tuebingen, Germany) Proctology clip as an innovative strategy of anorectal fistulae closure when established treatment strategies had already failed or were not feasible.

METHODS

Retrospective single-center study including consecutive patients treated between March 2014 and March 2016 with the OTSC Proctology system for anorectal fistula closure, including one rectovaginal and one rectourethral fistula. The primary outcome was the healing rate with a minimum follow up of 6 months. Healing was defined as closure of the internal fistula ostium and absence of secretion or local inflammation during follow up.

RESULTS

A total of 66 fistula closures by the OTSC Proctology clip were investigated, including cryptoglandular fistulas (45/66 patients, 68%), fistulas associated with CED (19/66 patients, 29%), and other non-cryptoglandular fistulas (2/66 patients, 4%). 47% (31/66 patients) had a failed previous therapy. In that selected collective, a successful fistula closure was achieved in 29/66 cases (44%) after a median follow up time of 40 months (6-61 months). Suprasphincteric and high transsphincteric fistulas showed healing in 63% and 42% in CD associated fistulas.

CONCLUSION

Fistula closure by the OTSC Proctology clip is an innovative, sphincter protecting treatment strategy in anorectal fistulas that can achieve long-term cure in complex anorecta.

[Stem Cell Therapy for Complex Anal Fistula in Crohn`s Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives]

Despite progress in multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, complex anal fistulas associated with Crohn's disease remain a challenge for both medical and surgical management. Conventional surgical techniques such as flap procedures or LIFT are still associated with considerable persistence and recurrence rates. Based on this background, results of stem cell therapy for Crohn's anal fistula have shown promising results and are a sphincter-preserving technique. In particular, adipose-derived, allogeneic stem cell therapy (Darvadstrocel) has shown encouraging healing rates within the randomised controlled ADMIRE-CD trial, which were reproducible in "real world" data of limited clinical studies. The current evidence has led to the integration of allogeneic stem cell therapy into international guidelines. To date, the definitive status of allogeneic stem cells in the multidisciplinary treatment algorithm for complex anal fistulas associated with Crohn's disease cannot be evaluated.

Surgical management of complex perianal fistula revisited in a systematic review: a critical view of available scientific evidence

BACKGROUND

Treating complex perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease patients remains a challenge. Classical surgical treatments for Crohn's disease fistulas have been extrapolated from cryptoglandular fistulas treatment, which have different etiology, and this might interfere with its effectiveness, in addition, they increase fecal incontinence risk. Recently, new surgical techniques with support from biological approaches, like stem cells, have been developed to preserve the function of the sphincter. We have performed a systematic literature review to compare the results of these different techniques in the treatment of Crohn's or Cryptoglandular fistula.

METHODS

PubMed, EMBASE, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched systematically for relevant articles. We included randomized controlled trials and observational studies that referred to humans, were written in English, included adults 18+ years old, and were published during the 10-year period from 2/01/2010 to 2/29/2020. Evidence level was assigned as designated by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.

RESULTS

Of the 577 citations screened, a total of 79 were ultimately included in our review. In Crohn's disease patients, classical techniques such as primarily seton, Ligation of Intersphincteric Fistula Tracks, or lay open, healing rates were approximately 50-60%, while in cryptoglandular fistula were around, 70-80% for setons or flaps. In Crohn's disease patients, new surgical techniques using derivatives of adipose tissue reported healing rates exceeding 70%, stem cells-treated patients achieved higher combined remission versus controls (56.3% vs 38.6%, p = 0.010), mesenchymal cells reported a healing rate of 80% at week 12. In patients with cryptoglandular fistulas, a healing rate of 70% using derivatives of adipose tissue or platelets was achieved, and a healing rate of 80% was achieved using laser technology. Fecal incontinence was improved after the use of autologous platelet growth factors and Nitinol Clips.

CONCLUSION

New surgical techniques showed better healing rates in Crohn's disease patients than classical techniques, which have better results in cryptoglandular fistula than in Crohn's disease. Healing rates for complex cryptoglandular fistulas were similar between the classic and new techniques, being the new techniques less invasive; the incontinence rate improved with the current techniques.

Treatment of horseshoe fistula with a two-stage modified Hanley procedure: A video vignette

A horseshoe fistula is a complex fistula that needs to be appropriately recognized to decrease recurrence rates usually resulting from insufficient treatment. The video presents a modified Hanley procedure for horseshoe fistula.

Benign Anorectal Disorder Management in Low-Resource Settings

There are many benign anorectal disorders, which can make patients seek care. In low-resource settings, the incidence of those pathologies is not different from the industrialized and western world. However, an interesting difference colorectal surgeons and gastroenterologists can face is the fact that many patients do not seek help or are not aware and have little opportunities to be helped. Latin America population is estimated to be around 8% of the world population, with Brazil having the largest percentage. Infectious diseases, which were previously under control or were steadily declining, have emerged. For example, we have seen resurgence of dengue, malaria, and syphilis in pregnancy, as well as other sexually transmitted diseases that can affect the anorectal region. In this article, we will address the most common benign anorectal disorders.

Laser ablation of anal fistulae: a 6-year experience in a tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia

BACKGROUND

Several studies have investigated the role of laser ablation of anal fistulae in the European setting. However, long-term follow-up results following laser fistula ablations are not widely investigated and no study was performed in the Asia-Pacific, a region with a distinctive prevalence of tuberculosis. The primary objective of this study is to report a single-centre experience with laser ablation of anal fistulae in Malaysia over a period of 6 years.

METHOD

This was a retrospective observational study assessing the outcomes following 70 laser ablations of anal fistulae from February 2014 till December 2019. All cases were assessed using endoanal ultrasound. The laser ablation procedures were performed using laser systems and fibres from Endoteq Medizinische Laser GmBH, Germany, and Biolitec AG, Jena, Germany. Laser fibres were introduced into the fistula tract and laser energy was emitted radially in continuous mode when activated during the procedure. Pre-defined post-procedural outcomes (primary healing, healing failure or recurrence) were recorded as either present or absent during subsequent follow-up appointments and the data was analysed.

RESULTS

Over a median follow-up period of 10 months, primary healing was reported following 42 procedures (60.0%). Healing failure was reported following 28 procedures (40.0%) whilst recurrence was seen after 16 procedures (22.86%). No new cases of incontinence were reported following the procedure.

CONCLUSION

The reported primary healing rate following laser ablation of anal fistulae in this study appears consistent with existing literature published by other international centres. The most apparent clinical advantage of this procedure is sphincter-function preservation. However, the primary healing rate after isolated laser fistula ablation is still suboptimal. Judicious patient selection and application in anal fistulae with suitable characteristics could potentially improve the post-procedural outcomes.

Horseshoe Fistulae in the Age of LIFT

BACKGROUND

Horseshoe fistula is a challenging benign anorectal condition to treat. The aim of this study was to assess the utilization and success of different definitive fistula repair techniques in the treatment of horseshoe fistula.

METHODS

This was a retrospective case series which included all patients who were treated for horseshoe fistula from 2006 to 2019 at a single, tertiary care center and whom had at least one follow-up visit. Patients were excluded if < 18 years of age or carried a diagnosis of Crohn's disease. Patients were assessed for fistula recurrence and incontinence.

RESULTS

Sixty-eight patients were identified. On average, they were 47 years old, 63% male, and 18% current smokers. Seventy-nine percent required seton during their treatment course. Of the 8 first attempts at fistula repair, the types of repair included flap (15%), LIFT (35%), fistulotomy (31%), plug (12%), and fistulotomy and immediate reconstruction (1%). Recurrence for these procedures was as follows: flap 30%, LIFT 21%, fistulotomy 14%, plug 88%, and fistulotomy and immediate reconstruction 0%. Twelve patients who recurred underwent 17 additional procedures to attempt to cure their fistula. Overall, of those who underwent any attempt at definitive repair, 82% of patients were cured of their fistula, 12% had a chronic seton, and 6% had a chronic fistula. Thirteen percent of those who were cured had incontinence. The mean follow-up time was 1.1 years. Patients required a median of 3 procedures (range 1-11).

CONCLUSION

Horseshoe fistula remains a complex anorectal condition. Successful repair can be performed in > 80% of patients. However, repair can often require multiple surgical procedures.

LIFT: a feasible option for primary and recurrent fistulas

BACKGROUND

The development of a surgical solution for anal fistulas with minimal recurrence and morbidity remains a challenge. Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT), however, is a sphincter sparing technique that provides complete resolution of the transsphincteric fistula as well as minimizing recurrence and fecal incontinence. Our goal is to evaluate the efficacy of fistula tract ligation for primary and recurrent fistulas.

METHODS

A retrospective single-center case study was conducted from data between 2015 and 2019 in a large district hospital in Antwerp, Belgium. Patients who underwent LIFT were included. Demographic patient data as well as primary outcome during the follow-up period were collected. A systematic literature review and analysis was conducted with terms [ANAL FISTULA] [TREATMENT] [LIFT] [LIGATION OF INTERSPHINCTERIC FISTULA]. Primary healing and recurrence associated with surgical modifications were investigated.

RESULTS

4 out of 25 patients presented with early failure (84% primary success rate) after a median follow-up period of 7 months. The median time until recurrence was 105 days. The success rate after a redo ligation was 100%. Twenty-eight studies were included for review and divided into three groups depending on the technical variation of the used technique. The success rate was 74.2% for the LIFT group, 72.9% in the LIFT + group, and 77.5% in the mLIFT group p = .92.

CONCLUSION

LIFT is a feasible treatment option for primary and recurrent fistulas, with excellent success rates where fistula characteristics rather than chosen technique dictate the surgical outcome.

Molecular differences of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells between non-responders and responders in treatment of transphincteric perianal fistulas

Background

Injection of autologous adipose tissue (AT) has recently been demonstrated to be an effective and safe treatment for anal fistulas. AT mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) mediate the healing process, but the relationship between molecular characteristics of AT-MSCs of the injected AT and fistula healing has not been adequately studied. Thus we aimed to characterize the molecular and functional properties of AT-MSCs isolated from autologous AT injected as a treatment of cryptogenic high transsphincteric perianal fistulas and correlate these findings to the healing process.

Methods

27 patients (age 45 ± 2 years) diagnosed with perianal fistula were enrolled in the study and treated with autologous AT injected around the anal fistula tract. AT-MSCs were isolated for cellular and molecular analyses. The fistula healing was evaluated by MRI scanning after 6 months of treatment. AT-MSC phenotype was compared between responders and non-responders with respect to fistula healing.

Results

52% of all patients exhibited clinical healing of the fistulas as evaluated 6 months after last injection. Cultured AT-MSCs in the responder group had a lower short-term proliferation rate and higher osteoblast differentiation potential compared to non-responder AT-MSCs. On the other hand, adipocyte differentiation potential of AT-MSCs was higher in non-responder group. Interestingly, AT-MSCs of responders exhibited lower expression of inflammatory and senescence associated genes such as IL1B, NFKB, CDKN2A, TPB3,TGFB1.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that cellular quality of the injected AT-MSCs including cell proliferation, differentiation capacity and secretion of proinflammatory molecules may provide a possible mechanism underlying fistula healing. Furthermore, these biomarkers may be useful to predict a positive fistula healing outcome.

Trial registration: NTC04834609, Registered 6 April 2021. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04834609

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02644-8.

Fistula Laser Closure (FiLaC™) for fistula-in-ano-yet another technique with 50% healing rates?

PURPOSE

Treatment of ano-cutaneous fistulas remains a therapeutic challenge. Fistula Laser Closure (FiLaC™) is a relatively new technique for the treatment of ano-cutaneous fistulas. This study aimed to determine the success rate of fistula closure using FiLaC™. Secondary endpoints included adverse events and patient characteristics associated with treatment success.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients subjected to FiLaC™ at Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, between March 2017 and July 2019. All patients had a one-track fistula not suitable for fistulotomy. All were treated with a draining seton for at least 8 weeks prior to laser closure. Fistulas were ablated with a 360-degree emitting 12-watt 1470 nm laser probe. The inner fistula opening was closed with absorbable suture. All patients were followed with clinical examination including MRI or EAUS 1 year after the procedure.

RESULTS

In total, 66 patients with 68 fistulas were included. Two patients had a high intersphincteric, 20 had low transsphincteric, 41 high transsphincteric and 5 had suprasphincteric fistulas. Fistula aetiology was cryptoglandular in 83.8%, whereas the rest were due to Crohn's disease. Thirty-one (45.6%) were subjected to a second FiLaC™ procedure. Follow-up was median 19 months (12-26 months). Ultimately, 30 of 68 (44.1%) of the fistulas healed. No cases of incontinence following FiLaC™ were observed, but a single patient developed an abscess.

CONCLUSION

Fistula closure with FiLaC™ had success rates comparable to that of other sphincter-sparing techniques. The technique seems safe with respect to adverse events and risk of incontinence.

Rectovaginal Fistula Repair 1 Year Later: Lessons Learned

INTRODUCTION

Rectovaginal (RV) fistulas are notoriously difficult to treat. Various methods for repair exist, and refinements in techniques can lead to "successful" outcomes. Review of the literature demonstrates that outcomes studies are scarce and mostly limited to comments on closure rate. We have experienced "success" in our own series with 100% closure rate, regardless of fistula etiology and comorbidities (radiation, inflammation, etc). However, long-term outcomes, including various complications and quality of life changes, have previously been underreported.

METHODS

Critical analysis of various outcomes after fistula repair in 14 patients was performed. Patients were surveyed and interviewed with regard to problems before and after fistula repair to obtain objective data focusing on their experience and outcomes. Conclusions are based on physician assessment and patient surveys 1 year after fistula repair and at least 6 months after ostomy reversal and are discussed within the context of data from the literature.

RESULTS

Overall satisfaction rate after repairs was high. All patients would undergo attempt at repair again regardless of complications or functional changes (not present before repair). After repair, sexual dyspareunia affected 5 patients (36%); however, most abstained from sexual activity when their RV fistula became apparent. No patient admitted to dyspareunia before the development of their RV fistula. Anal sphincter and defecation function, as well as stool continence, were judged by surgeons and patients uniformly as adequate. However, 3 patients (21%) complained of intermittent problems with urination. A new/different type of pain affected 2 of 4 patients with Crohn disease. One of these patients subsequently developed a new postsphincteric RV fistula. Another patient noted new intermittent vaginal discharge after ostomy reversal, and magnetic resonance imaging suggested a residual fistula, which was not seen on follow-up sigmoidoscopy and "Blue Dye Test."

CONCLUSIONS

We previously reported on algorithms for repair and refinements in techniques for "successful" repair of RV fistulas with zero recurrence rate. Long-term follow-up indicates, however, that although the overall satisfaction rate after surgery is high, true "success," defined as permanent fistula closure, is not necessarily problem free. Long-term morbidity and the management of other unique sequelae and problems are underreported.

Does Proctologic Surgery Really Influence Sexual Behaviors?

INTRODUCTION

The percentage of the heterosexual population that has experienced and regularly has anal intercourse ranges from 20% to 35% in the USA. This practice increases to 95% in certain populations, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. Due to the lack of data in the literature about the effect of proctologic surgery on anal intercourse, this study aimed to assess the impact of this surgery on sexual behavior in both genders.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From March 2016 to February 2018, an anonymous questionnaire was submitted to all patients aged >18 who had undergone proctologic surgery in one of two surgical units at tertiary referral centers and was assessed independently of gender. The exclusion criteria were incomplete healing and <3 months follow-up.

RESULTS

In total, 929 patients answered the questionnaire in full. The overall prevalence of preoperative anal intercourse was 22.5%. The rate of anal intercourse among men was 16.7%, while among women, it was 28.9%. The overall postoperative rate of anal intercourse was 11.8%. The rate of postoperative anal intercourse among those who regularly engaged in anal intercourse preoperatively was 52.6%, with a 47.4% rate of non-completion (p <0.0001). The experiences reported during intercourse after surgery were mainly pain, stiffness, and partner discomfort.

CONCLUSION

Considering the statistically significant postoperative AI abandonment rate following all types of proctologic surgery, the surgeon has a duty to both treat the disease and to inform the patient about the possible consequences regarding its influence on anal intercourse.

Stem cell injection for complex anal fistula in Crohn’s disease: A single-center experience

BACKGROUND

Despite tremendous progress in medical therapy and optimization of surgical strategies, considerable failure rates after surgery for complex anal fistula in Crohn’s disease have been reported. Therefore, stem cell therapy for the treatment of complex perianal fistula can be an innovative option with potential long-term healing.

AIM

To evaluate the results of local administration of allogenic, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (darvadstrocel) for complex anal Crohn’s fistula.

METHODS

All patients with complex anal fistulas associated with Crohn’s disease who were amenable for definite fistula closure within a defined observation period were potential candidates for stem cell injection (darvadstrocel) if at least one conventional or surgical attempt to close the fistula had failed. Darvadstrocel was only indicated in patients without active Crohn’s disease and without presence of anorectal abscess. Local injection of darvadstrocel was performed as a standardized procedure under general anesthesia including single-shot antibiotic prophylaxis, removal of seton drainage, fistula curettage, closure of the internal openings and local stem cell injection. Data collection focusing on healing rates, occurrence of abscess and follow-up was performed on a regular basis of quality control and patient care. Data were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

Between July 2018 and January 2021, 12 patients (6 females, 6 males) with a mean age of 42.5 (range: 26-61) years underwent stem cell therapy. All patients had a minimum of one complex fistula, including patients with two complex fistulas in 58.3% (7/12). Two of the 12 patients had horse-shoe fistula and 3 had one complex fistula. According to Parks classification, the majority of fistulas were transsphincteric (76%) or suprasphincteric (14%). All patients underwent removal of seton, fistula curettage, transanal closure of internal opening by suture (11/12) or mucosal flap (1/12) and stem cell injection. At a mean follow-up of 14.3 (range: 3-30) mo, a healing rate was documented in 66.7% (8/12); mean duration to achieve healing was 12 (range: 6-30) wk. Within follow-up, 4 patients required reoperation due to perianal abscess (33.3%). Focusing on patients with a minimum follow-up of 12 mo (6/12) or 24 mo (4/12), long-term healing rates were 66.7% (4/6) and 50.0% (2/4), respectively.

CONCLUSION

Data of this single-center experience are promising but limited due to the small number of patients and the retrospective analysis.

Feasibility and safety of calcium alginate hydrogel sealant for the treatment of cryptoglandular fistula-in-ano: phase I/IIa clinical trial

AIM

Complex perianal fistulas pose a challenge to the surgeon since the fistulous tract must be eliminated without impairing continence. Although without strong scientific evidence, some bibliography has demonstrated the efficacy of some sealants in the treatment of anal fistulas. We aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of calcium alginate hydrogel injections into the fistulous tract as treatment for trans-sphincteric cryptoglandular fistulas.

METHODS

A prospective, single-centre, case series of this novel technique was conducted in a level 3 Spanish hospital, including patients diagnosed with trans-sphincteric perianal fistulas and treated with a calcium alginate hydrogel sealant. A strict follow-up was performed by an independent surgeon at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. The main outcome measures were feasibility, safety (number of adverse events) and efficacy of the treatment.

RESULTS

Twenty patients were treated. The treatment was performed for all patients. Seven adverse events related to the injection product or the surgical procedure were identified. After a 12-month follow-up, 12 patients were completely cured and eight were not cured, with a greater response in the first 6 months. These findings were confirmed by endoanal ultrasound, with a Cohen's kappa concordance rate of 0.89. No statistically significant differences were observed in pain measured using the visual analogue scale, faecal incontinence measured using the Wexner scoring system, and quality of life analysed by the SF-36 Health Survey.

CONCLUSION

The treatment was feasible, safe and with discrete satisfactory healing results. It also demonstrated an acceptable safety profile, without worsening of faecal incontinence, quality of life and pain following treatment.

Impact of number of previous surgeries on the continence state and healing after repeat surgery for recurrent anal fistula

BACKGROUND

The management of recurrent anal fistulas after previous surgery is usually challenging. The present study aimed to review the characteristics and treatment outcomes of recurrent anal fistulas as compared to primary anal fistulas.

METHODS

The records of patients with anal fistula who underwent surgery were reviewed. Characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with recurrent anal fistulas were compared to those of patients with primary anal fistula without a history of surgery.

RESULTS

The study included 138 patients with recurrent anal fistulas, 76.8% of which were complex. Failure of healing was recorded in 25 (18.1%) patients and fecal incontinence (FI) in 9 (6.5%). Patients with recurrent anal fistulas had significantly higher percentage of anterior, complex, and horseshoe fistulas than patients with primary fistulas. Surgery for recurrent anal fistulas was followed by a significantly higher rate of failure of healing than primary fistulas (18.1% vs. 9.8%, P=0.011), whereas the rates of FI were comparable amongst the two groups (6.5% vs. 2.8%, P=0.07). Patients who had more than two previous operations for anal fistula had a significantly higher rate of FI than patients who underwent one or two previous surgeries (20% vs. 3.7% vs. 14.3%, P=0.04), yet healing rates were comparable.

CONCLUSION

Recurrent anal fistulas were more complex than primary fistulas. Surgical treatment of recurrent anal fistula was followed by a significantly higher rate of failure of healing and similar rate of FI as compared to primary anal fistulas. The number of previous fistula surgeries had a significant effect on postoperative continence state.

FISSIT (Fistula Surgery in Italy) study: A retrospective survey on the surgical management of anal fistulas in Italy over the last 15 years

BACKGROUND

Surgical treatment of anal fistulas is still a challenge. The aims of this study were to evaluate the adoption and healing rates for the different surgical techniques used in Italy over the past 15 years.

METHODS

This was a multicenter retrospective observational study of patients affected by simple and complex anal fistulas of cryptoglandular origin who were surgically treated in the period 2003-2017. Surgical techniques were grouped as sphincter-cutting or sphincter-sparing and as technology-assisted or techno-free. All patients included in the study were followed for at least 12 months.

RESULTS

A total of 9,536 patients (5,520 simple; 4,016 complex fistulas) entered the study. For simple fistulas, fistulotomy was the most frequently used procedure, although its adoption significantly decreased over the years (P < .0005), with an increase in sphincter-sparing approaches; the overall healing rate in simple fistulas was 81.1%, with a significant difference between sphincter-cutting (91.9%) and sphincter-sparing (65.1%) techniques (P = .001). For complex fistulas, the adoption of sphincter-cutting approaches decreased, while sphincter-sparing techniques were mildly preferred (P < .0005). Moreover, there was a significant trend toward the use of technology-assisted procedures. The overall healing rate for complex fistulas was 69.0%, with a measurable difference between sphincter-cutting (81.1%) and sphincter-sparing (61.4%; P = .001) techniques and between techno-free and technology-assisted techniques (72.5% and 55.0%, respectively; P = .001).

CONCLUSION

Surgical treatment of anal fistulas has changed, with a trend toward the use of sphincter-sparing techniques. The overall cure rate has remained stable, even if the most innovative procedures have achieved a lower success rate.

LIFT procedure for posterior fistula-in-ano. Are outcomes good enough? A systematic review and meta-analysisis of observational studies

INTRODUCTION

Efficacy of the ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) procedure for posterior fistula-in-ano remains under debate. However, there is scarcity of quality evidence analysing this issue. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate outcomes of LIFT surgery in patients with posterior anal fistula.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate efficacy of LIFT procedure for posterior anal fistula. MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar data sources were searched for key-words (MeSH terms): "LIFT" OR "Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract" AND "posterior anal fistula" OR "posterior fistula-in-ano". Original, observational and experimental, non-language restriction studies published from January 2000 to March 2020 and reporting outcomes on LIFT procedure for posterior anal fistula were reviewed. Quality and potential biases were assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa scale, following AHRQ recommendations. Additional sensitivity analysis and publication bias evaluation (Beg and Egger's tets) were performed.

RESULTS

No significant differences were found in recurrence rate among patients undergoing LIFT procedure for posterior fistula-in-ano in contrast to other locations (OR 1.36 [IC 95% 0.60-3.07]; p=.46). I² test value was 77%, expressing a fair heterogeneity among included studies. The weighed median for overall recurrence was 37.8% (RI 18.3-47.7%); with a weighed median of 47.1% (RI 30.7 - 63.7%) and 36.3% (RI 15.8-51.3%) (p=.436) respectively for recurrence after LIFT for posterior fistula and fistula in other locations. There was not clear evidence about the sample size ("n") of included studies nor the disparities in quality assessment of those, could justify the observed heterogeneity. No significant publication bias was found.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that there are no clear data in the literature for not performing the LIFT procedure in posteriorly located fistulas.

Video-Assisted Modified Ligation of the Intersphincteric Fistula Tract, an Integration of 2 Minimally Invasive Techniques for the Treatment of Parks Type II Anal Fistulas

Introduction. Complex anal fistula (CAF) is a challenging anorectal condition. Although numerous treatments for its management have been proposed, none is ideal. Herein, we investigated the clinical efficacy of video-assisted modified ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) in comparison with the incision-thread-drawing procedure for Parks type II anal fistulas. Methods. Male and female adult patients with Parks type II anal fistula who were randomized to receive one of two procedures in the Anorectal Surgery Unit of the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University: video-assisted modified LIFT (test group, 30 cases) or incision thread drawing (control group, 30 cases). Healing and recurrence, postoperative pain, and postoperative autonomous anal control ability were compared. Results. In the test group, the pain scores were significantly lower (P = .001) and wound healing was faster (P = .001). However, there were no marked differences between groups in operative efficacy or postoperative infection rate (all P > .05). We followed all the patients for more than 18 months, with the test group having lower Jorge-Wexner incontinence (P = .005) and fecal incontinence (FI) severity index (P = .000) scores. No significant difference in recurrence (χ² = .351, P = .554) or healing (χ² = 1.071, P = .301) rate was found between the 2 groups. Conclusions. We established that video-assisted modified LIFT is superior in repairing Parks type II anal fistulas, with less trauma, quicker recovery, and better anal function.

Could FiLaC™ be effective in the treatment of anal fistulas? A systematic review of observational studies and proportional meta-analysis

AIM

Fistula Laser Closure (FiLaC™) is a novel sphincter-preserving technique that is based on new technologies and shows promising results in repairing anal fistulas whilst maintaining external sphincter function. The aim of the present meta-analysis is to present the efficacy and the safety of FiLaC™ in the management of anal fistula disease.

METHOD

The present proportional meta-analysis was designed using the PRISMA and AMSTAR guidelines. We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, clinicaltrials.gov, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials CENTRAL and Google Scholar databases from inception until November 2019.

RESULTS

Overall, eight studies were included that recruited 476 patients. The pooled success rate of the technique was 63% (95% CI 50%-75%). The pooled complication rate was 8% (95% CI 1%-18%). Sixty-six per cent of patients had a transsphincteric fistula and 60% had undergone a previous surgical intervention, mainly the insertion of a seton (54%). The majority had a cryptoglandular fistula. Operation time and follow-up period were described for each study.

CONCLUSION

FiLaC™ seems to be an efficient therapeutic option for perianal fistula disease with an adequate level of safety that preserves quality of life. Nevertheless, randomized trials need to be designed to compare FiLaC™ with other procedures for the management of anal fistulas such as ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract, anal advancement flaps, fibrin glue, collagen paste, autologous adipose tissue, fistula plug and video-assisted anal fistula treatment.

Autologous adipose-derived stem cells for the treatment of complex cryptoglandular perianal fistula: a prospective case-control study

Background

Complex cryptoglandular perianal fistula (CPAF) is a kind of anal fistula that may cause anal incontinence after surgery. Minimally invasive surgery of anal fistula is constantly emerging. Over the past 20 years, there are several sphincter-sparing surgeries, one of which is autologous adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) transplantation. However, to date, there is no study regarding the treatment of complex CPAF with ADSC in China. This is the first study in China on the treatment of complex CPAF with ADSC to evaluate its safety and efficacy.

Methods

Totally, 24 patients with complex CPAF were enrolled in this prospective case-control study from January 2018 to December 2019 in the National Colorectal Disease Center of Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine. Patients were divided into ADSC group and endorectal advancement flap (ERAF) group according to their desire. The healing of fistulas (healing of all treated fistulas at baseline, confirmed by doctor’s clinical assessment and magnetic resonance imaging or transrectal ultrasonography) was evaluated at week 12 after treatment. In addition to their safety evaluation based on adverse events monitored at each follow-up, the patients were also asked to complete some scoring scales at each follow-up including pain score with visual analog score (VAS) and anal incontinence score with Wexner score.

Results

The closure rates within ADSC group and ERAF group at week 12 were 54.55% (6/11) and 53.85% (7/13), respectively, without significant difference between them. VAS score in ADSC group was significantly lower than that in ERAF group at the 5th day postoperatively [1(0,2) VS 2(2,4), p = 0.011], but no differences were observed at the other time. Wexner score of all patients was not increased with no significant differences between the two groups. Adverse events were observed fewer in ADSC group (27.27%) than that in ERAF group (53.85%), but there was no significant difference between them.

Conclusion

This study indicated safety and efficiency of ADSC for the treatment of complex CPAF in the short term, which is not inferior to that of ERAF. ADSC may provide a promised and potential treatment for complex CPAF conforming to the future of the treatment, which is reconstruction and regeneration.

Trail registration

ChiCTR, ChiCTR1800014599. Registered 23 January 2018—retrospectively registered, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=24548

Long-term functional and clinical outcomes following transanal advancement flap for complex anal fistula repair: are there predictors of recurrence and incontinence?

AIM

Transanal flap is an attractive technique for complex fistulas. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with poor outcome, recurrence and incontinence.

METHOD

All patients who underwent an advancement flap for the treatment of a complex anal fistula between 1995 and 2019 were prospectively enrolled. The patient data obtained included age, sex, body mass index, comorbid conditions and smoking history. The fistula characteristics analysed included previous anal surgery, anatomy of the fistula according to Park's classification, horseshoe or supralevator extension and preoperative seton drainage. The postoperative data registered included complications, postoperative stay, recurrence and incontinence. Predictive factors for recurrence and incontinence were identified using univariate and multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

One hundred and ninety patients were included; 134 (70.5%) were men and the mean patient age was 50 years. The median length of follow-up was 44.6 months. The fistula recurred in 14 patients (7.3%). Before surgery, 20 patients (10.5%) reported incontinence symptoms. In the continent patients a Wexner postoperative score of 0 was identified in 79.4%. Wexner scores between 1 and 3 were observed in 17% and scores of 4 or more in five patients (3%). Factors associated with recurrence included age < 50 years (OR = 4.8, P = 0.02, 95% CI 1.2-19), smoking (OR = 4.1, P = 0.03, 95% CI 1-16.5) and suprasphincteric fistula (OR = 0.5, P = 0.01, 95% CI 0.2-0.8) in multivariate log regression analysis. Major incontinence was influenced by female sex and previous anal surgery (OR = 7.5, P = 0.003, 95% CI 1.6-34 and OR = 0.1, P = 0.007, 95% CI 0.1-0.7, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Full-thickness transanal advancement flap is a good treatment for complex anal fistula repair. This study provides relevant information on risk factors for failure of therapy and incontinence, which can help in advising patients before surgery and planning a good treatment strategy.

Video-Assisted Ligation of Intersphincteric Fistula Tract for Complex Anal Fistula: Technique and Preliminary Outcomes

BACKGROUND

Sphincter-preserving operations have been increasingly used for treating anal fistula. However, their success rates remain modest in complex anal fistulas.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to report outcomes of video-assisted ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (a procedure combining video-assisted anal fistula treatment and ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract) for treating complex anal fistulas and to compare its results with conventional ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract.

DESIGN

A review of prospectively collected data from October 2014 to December 2017 was performed.

SETTINGS

The study was conducted at a large tertiary hospital in Thailand.

PATIENTS

All patients with primary or recurrent complex anal fistulas undergoing video-assisted ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract were included. Patients with anal fistula related to malignancy, Crohn's disease, tuberculosis, or acute abscess were excluded.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Healing as defined by an absence of fistula or drainage from an external opening and complete epithelialization of the external opening were measured.

RESULTS

This study included 103 patients with a median age of 47 years. The primary healing rate was 84.5% at a median follow-up of 28 months (range, 15-38 mo). Primary healing rates of anterior high transsphincteric fistula, semi-horseshoe fistula, and horseshoe fistula were 88% (44 of 50 cases), 77% (30 of 39 cases), and 93% (13 of 14 cases). Median time to healing was 4 weeks (range, 4-8 wk). Accordingly, the overall failure rate was 15.5%. None reported worse fecal incontinence postoperatively. Video-assisted ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract had a higher rate of primary healing for complex anal fistula than ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (84.5% vs 63.4%; p < 0.001).

LIMITATIONS

This study is limited by its small sample size.

CONCLUSIONS

The outcomes of video-assisted ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract for complex anal fistulas are quite good. This technique has the potential to become another viable option of sphincter-preserving operation for complex anal fistulas. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B373. LIGADURA ASISTIDA POR VIDEO DEL TRACTO DE LA FÍSTULA INTERESFINTÉRICA PARA LA FÍSTULA ANAL COMPLEJA: TÉCNICA Y RESULTADOS PRELIMINARIES: Las operaciones de preservación del esfínter se han utilizado cada vez más para tratar la fístula anal. Sin embargo, sus tasas de éxito siguen siendo modestas en las fístulas anales complejas.Este estudio tuvo como objetivo informar los resultados de la ligadura asistida por video del tracto de la fístula interesfintérica (un procedimiento que combina el tratamiento de la fístula anal asistida por video y la ligadura del tracto de la fístula interesfintérica) para el tratamiento de las fístulas anales complejas y comparar sus resultados con la ligadura convencional de la fístula interesfintérica tracto.Se realizó una revisión de los datos recolectados prospectivamente desde Octubre de 2014 hasta Diciembre de 2017.El estudio se realizó en un gran hospital terciario en Tailandia.Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con fístulas anales complejas primarias o recurrentes sometidas a ligadura asistida por video del tracto de la fístula interesfintérica. Se excluyeron los pacientes con fístula anal relacionada con malignidad, enfermedad de Crohn, tuberculosis o absceso agudo.Curación definida por la ausencia de fístula o drenaje de la abertura externa y la epitelización completa de la abertura externa.Este estudio incluyó 103 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 47 años. La tasa de curación primaria fue del 84,5% con una mediana de seguimiento de 28 meses (rango 15-38). La tasa de curación primaria de la fístula transesfintérica alta anterior, la fístula semi-herradura y la fístula de herradura fue del 88% (44 de 50 casos), 77% (30 de 39 casos) y 93% (13 de 14 casos), respectivamente. El tiempo mediano hasta la curación fue de 4 semanas (rango 4-8). En consecuencia, la tasa de fracaso general fue del 15,5%. Ninguno informó peor incontinencia fecal después de la operación. La ligadura asistida por video del tracto de la fístula interesfintérica tuvo una mayor tasa de curación primaria para la fístula anal compleja que la ligadura del tracto de la fístula interesfintérica (84.5% vs 63.4%; p <0.001).Este estudio está limitado por su pequeño tamaño de muestra.Los resultados de la ligadura asistida por video del tracto de la fístula interesfintérica para fístulas anales complejas son bastante buenos. Esta técnica tiene el potencial de convertirse en otra opción viable de operación de preservación del esfínter para fístulas anales complejas. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B373. (Traducción-Dr Yesenia Rojas-Khalil).

The development of a cryptoglandular Anal Fistula Core Outcome Set (AFCOS): an international Delphi study protocol

PURPOSE

Cryptoglandular anal fistula is a disorder with an incidence of around 1 per 5,000 people per year in European countries. Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for anal fistula. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the outcomes assessed and reported in these studies. This limits research quality and complicates evidence synthesis. A solution for heterogeneity in outcome reporting is the development of a Core Outcome Set (COS). This paper describes the protocol for the development of a European COS for Anal Fistula (AFCOS).

METHODS

The first step will be a systematic review of the literature to identify potential outcomes that may be included in the COS. Patient interviews will be conducted in The United Kingdom and The Netherlands to ensure that both clinician-important and patient-important outcomes are captured. The outcomes will be categorized using the COMET taxonomy and taken forward to a Delphi consensus exercise. In up to three web-based Delphi surveys the outcomes will be prioritized by patients, clinicians (surgeons, gastroenterologists, and radiologists), and (clinical) researchers. The responses will be summarized and reported anonymously in subsequent round(s) facilitating convergence to a consensus opinion. The final COS will be decided during a face-to-face consensus meeting with patients, clinicians, and (clinical) researchers.

DISCUSSION

This study protocol describes the development of a European COS for anal fistula to improve research quality, evidence synthesis, and patient care.

Evaluation and management of perianal abscess and anal fistula: SICCR position statement

Perianal sepsis is a common condition ranging from acute abscess to chronic anal fistula. In most cases, the source is considered to be a non-specific cryptoglandular infection starting from the intersphincteric space. Surgery is the main treatment and several procedures have been developed, but the risks of recurrence and of impairment of continence still seem to be an unresolved issue. This statement reviews the pertinent literature and provides evidence-based recommendations to improve individualized management of patients.

Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Are an Efficient Treatment for Fistula-in-ano of Japanese Rabbit

Fistula-in-ano (FIA, anal fistula) treatment remains a surgical challenge for coloproctologists. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are a new frontier in the treatment of FIA. In this study, we established a FIA model of Japanese rabbit and evaluated the effect of four treatments on fistula healing: ADSC transplantation, acellular small intestinal submucosa (ASIS), noncutting seton, and PBS as negative control. High-throughput RNA sequencing was also performed to investigate the anal tissue (normal and ADSC treatment group) expression profile of mRNA. Our data showed that ADSC treatment had the shortest time to promote fistula healing compared to the other treatments, and fistula filled with new adipose tissue and muscle cells without scar. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of RNA-seq data showed that the differential genes are enriched in system development and animal organ development. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that ADSCs rapidly promote fistula healing through differentiation, a promising stem cell therapy for FIA. The rabbit is an effective animal model for evaluating FIA therapeutic options.

Fistulotomy and primary sphincteroplasty for anal fistula: long-term data on continence and patient satisfaction

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and long-term efficacy of fistulotomy and primary sphincteroplasty (FIPS). Secondary endpoints were its impact on postoperative continence status and patients' satisfaction.

METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted on patients with cryptoglandular anal fistula (AF) who had FIPS between June 2006 and May 2017. Patients were evaluated with standardized telephone interviews and clinical/instrumental assessment. Main outcome measures included fistula healing rate, continence status, and patient satisfaction. Incontinence was defined as an inability to hold either gas, liquid, or solid stools, as well as postdefecation soiling, and was measured by the Cleveland Clinic fecal incontinence score. Patient satisfaction was evaluated by an 11-point numeric rating scale.

RESULTS

There were 203 patients (139 males; mean age: 48.7 years) who had FIPS. The overall healing rate was 93% (188 patients) with a mean follow-up period of 56 ± 31 months. Half of the total cohort (51%) had a complex fistula. Preoperatively, 8 (4%) patients complained of postdefecation soiling and 2 (1%) of gas incontinence. Postoperatively, 26 (13%) patients had continence impairment (de novo n = 24), mainly consisting of postdefecation soiling (10%). In univariate analysis, patients with recurrent (RR 6.153 95% CI 2.097-18.048; p = 0.002) or complex (RR 3.005 95% CI 1.203-7.506; p = 0.012) AF and those with secondary tracts (RR 8.190 95% CI 2.188-30.654; p = 0.004) or previous set on drainage (RR 5.286 95% CI 2.235-12.503; p = 0.0001) were at higher risk of incontinence. In multivariate analysis, no significant predictors were found, although fistula complexity approached statistical significance (RR 5.464 95% CI 0.944-31.623; p = 0.050). The mean patient satisfaction numeric rating scale was 9.3 ± 1.6. Lower satisfaction rates were found in patients with transphincteric (p = 0.011) or complex (p = 0.0001) AF, with secondary tracts (p = 0.041) or previous seton drainage (p = 0.008), and in those with postoperative continence impairment (p = 0.0001). Postoperative onset of incontinence was the only significant factor in multivariate analysis (p = 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

FIPS should be considered a valid therapeutic option for selected AF. However, the risk of postoperative minor fecal incontinence exists, and should be discussed during preoperative patient counselling.

Anal fistula plug vs rectal advancement flap for the treatment of complex cryptoglandular anal fistulas: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies with long-term follow-up

AIM

The aim was to compare the effectiveness of the anal fistula plug (AFP) with the rectal advancement flap (RAF) for complex cryptoglandular anal fistulas.

METHODS

We conducted a literature search to identify relevant available articles published without language restriction from Embase and PubMed databases and the Cochrane Library. Studies comparing outcomes with the AFP vs RAF for complex cryptoglandular anal fistulas were eligible for inclusion.

RESULTS

A total of 11 articles with 810 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Four RCTs and one observational clinical study provided long-term follow-up. The pooled analysis of all 11 studies indicated that there was no significant difference between the AFP and RAF in terms of healing rate, recurrence rate and incidence of fistula complications. However, the pooled results of studies with long-term follow-up revealed that the RAF group had a significantly higher healing rate (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.13, 0.78, P = 0.01) and lower recurrence rate (OR 4.45, 95% CI 1.45, 13.65, P = 0.009) than the AFP group.

CONCLUSIONS

For the treatment of complex cryptoglandular anal fistulas, the RAF was superior to the AFP in terms of healing and recurrence rate after pooling of randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up, even though a comparison based on the pooling of all studies showed no significant difference.

[Quality indicators in the treatment of anal fistulas]

Anal fistulas are a common anorectal disease and are frequently associated with a perianal abscess. The etiology is based on a cryptoglandular infection in the intersphincteric space. Surgery remains the only definitive therapy. The primary goal of definitive fistula surgery is healing; however, success of fistula surgery is influenced by a variety of factors including the surgeon's experience, type of fistula, involvement of sphincter muscles, type of surgical procedure and patient-related factors. For the surgical treatment of a complex anal fistula, a variety of operative procedures have been described including fistulectomy with sphincterotomy, different flap procedures (e.g. mucosal flap and advancement flap) and finally so-called sphincter-preserving techniques, such as LIFT (ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract), VAAFT (video-assisted anal fistula treatment), the use of plugs of collagen or fibrin glue sealants as well as laser procedures or the clip. In the search for suitable quality indicators in anal fistula surgery there is a conflict between healing and preservation of continence. If potential quality indicators are identified the principles of anal fistula surgery must be adhered to and the appropriate selection of patients and procedures is of crucial importance to achieve high healing rates without compromising continence or inducing surgical revision due to abscesses or recurrence. Based on the available literature and guidelines, in the assessment of quality indicators considerable differences exist with respect to patient selection, etiology of anal fistulas and length of follow-up. Heterogeneity of treatment protocols lead to difficulties in a definitive assessment of which surgical treatment is the best option for complex anal fistulas.

Permacol Collagen Paste Injection for Treatment of Complex Cryptoglandular Anal Fistulas: An Observational Cohort Study With a 2-Year Follow-up

BACKGROUND

Permacol paste injection is a novel treatment approach for complex cryptoglandular anal fistulas. This study was performed to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of treatment with Permacol paste for complex cryptoglandular fistulas.

METHODS

Patients with primary or recurrent complex cryptoglandular anal fistulas treated with Permacol paste from 2014 to 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 46 patients (median age, 41.3 years; 21 female) underwent Permacol paste injection; 20 patients (43%) had previously undergone failed fistula surgery. The patients had experienced anal fistula-related symptoms for a median of 10 weeks (range, 3-50 weeks). All patients had a draining seton in situ for a median of 10 weeks (range, 4-46 weeks). The median follow-up time was 24 months (range, 1-25 months). At the 1-month follow-up, 2 patients had paste extrusion and 2 had anal abscesses. The mean preoperative Continence Grading Scale score was 1.10 ± 1.40, and that at 3 months postoperatively was 1.13 ± 1.39 ( P = .322). There was a significant difference in the preoperative and the 1- and 3-month postoperative pain scores ( P < .001). At the 24-month follow-up, the healing rate was 50% (n = 23). A total of 19 patients (41%) with a recurrent fistula after failed Permacol paste injection required additional operative procedures. The satisfaction rate at the 2-year follow-up was 65%.

CONCLUSION

Permacol paste injection is minimally invasive and technically easy to perform. It can be considered as a viable and reasonable option for the treatment of complex cryptoglandular anal fistulas in patients with fecal continence disorders.