Elevated Venous Thromboembolism Risk Following Colectomy for IBD Is Equal to Those for Colorectal Cancer for Ninety Days After Surgery

Peri-Operative Optimization of Patients with Crohn's Disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) undergoing surgery is complex and optimization of modifiable factors perioperatively can improve outcomes. This review focuses on the perioperative management of CD patients undergoing surgery, emphasizing the need for a multi-disciplinary approach.

RECENT FINDINGS

Research highlights the benefits of a comprehensive strategy, involving nutritional optimization, psychological assessment, and addressing septic complications before surgery. Despite many CD patients being on immune-suppressing medications, studies indicate that most of these medications are safe to use and should not delay surgery. However, a personalized approach for each case is needed. This review underscores the importance of multi-disciplinary team led peri-operative management of CD patients. We suggest that this can be done at a dedicated perioperative clinic for prehabilitation, with the potential to enhance outcomes for CD patients undergoing surgery.

Room for Improvement: The Impact of Guideline-Recommended Extended Thromboprophylaxis in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery for Colorectal and Anal Cancer at a Tertiary Referral Center

BACKGROUND

Venous thromboembolism occurs in approximately 2% of patients undergoing abdominal and pelvic surgery for cancers of the colon, rectum, and anus and is considered preventable. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons recommends extended prophylaxis in high-risk patients, but there is low adherence to the guidelines.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to analyze the impact of venous thromboembolism risk-guided prophylaxis in patients undergoing elective abdominal and pelvic surgeries for colorectal and anal cancers from 2016 to 2021.

DESIGN

This was a retrospective analysis.

SETTING

The study was conducted at a multisite tertiary referral academic health care system.

PATIENTS

Patients who underwent elective abdominal or pelvic surgery for colon, rectal, or anal cancer.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Receipt of Caprini-guided venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, 90-day postoperative rate of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, venous thromboembolism, and bleeding events.

RESULTS

A total of 3504 patients underwent elective operations, of whom 2224 (63%) received appropriate thromboprophylaxis in the inpatient setting. In the postdischarged cohort of 2769 patients, only 2% received appropriate thromboprophylaxis and no thromboembolic events were observed. In the group receiving inappropriate thromboprophylaxis, at 90 days postdischarge, the deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and venous thromboembolism rates were 0.60%, 0.40%, and 0.88%, respectively. Postoperative bleeding was not different between the 2 groups.

LIMITATIONS

Limitations to our study include its retrospective nature, use of aggregated electronic medical records, and single health care system experience.

CONCLUSION

Most patients in our health care system undergoing abdominal or pelvic surgery for cancers of the colon, rectum, and anus were discharged without appropriate Caprini-guided venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. Risk-guided prophylaxis was associated with decreased rates of inhospital and postdischarge venous thromboembolism without increased bleeding complications. See Video Abstract .

MARGEN DE MEJORA EL IMPACTO DE LA TROMBOPROFILAXIS RECOMENDADA POR LAS DIRECTRICES EN PACIENTES SOMETIDOS A CIRUGA ABDOMINAL POR CNCER COLORRECTAL Y ANAL EN UN CENTRO DE REFERENCIA TERCIARIO

ANTECEDENTES:El tromboembolismo venoso ocurre en aproximadamente el 2% de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía abdominal y pélvica por cánceres de colon, recto y ano, y se considera prevenible. La Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto recomienda una profilaxis prolongada en pacientes de alto riesgo, pero el cumplimiento de las directrices es bajo.OBJETIVO:Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto de la profilaxis guiada por el riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) en pacientes sometidos a cirugías abdominales y pélvicas electivas por cáncer colorrectal y anal entre 2016 y 2021.DISEÑO:Este fue un análisis retrospectivo.AJUSTE:El estudio se llevó a cabo en un sistema de salud académico de referencia terciaria de múltiples sitios.PACIENTES:Pacientes sometidos a cirugía abdominal o pélvica electiva por cáncer de colon, recto o ano.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Recepción de profilaxis de tromboembolismo venoso guiada por Caprini, tasa postoperatoria de 90 días de trombosis venosa profunda, embolia pulmonar, tromboembolismo venoso y eventos de sangrado.RESULTADOS:Un total de 3.504 pacientes se sometieron a operaciones electivas, de los cuales 2.224 (63%) recibieron tromboprofilaxis adecuada en el ámbito hospitalario. En el cohorte de 2.769 pacientes después del alta, solo el 2% recibió tromboprofilaxis adecuada en la que no se observaron eventos tromboembólicos. En el grupo que recibió tromboprofilaxis inadecuada, a los 90 días después del alta, las tasas de trombosis venosa profunda, embolia pulmonar y tromboembolia venosa fueron del 0,60%, 0,40% y 0,88%, respectivamente. El sangrado posoperatorio no fue diferente entre los dos grupos.LIMITACIONES:Las limitaciones de nuestro estudio incluyen su naturaleza retrospectiva, el uso de registros médicos electrónicos agregados y la experiencia de un solo sistema de atención médica.CONCLUSIÓN:La mayoría de los pacientes en nuestro sistema de salud sometidos a cirugía abdominal o pélvica por cánceres de colon, recto y ano fueron dados de alta sin una profilaxis adecuada de TEV guiada por Caprini. La profilaxis guiada por el riesgo se asoció con menores tasas de tromboembolismo venoso hospitalario y dado de alta sin un aumento de las complicaciones de sangrado. (Traducción-Dr. Aurian Garcia Gonzalez ).

Tofacitinib Is Associated With Increased Risk of Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis

BACKGROUND

In 2019, the Food and Drug Administration issued a black box warning for increased risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis exposed to tofacitinib. There are limited data regarding postoperative venous thromboembolism risk in patients with ulcerative colitis exposed to tofacitinib.

OBJECTIVE

To assess whether preoperative exposure to tofacitinib is associated with increased odds of postoperative venous thromboembolism.

DESIGN

Retrospective review.

SETTINGS

Tertiary academic medical center.

PATIENTS

Consecutive patients exposed to tofacitinib within 4 weeks before total abdominal colectomy or total proctocolectomy, with or without ileostomy, from 2014 to 2021, matched 1:2 for tofacitinib exposure or no exposure.

INTERVENTION

Tofacitinib exposure versus no exposure.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Ninety-day postoperative venous thromboembolism rate.

RESULTS

Forty-two patients with tofacitinib exposure and 84 case-matched patients without tofacitinib exposure underwent surgery for medically refractory ulcerative colitis. Nine (22.0%) tofacitinib-exposed patients and 7 (8.5%) unexposed patients were diagnosed with venous thromboembolism within 90 days of surgery. In univariate logistic regression, patients exposed to tofacitinib had 3.01 times increased odds of developing venous thromboembolism within 90 days after surgery compared to unexposed patients ( p = 0.04; 95% CI, 1.03-8.79). Other venous thromboembolism risk factors were not significantly associated with venous thromboembolisms. Venous thromboembolisms in both groups were most commonly portomesenteric vein thromboses (66.7% in the tofacitinib-exposed group and 42.9% in the unexposed group) and were diagnosed at a mean of 23.2 days (range, 3-90 days) postoperatively in the tofacitinib-exposed group and 7.9 days (1-19 days) in the unexposed group. There were no statistically significant differences in location or timing between the 2 groups.

LIMITATIONS

Retrospective nature of the study and associated biases. Reliance on clinically diagnosed venous thromboembolisms may underreport the true incidence rate.

CONCLUSIONS

Tofacitinib exposure before surgery for medically refractory ulcerative colitis is associated with 3 times increased odds of venous thromboembolism compared with patients without tofacitinib exposure. See Video Abstract .

TOFACITINIB SE ASOCIA CON UN MAYOR RIESGO DE TROMBOEMBOLISMO VENOSO POSTOPERATORIO EN PACIENTES CON COLITIS ULCEROSA

ANTECEDENTES:En 2019, la FDA emitió una advertencia de recuadro negro sobre un mayor riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso en pacientes con artritis reumatoide expuestos a tofacitinib. Hay datos limitados sobre el riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso postoperatorio en pacientes con colitis ulcerosa expuestos a tofacitinib.OBJETIVO:Evaluar si la exposición preoperatoria a tofacitinib se asocia con mayores probabilidades de tromboembolismo venoso postoperatorio.DISEÑO:Revisión retrospectiva.LUGARES:Centro médico académico terciario.PACIENTES:Pacientes consecutivos expuestos a tofacitinib dentro de las 4 semanas previas a la colectomía abdominal total o proctocolectomía total, con o sin ileostomía, entre 2014 y 2021, emparejados 1:2 para exposición a tofacitinib o ninguna exposición.INTERVENCIÓN(S):Exposición a tofacitinib versus ninguna exposición.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Tasa de tromboembolismo venoso posoperatorio a los 90 días.RESULTADOS:Cuarenta y dos pacientes con exposición a tofacitinib y 84 pacientes de casos similares sin exposición a tofacitinib se sometieron a cirugía por colitis ulcerosa médicamente refractaria. Nueve (22,0%) pacientes expuestos a tofacitinib y 7 (8,5%) pacientes no expuestos fueron diagnosticados con tromboembolismo venoso dentro de los 90 días posteriores a la cirugía. En la regresión logística univariada, los pacientes expuestos a tofacitinib tuvieron 3,01 veces más probabilidades de desarrollar un tromboembolismo venoso dentro de los 90 días posteriores a la cirugía en comparación con los no expuestos ( p = 0,04, IC del 95 %: 1,03-8,79). Otros factores de riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso no se asociaron significativamente con el tromboembolismo venoso. Los tromboembolismos venosos en ambos grupos fueron más comúnmente trombosis de la vena portomesentérica (66,7% en los expuestos a tofacitinib y 42,9% en los no expuestos) y se diagnosticaron en una media de 23,2 días (rango, 3-90 días) después de la operación en los expuestos a tofacitinib y 7,9 días. (1-19 días) en los grupos no expuestos, respectivamente. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la ubicación o el momento entre los dos grupos.LIMITACIONES:Carácter retrospectivo del estudio y sesgos asociados. La dependencia de tromboembolismos venosos diagnosticados clínicamente puede subestimar la tasa de incidencia real.CONCLUSIONES:La exposición a tofacitinib antes de la cirugía para la colitis ulcerosa médicamente refractaria se asocia con probabilidades 3 veces mayores de tromboembolismo venoso en comparación con los pacientes sin exposición a tofacitinib. (Traducción-Dr. Mauricio Santamaria ).

Timing and Location of Venous Thromboembolisms After Surgery for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

INTRODUCTION

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are reported to be at elevated risk for postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE). The rate and location of these VTE complications is unclear.

METHODS

Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) undergoing intestinal operations between January 2006 and March 2021 were identified from the medical record at a single institution. The overall incidence of VTEs and their anatomic location were determined to 90 days postoperatively.

RESULTS

In 2716 operations in patients with UC, VTE prevalence was 1.95% at 1-30 days, 0.74% at 31-60 days, and 0.48% at 90 days (P < 0.0001). Seventy two percent of VTEs within the first 30 days were in the portomesenteric system, and this remained the location for the majority of VTE events at 31-60 and 61-90 days postoperatively. In the first 30 days, proctectomies had the highest incidence of VTEs (2.5%) in patients with UC. In 2921 operations in patients with CD, VTE prevalence was 1.43%, 0.55%, and 0.41% at 1-30 days, 31-60 days, and 61-90 days, respectively (P < 0.0001). Portomesenteric VTEs accounted for 31% of all VTEs within 30 days postoperatively. In the first 30 days, total abdominal colectomies had the highest incidence of VTEs (2.5%) in patients with CD.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of VTEs within 90 days of surgery for UC and Crohn's are diagnosed within the first 30 days. The risk of a VTE varies by the extent of the operation performed, with portomesenteric VTE representing a substantial proportion of events.

Low-Dose Rivaroxaban as Extended Prophylaxis Reduces Postdischarge Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Malignancy and IBD

BACKGROUND

Despite guidelines suggesting the use of extended prophylaxis for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with colorectal cancer and perhaps IBD, routine use is low and scant data exist regarding oral forms of therapy.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose was to compare the incidence of postdischarge venous thromboembolism in patients given extended prophylaxis with low-dose rivaroxaban.

DESIGN

We used propensity matching to compare pre- and postintervention analyses from a 2-year period before instituting extended prophylaxis.

SETTING

All colorectal patients at a single institution were prospectively considered for extended prophylaxis.

PATIENTS

Patients with a diagnosis of IBD or colorectal cancer who underwent operative resection were included.

INTERVENTIONS

Those considered for extended prophylaxis were prescribed 10 mg of rivaroxaban for 30 days postsurgery.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome was venous thromboembolism incidence 30 days postdischarge. The secondary outcome was bleeding rates, major or minor.

RESULTS

Of the 498 patients considered for extended prophylaxis, 363 were discharged with rivaroxaban, 81 on baseline anticoagulation, and 54 without anticoagulation. Propensity-matched cohorts based on stoma creation, operative approach, procedure type, and BMI were made to 174 historical controls. After excluding cases of inpatient venous thromboembolism, postoperative rates were lower in the prospective cohort (4.8% vs 0.6%, p = 0.019). In the prospective group, 36 episodes of bleeding occurred, 26 (7.2%) were discharged with rivaroxaban, 8 (9.9%) discharged on other anticoagulants, and 2 (3.7%) with no postoperative anticoagulation. Cases of major bleeding were 1.1% (4/363) in the rivaroxaban group, and each required intervention.

LIMITATIONS

The study was limited to a single institution and did not include a placebo arm.

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients with IBD and colorectal cancer, extended prophylaxis with low-dose rivaroxaban led to a significant decrease in postdischarge thromboembolic events with a low bleeding risk profile. See Video Abstract .

RIVAROXABN EN DOSIS BAJAS COMO PROFILAXIS PROLONGADA REDUCE LA TROMBOEMBOLIA VENOSA POSTERIOR AL ALTA, EN PACIENTES CON NEOPLASIAS MALIGNAS Y ENFERMEDAD INFLAMATORIA INTESTINAL

ANTECEDENTES:A pesar de las normas que sugieren el uso de profilaxis extendida para la prevención del tromboembolismo venoso en pacientes con cáncer colorrectal y tal vez enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, el uso rutinario es bajo y existen escasos datos sobre las formas orales de terapia.OBJETIVO:Comparar la incidencia de tromboembolismo venoso posterior al alta, en pacientes que recibieron profilaxis prolongada con dosis bajas de rivaroxabán.DISEÑO:Utilizamos el emparejamiento de propensión para comparar un análisis previo y posterior a la intervención de un período de 2 años antes de instituir la profilaxis extendida.AJUSTE:Todos los pacientes colorrectales en una sola institución fueron considerados prospectivamente para profilaxis extendida.PACIENTES:Incluidos pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal o cáncer colorrectal sometidos a resección quirúrgica.INTERVENCIONES:A los considerados para profilaxis extendida se les prescribió 10 mg de rivaroxabán durante 30 días postoperatorios.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:El resultado primario fue la incidencia de tromboembolismo venoso 30 días después del alta. El resultado secundario fueron las tasas de hemorragia, mayor o menor.RESULTADOS:De los 498 pacientes considerados para profilaxis extendida, 363 fueron dados de alta con rivaroxabán, 81 con anticoagulación inicial y 54 sin anticoagulación. Se realizaron cohortes emparejadas por propensión basadas en la creación de la estoma, abordaje quirúrgico, tipo de procedimiento y el índice de masa corporal en 174 controles históricos. Después de excluir los casos de tromboembolismo venoso hospitalizado, las tasas posoperatorias fueron más bajas en la cohorte prospectiva (4,8% frente a 0,6%, p = 0,019). En el grupo prospectivo ocurrieron 36 episodios de hemorragia, 26 (7,2%) fueron dados de alta con rivaroxaban, 8 (9,9%) fueron dados de alta con otros anticoagulantes y 2 (3,7%) sin anticoagulación posoperatoria. Los casos de hemorragia mayor fueron del 1,1% (4/363) en el grupo de rivaroxabán y cada uno requirió intervención.LIMITACIONES:Limitado a una sola institución y no incluyó un grupo de placebo.CONCLUSIONES:Entre los pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y cáncer colorrectal, la profilaxis extendida con dosis bajas de rivaroxabán condujo a una disminución significativa de los eventos tromboembólicos posteriores al alta, con un perfil de riesgo de hemorragia bajo. (Traducción-Dr. Fidel Ruiz Healy).

Coronary artery calcium scoring for cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with higher incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Data investigating the role of coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring in identifying subclinical atherosclerotic disease in IBD patients is scarce.

METHODS

Using data obtained from the CLARIFY registry, a prospective study of no-charge coronary artery calcium (CAC) testing at University Hospitals, we reviewed patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) who underwent CAC scoring from 2014 to 2020. We investigated the concordance between CAC risk and 10-year estimated ASCVD risk by AHA/ACC pooled cohort equation using pre-established thresholds for statin prescription (CAC≥100, 10-year ASCVD risk ≥7.5%). We additionally investigated the association between CAC, preventive therapy initiation and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE).

RESULTS

A total of 369 patients with IBD were included (174 UC, 195 CD), with median age of 60 years. The median CAC score was 14.9 with no significant difference between UC and CD (P = .76). Overall, 151 (41%) had CAC of 0, 108 (29%) had CAC 1-99, 61 (17%) had CAC 100 to 399, and 49 (13%) had CAC ≥400 with no difference in CAC distribution between CD and UC (P = .17). There was no difference in median CAC between IBD or age/sex-matched controls (P = .34). Approximately half of the patients (52%) with IBD had 10-year estimated ASCVD risk of 7.5% or higher. Among patients with ASCVD risk <7.5% (n = 163), 29 (18%) had CAC≥100 and among patients with ASCVD risk ≥7.5% (n = 178), 102 (57%) had CAC <100. There was no difference between CAC<100 vs CAC≥100 with respect to CRP, use of immunosuppressive or amino-salicylate therapy, IBD severity or complications. CAC score (AUROC 0.67 [0.56-0.78]), but not PCE ASCVD risk (AUROC 0.60 [0.48-0.73]), was predictive of MACE. The best cut-off for CAC score was 76 (sensitivity = 60%, specificity = 69%), and was associated with 4-fold increase in MACE (Hazard Ratio 4.0 [2.0-8.1], P < .001).

CONCLUSION

Subclinical atherosclerosis, as evaluated by CAC scoring, is prevalent in patients with IBD, and is associated with cardiovascular events. Further studies are needed to understand underlying biological processes of increased atherosclerotic disease risk among adults with IBD.

Risk of Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism After Benign Colorectal Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Venous thromboembolism is a well-established preventable complication after colectomy. Specific guidance on venous thromboembolism prevention after colectomy for benign disease is limited.

OBJECTIVE

This meta-analysis aimed to quantify the venous thromboembolism risk after benign colorectal resection and determine its variability.

DATA SOURCES

Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42021265438), Embase, MEDLINE, and 4 other registered medical literature databases were searched from the database inception to June 21, 2021.

STUDY SELECTION

Inclusion criteria: randomized controlled trials and large population-based database cohort studies reporting 30-day and 90-day venous thromboembolism rates after benign colorectal resection in patients aged ≥18 years. Exclusion criteria: patients undergoing colorectal cancer or completely endoscopic surgery.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Thirty- and 90-day venous thromboembolism incidence rates per 1000 person-years after benign colorectal surgery.

RESULTS

Seventeen studies were eligible for meta-analysis reporting on 250,170 patients. Pooled 30-day and 90-day venous thromboembolism incidence rates after benign colorectal resection were 284 (95% CI, 224-360) and 84 (95% CI, 33-218) per 1000 person-years. Stratified by admission type, 30-day venous thromboembolism incidence rates per 1000 person-years were 532 (95% CI, 447-664) for emergency resections and 213 (95% CI, 100-453) for elective colorectal resections. Thirty-day venous thromboembolism incidence rates per 1000 person-years after colectomy were 485 (95% CI, 411-573) for patients with ulcerative colitis, 228 (95% CI, 181-288) for patients with Crohn's disease, and 208 (95% CI, 152-288) for patients with diverticulitis.

LIMITATIONS

High degree of heterogeneity was observed within most meta-analyses attributable to large cohorts minimizing within-study variance.

CONCLUSIONS

Venous thromboembolism rates remain high up to 90 days after colectomy and vary by indication for surgery. Emergency resections compared to elective benign resections have higher rates of postoperative venous thromboembolism. Further studies reporting venous thromboembolism rates by type of benign disease need to stratify rates by admission type to more accurately define venous thromboembolism risk after colectomy.

REGISTRATION NO

CRD42021265438.

Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism in Colon and Rectal Cancer: Do Tumor Location and Operation Matter?

BACKGROUND

Existing venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk scores help identify patients at increased risk of postoperative VTE who warrant extended prophylaxis in the first 30 days. However, these methods do not address factors unique to colorectal surgery, wherein the tumor location and operation performed vary widely. VTE risk may extend past 30 days. Therefore, we aimed to determine the roles of tumor location and operation in VTE development and evaluate VTE incidence through 90 days postoperatively.

STUDY DESIGN

Adult patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2021, at a single institution were identified. Patients were then stratified by cancer location and by operative extent. VTEs were identified using diagnosis codes in the electronic medical record and consisted of extremity deep venous thromboses, portomesenteric venous thromboses, and pulmonary emboli.

RESULTS

A total of 6,844 operations were identified (72% segmental colectomy, 22% proctectomy, 6% total (procto)colectomy), and tumor location was most commonly in the ascending colon (32%), followed by the rectum (31%), with other locations less common (sigmoid 16%, rectosigmoid junction 9%, transverse colon 7%, descending colon 5%). The cumulative incidence of any VTE was 3.1% at 90 days with a relatively steady increase across the entire 90-day interval. Extremity deep venous thromboses were the most common VTE type, accounting for 37% of events, and pulmonary emboli and portomesenteric venous thromboses made up 33% and 30% of events, respectively. More distal tumor locations and more anatomically extensive operations had higher VTE rates.

CONCLUSIONS

When considering extended VTE prophylaxis after colorectal surgery, clinicians should account for the operation performed and the location of the tumor. Further study is necessary to determine the optimal length of VTE prophylaxis in high-risk individuals.

Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Admitted for IBD: An Enterprise-Wide Experience of 86,000 Hospital Encounters

BACKGROUND

Recommendations regarding venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients admitted to the hospital for IBD continue to evolve.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to determine the 90-day rate and risk factors of deep venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism in cohorts of patients with IBD admitted to medical and surgical services.

DESIGN

This was a retrospective review.

SETTING

The study was conducted at a quaternary IBD referral center.

PATIENTS

The study included adult patients ( > 18 y of age) with a known diagnosis of either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease who had an inpatient hospital admission for IBD between January 1, 2002, and January 1, 2020.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome measures were 90-day rate of deep venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism among admitted patients.

RESULTS

A total of 86,276 hospital admissions from 16,551 patients with IBD occurred between January 1, 2002, and January 1, 2020. A total of 35,992 patients (41.7%) were given subcutaneous heparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, and 8188 patients (9.49%) were given enoxaparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis during the inpatient hospital admission. From the date of hospital admission, the 90-day rate of deep venous thromboembolism was 4.3% (n = 3664); of these, 1731 patients (47%) were diagnosed during the admission and 1933 patients (53%) were diagnosed after discharge. From the date of hospital admission, the 90-day rate of pulmonary embolism was 2.4% (n = 2040); of these, 960 patients (47%) were diagnosed during admission and 1080 patients (53%) were diagnosed after discharge.

LIMITATIONS

The study was limited by its retrospective nature and unmeasured severity of the disease.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients admitted for IBD had a 90-day deep venous thromboembolism event rate of 4.3% and pulmonary embolism event rate of 2.4%. More than half of the events occurred after discharge, and venous thromboembolism events were higher among patients with IBD admitted to a medical service than those admitted to a surgical service. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B947 .

TROMBOEMBOLIA VENOSA EN PACIENTES INGRESADOS CON ENFERMEDAD INFLAMATORIA INTESTINAL UNA EXPERIENCIA EN TODA LA EMPRESA DE ENCUENTROS HOSPITALARIOS

ANTECEDENTES:Recomendaciones sobre la profilaxis de tromboembolia venosa en pacientes ingresados con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) continúa evolucionando.OBJETIVO:Determinar la tasa a 90 días y los factores de riesgo de tromboembolia venosa profunda y embolia pulmonar en cohortes de pacientes ingresados con EII médico y quirúrgico.DISEÑO:Esta fue una revisión retrospectiva.AJUSTE:El estudio se llevó a cabo en un centro cuaternario de derivación de EII.PACIENTES:Se incluyeron pacientes adultos (> 18 años) con diagnóstico conocido de colitis ulcerosa o enfermedad de Crohn que fueron hospitalizados por EII entre el 1 de Enero de 2002 y el 1 de Enero de 2020.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADOS:Las medidas principales fueron la tasa de tromboembolia venosa profunda a 90 días y la embolia pulmonar entre los pacientes ingresados.RESULTADOS:Un total de 86.276 ingresos hospitalarios de 16.551 pacientes con EII ocurrieron entre el 1 de Enero de 2002 y el 1 de Enero de 2020. A un total de 35.992 (41,7%) se les administró heparina subcutánea para profilaxis de tromboembolia venosa y a 8.188 (9,49%) se les administró enoxaparina para profilaxis de tromboembolia venosa durante el ingreso hospitalario. A partir de la fecha de ingreso hospitalario, la tasa de tromboembolia venosa profunda a 90 días fue del 4,3% (n = 3.664); de estos 1.731 (47%) se diagnosticaron durante el ingreso y 1.933 (53%) se diagnosticaron después del alta. Desde la fecha de ingreso hospitalario, la tasa de embolia pulmonar a los 90 días fue de 2,4% (n = 2.040); De estos, 960 (47%) fueron diagnosticados durante el ingreso y 1.080 (53%) fueron diagnosticados después del alta.LIMITACIONES:El estudio fue retrospectivo y no se midió la gravedad de la enfermedad.CONCLUSIÓNES:Los pacientes ingresados por EII tuvieron una tasa de tromboembolia venosa profunda y de eventos de embolia pulmonar de 4,3% y 2,4%, respectivamente, a 90 días. Más de la mitad de los eventos ocurrieron después del alta y los eventos de TEV fueron más altos entre los pacientes de EII médicos que quirúrgicos. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B947 . (Traducción- Dr. Yesenia Rojas-Khalil ).

Are IBD Patients Underscored when Determining Postoperative VTE Risk?

BACKGROUND

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) following colorectal surgery and there is currently no consensus on post-surgical VTE prevention or specific VTE risk assessment tools. We sought to evaluate VTE risk after colorectal surgery and determine if known risk factors used in risk assessment tools adequate correlate with VTE risk in IBD patients.

METHODS

Retrospective cohort study using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP) Participant User File from 2010 to 2018.

RESULTS

A total of 27,679 patients were included; 19,015 (68.7%) had Crohn's disease (CD) and 8664 (31.3%) ulcerative colitis (UC). Of these, 16,749 (60.5%) underwent abdominopelvic procedures, 10,178 (36.8%) complex pelvic procedures, and 752 (2.7%) small bowel operations. The overall VTE rate was 2.3%. The VTE rate in patients with CD and UC was 1.8% and 3.6% (p < 0.001) respectively. Overall median time to VTE was 9 days after surgery. VTE rate was highest in patients who underwent complex pelvic procedures (3.6%; 361/10,178). A risk score was calculated using 16/40 available variables from the Caprini VTE Risk Assessment tool; risk score ranged from 3 to 12 points. Most patients that developed a VTE had a score between 3 and 5 points (75.6%), and only 24.5% had a score of 6 or higher. Patients with higher risk scores did not have a higher VTE incidence.

CONCLUSION

Post-surgical VTE rates are high in IBD patients. Over half of the events occurred following discharge and in patients with an apparent low-risk score. Additional studies are warranted to define a recommended postoperative VTE prophylaxis regimen for patients with IBD.

Venous Thromboembolism Following Discharge from Hospital in Patients Admitted for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Patients admitted to hospital with inflammatory bowel disease[IBD] are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism[VTE]. This study aims to identify IBD patients at increased VTE risk on hospital discharge and to develop a risk scoring system to recognise them.

METHODS

Hospital episode statistics data were used to identify all patients admitted with IBD as an emergency or electively for surgery. All patients with VTE within 90 days of hospital discharge were identified. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to identify patient- and admission-level factors associated with VTE. A scoring system to identify patients at higher risk for VTE was constructed.

RESULTS

A total of 201 779 admissions in 101 966 patients were included. The rate of VTE within 90 days was 17.2 per 1000 patient-years at risk and was highest in patients admitted as an emergency who underwent surgery[36.9]. VTE was associated with: female sex (odds ratio 0.65 [95% confidence interval 0.53-0.80], p <0.001); increasing age [49-60 years] (4.67 [3.36-6.49], p <0.001); increasing length of hospital stay [>10 days] (3.80 [2.80-5.15], p <0.001); more than two hospital admissions in previous 3 months (2.23 [1.60-3.10], p <0.001); ulcerative colitis (1.48 [1.21-1.82], p <0.001); and emergency admission including surgery (1.59 [1.12-2.27], p = 0.010); or emergency admission not including surgery (1.59 [1.08-2.35], p = 0.019) compared with elective surgery. A score >12 in the VTE scoring system gave a positive predictive value [PPV] of VTE of 1%. The area under the curve [AUC] was 0.714 [95% CI 0.70-0.73].

CONCLUSION

IBD patients admitted to hospital with a prolonged length of stay, increasing age, male sex, or as an emergency were at increased risk of VTE following discharge. Higher-risk patients were identifiable by a VTE risk scoring system.

A novel scoring system for identifying patients at risk for venous thromboembolism undergoing diverticular resection: an American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Study

Following colorectal surgery, venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious complication occurring at an estimated incidence of 2-4%. There is a significant body of literature stratifying risk of VTE in specific populations undergoing colorectal resection for cancer or inflammatory bowel disease. There has been little research characterizing patients undergoing colorectal surgery for other indications, e.g. diverticulitis. We hypothesize that there exists a subgroup of patients with identifiable risk factors undergoing resection for diverticulitis that has relatively higher risks for VTE. We conducted a retrospective review of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database from 2006 to 2017 who underwent colorectal resection for diverticulitis. Patients with a primary indication for resection other than diverticulitis were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was conducted to determine the risk of VTE for each independent variable. A novel scoring system was developed and a receiver-operating-characteristic curve was generated. The rate of VTE was 1.49%. An 7-point scoring system was developed using identified significant variables. Patients scoring ≥ 6 on the developed scoring scale had a 3.12% risk of 30-day VTE development. A simple scoring system based on identified significant risk factors was specifically developed to predict the risk of VTE in patients undergoing diverticular colorectal resection. These patients are at significantly higher risk and may justify increased vigilance regarding VTE events, similar to patients undergoing colorectal resection for cancer or inflammatory bowel disease.

Time trends in the incidence rates of venous thromboembolism following colorectal resection by indication and operative technique

AIM

It is important for patient safety to assess if international changes in perioperative care, such as the focus on venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention and minimally invasive surgery, have reduced the high post colectomy VTE risks previously reported. This study assesses the impact of changes in perioperative care on VTE risk following colorectal resection.

METHOD

This was a population-based cohort study of colectomy patients in England between 2000 and 2019 using a national database of linked primary (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) and secondary (Hospital Episode Statistics) care data. Within 30 days following colectomy, absolute VTE rates per 1000 person-years and adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) using Poisson regression for the per year change in VTE risk were calculated.

RESULTS

Of 183 791 patients, 1337 (0.73%) developed 30-day postoperative VTE. Overall, VTE rates reduced over the 20-year study period following elective (relative risk reduction 31.25%, 95% CI 5.69%-49.88%) but not emergency surgery. Similarly, yearly changes in VTE risk reduced following minimally invasive resections (elective benign, aIRR 0.93, 95% CI 0.90-0.97; elective malignant, aIRR 0.94, 95% CI 0.91-0.98; and emergency benign, aIRR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92-1.00) but not following open resections. There was a per year VTE risk increase following open emergency malignant resections (aIRR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00-1.04).

CONCLUSION

Yearly VTE risks reduced following minimally invasive surgeries in the elective setting yet in contrast were static following open elective colectomies, and following emergency malignant resections increased by almost 2% per year. To reduce VTE risk, further efforts are required to implement advances in surgical care for those having emergency and/or open surgery.

The Duration and Magnitude of Postdischarge Venous Thromboembolism Following Colectomy

OBJECTIVE

To assess the impact of current guidelines by reporting weekly postoperative postdischarge venous thromboembolism (VTE) rates.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

Disparity exists between the postoperative thromboprophylaxis duration colectomy patients receive based on surgical indication, where malignant resections routinely receive 28 days extended thromboprophylaxis into the postdischarge period and benign resections do not.

METHODS

English national cohort study of colectomy patients between 2010 and 2019 using linked primary (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) and secondary (Hospital Episode Statistics) care data. Stratified by admission type and surgical indication, absolute incidence rates (IRs) per 1000 person-years and adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) for postdischarge VTE were calculated for the first 4 weeks following resection and postdischarge VTE IRs for each postoperative week to 12 weeks postoperative.

RESULTS

Of 104,744 patients, 663 (0.63%) developed postdischarge VTE within 12 weeks after colectomy. Postdischarge VTE IRs per 1000 person-years for the first 4 weeks postoperative were low following elective resections [benign: 20.66, 95% confidence interval (CI): 13.73-31.08; malignant: 28.95, 95% CI: 23.09-36.31] and higher following emergency resections (benign: 47.31, 95% CI: 34.43-65.02; malignant: 107.18, 95% CI: 78.62-146.12). Compared with elective malignant resections, there was no difference in postdischarge VTE risk within 4 weeks following elective benign colectomy (aIRR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.56-1.50). However, postdischarge VTE risks within 4 weeks following emergency resections were significantly greater for benign (aIRR=1.89, 95% CI: 1.22-2.94) and malignant (aIRR=3.13, 95% CI: 2.06-4.76) indications compared with elective malignant colectomy.

CONCLUSIONS

Postdischarge VTE risk within 4 weeks of colectomy is ∼2-fold greater following emergency benign compared with elective malignant resections, suggesting emergency benign colectomy patients may benefit from extended VTE prophylaxis.

Risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) after adrenalectomy for adrenal cortical neoplasms

BACKGROUND

Incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after adrenalectomy for adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is unknown. Herein, we aim to identify the relative incidence and risk factors of VTE after adrenalectomy for ACC.

METHODS

The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried to identify patients who underwent adrenalectomy for ACC, Cushing syndrome (CS), and benign adrenal cortical syndromes (BACS). Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to determine clinical characteristics, 30-day postoperative VTE occurrences, and associated risk factors. Khorana oncologic risk score (KRS) for VTE was calculated and compared between groups.

RESULTS

A total of 5896 patients were analyzed: 576 ACC, 371 CS, and 4949 BACS. Postoperative VTE occurred 0.9%, with the highest rate occurring in ACC (2.6% ACC vs. 1.6% CS vs. 0.7% BACS, p < 0.001). Forty percent of VTEs in the ACC cohort were diagnosed postdischarge. ACC patients with KRS ≥ 2 had a 9.6% incidence of VTE (p = 0.007). Multivariable analysis identified increased age (p = 0.03), presence of adrenal cancer (p = 0.01), and KRS ≥ 2 (p = 0.005) as risk factors for VTE after adrenalectomy.

CONCLUSIONS

Postoperative VTE after adrenalectomy occurs most frequently for ACC. ACC patients with increased age and/or Khorana score ≥2 should be considered for extended VTE prophylaxis.

Cost-Effectiveness of Aspirin for Extended Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis After Major Surgery for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Venous thromboembolism extended prophylaxis after inflammatory bowel disease surgery remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if adopting an aspirin-based prophylaxis strategy may address current cost-effectiveness limitations.

METHODS

A decision analysis model was used to compare costs and outcomes of a reference case patient undergoing inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal surgery considered for post-discharge thromboembolism prophylaxis. Low-dose aspirin was compared to an enoxaparin regimen as well as no prophylaxis. Source estimates were obtained from aggregated existing literature. Secondary analysis included out-of-pocket costs. A 10,000-simulation Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analysis accounted for uncertainty in model estimates.

RESULTS

An enoxaparin-based regimen compared to aspirin demonstrated an unfavorable incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $908,268 per quality-adjusted life year. Sensitivity analysis supported this finding in > 75% of simulated cases; scenarios favoring enoxaparin included those with > 4% post-discharge event rates. Aspirin versus no prophylaxis demonstrated a favorable ratio of $106,601 per quality-adjusted life year. Findings were vulnerable to a post-discharge thromboembolism rate < 1%, aspirin-associated bleeding rate > 1%, median hospital costs of bleeding > 3 × , and decreased efficacy of aspirin (RR > 0.75). The average out-of-pocket cost of choosing an aspirin ePpx strategy increased by $54 per patient versus $708 per patient with enoxaparin.

CONCLUSIONS

Low-dose aspirin extended prophylaxis following inflammatory bowel disease surgery has a favorable cost-safety profile and may be an attractive alternative approach.

Do Cost Limitations of Extended Prophylaxis After Surgery Apply to Ulcerative Colitis Patients?

BACKGROUND

Colorectal surgery patients with ulcerative colitis are at increased risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism. Extended prophylaxis for thromboembolism prevention has been used in colorectal surgery patients, but it has been criticized for its lack of cost-effectiveness. However, the cost-effectiveness of extended prophylaxis for postoperative ulcerative colitis patients may be unique.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of extended prophylaxis in postoperative ulcerative colitis patients.

DESIGN

A decision analysis compared costs and benefits in postoperative ulcerative colitis patients with and without extended prophylaxis over a lifetime horizon.

SETTING

Assumptions for decision analysis were identified from available literature for a typical ulcerative colitis patient's risk of thrombosis, age at surgery, type of thrombosis, prophylaxis risk reduction, bleeding complications, and mortality.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Costs ($) and benefits (quality-adjusted life year) reflected a societal perspective and were time-discounted at 3%. Costs and benefits were combined to produce the main outcome measure, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ($ per quality-adjusted life year). Multivariable probabilistic sensitivity analysis modeled uncertainty in probabilities, costs, and disutilities.

RESULTS

Using reference parameters, the individual expected societal total cost of care was $957 without and $1775 with prophylaxis (not cost-effective; $257,280 per quality-adjusted life year). Preventing a single mortality with prophylaxis would cost $5 million (number needed to treat: 6134 individuals). Adjusting across a range of scenarios upheld these conclusions 77% of the time. With further sensitivity testing, venous thromboembolism cumulative risk (>1.5%) and ePpx regimen pricing (<$299) were the 2 parameters most sensitive to uncertainty.

LIMITATIONS

Recommendations of decision analysis methodology are limited to group decision-making, not an individual risk profile.

CONCLUSION

Routine ePpx in postoperative ulcerative colitis patients is not cost-effective. This finding is sensitive to higher-than-average rates of venous thromboembolism and low-cost prophylaxis opportunities. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B818.

SE APLICAN LAS LIMITACIONES DE COSTOS DE LA PROFILAXIS PROLONGADA DESPUS DE LA CIRUGA A LOS PACIENTES CON COLITIS ULCEROSA

ANTECEDENTES:Los pacientes de cirugía colorrectal con colitis ulcerosa tienen un mayor riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso posoperatorio. La profilaxis extendida para la prevención de la tromboembolia se ha utilizado en pacientes con cirugía colorrectal, aunque ha sido criticada por su falta de rentabilidad. Sin embargo, la rentabilidad de la profilaxis prolongada para los pacientes posoperados con colitis ulcerosa puede ser aceptable.OBJETIVO:Evaluar la rentabilidad de la profilaxis prolongada en pacientes posoperados con colitis ulcerosa.DISEÑO:Un análisis de decisiones comparó los costos y beneficios en pacientes posoperados con colitis ulcerosa con y sin profilaxis prolongada de por vida.AJUSTE:Los supuestos para el análisis de decisiones se identificaron a partir de la literatura disponible para el riesgo de trombosis de un paciente con colitis ulcerosa típica, la edad al momento de la cirugía, el tipo de trombosis, la reducción del riesgo con profilaxis, las complicaciones hemorrágicas y la mortalidad.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Los costos ($) y los beneficios (año de vida ajustado por calidad) reflejaron una perspectiva social y se descontaron en el tiempo al 3%. Los costos y los beneficios se combinaron para producir la principal medida de resultado, la relación costo-efectividad incremental ($ por año de vida ajustado por calidad). El análisis de sensibilidad probabilística multivariable modeló la incertidumbre en probabilidades, costos y desutilidades.RESULTADOS:Utilizando parámetros de referencia, el costo total de atención social esperado individual fue de $957 sin profilaxis y $1775 con profilaxis (no rentable; $257,280 por año de vida ajustado por calidad). La prevención de una sola mortalidad con profilaxis costaría $5.0 millones (número necesario a tratar: 6.134 personas). El ajuste en una variedad de escenarios mantuvo estas conclusiones el 77% de las veces. Con más pruebas de sensibilidad, el riesgo acumulado de TEV (>1,5%) y el precio del régimen de ePpx (<$299) fueron los dos parámetros más sensibles a la incertidumbre.LIMITACIONES:Las recomendaciones de la metodología de análisis de decisiones se limitan a la toma de decisiones en grupo, no a un perfil de riesgo individual.CONCLUSIÓN:La profilaxis extendida de rutina en pacientes posoperados con colitis ulcerosa no es rentable. Este hallazgo es sensible a tasas de TEV superiores al promedio y oportunidades de profilaxis de bajo costo. Consulted Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B818. (Traducción-Dr. Felipe Bellolio).

Venous thromboembolism in chronic gastrointestinal disorders

INTRODUCTION

Chronic gastrointestinal disorders (including autoimmune gastritis, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and diverticular disease) are highly prevalent disorders, that may be associated with unpredictable, life-threatening complications, such as thromboembolic events. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several conditions, including cancer, major trauma, surgery, prolonged immobilization, are well-established risk factors for VTE. Over the past decade, chronic inflammation has also been identified as an independent risk factor for VTE due to the prothrombotic effects of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress on the coagulation cascade. Other several mechanisms were shown to be associated with a higher incidence of VTE in patients with gastrointestinal disorders.

AREAS COVERED

We critically discuss the latest insights into the mechanisms responsible for thromboembolic manifestations in chronic gastrointestinal disorders, also focusing on the recognition of risk factors and treatment.

EXPERT OPINION

The occurrence of thrombotic complications is underestimated in patients with chronic gastrointestinal disorders. Identifying potential risk factors and concomitant predisposing conditions and to prevent VTE and guide treatment require a multidisciplinary approach, and this is critically important for clinicians, in order to provide the best care for such patients.

Venous Thromboembolism Following Major Abdominal Surgery for Cancer: A Guide for the Surgical Intern

BACKGROUND

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a term used to compositely describe deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Overall, the incidence of VTE after major abdominal and pelvic surgery has been reported to be between 10% and 40%.

OBJECTIVE

To estimate the incidence of post-operative VTE in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery for cancer, to identify risk factors associated with VTE, and to assess available thromboprophylaxis tools.

METHODS

A Medline and Cochrane literature search from database inception until February 1st, 2021 was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines.

RESULTS

Thirty-one studies met our eligibility criteria and were included in the current review. In total, 435,492 patients were identified and the overall incidence of VTE was 2.19%( 95% CI: 1.82-2.38). Τhe following risk factors were associated with VTE: smoking, advanced age (>70 years), a history of diabetes mellitus, American Society of Anesthesiologists' (ASA) classification of Physical Health class III or IV, a history of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, a history of DVT or PE, elevated plasma fibrinogen level, c-reactive protein (CRP) level, cancer stage III or IV, postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), prolonged postoperative hospital stay, previous steroid use, history of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), heart failure and neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy.

CONCLUSION

VTE remains an important complication after major abdominal surgery for cancer and seems to increase mortality rates.

Perioperative safety of tofacitinib in surgical ulcerative colitis patients

AIM

The literature regarding monoclonal antibodies and increased postoperative complications in inflammatory bowel disease remains controversial. There have been no studies investigating tofacitinib. The aim of this work was to determine preoperative exposure to the small-molecule inhibitor tofacitinib and postoperative outcomes.

METHOD

We conducted a retrospective review of all adult patients exposed to tofacitinib within 4 weeks of total abdominal colectomy for medically refractory ulcerative colitis between 1 January 2018 and 1 September 2020 at four inflammatory bowel disease referral centres. Data collected included patient demographics and 90-day postoperative morbidity, readmission and reoperation rates.

RESULTS

Fifty-three patients (32 men, 60%) with ulcerative colitis underwent a total abdominal colectomy (n = 50 laparoscopic, 94%) for medically refractory disease. Previous exposure to monoclonal antibodies included infliximab (n = 34), adalimumab (n = 35), certolizumab pegol (n = 5), vedolizumab (n = 33) and ustekinumab (n = 10). Twenty-seven (51%) patients were on concurrent prednisone at a median daily dose of 30 mg by mouth (range 5-60 mg). There were no postoperative deaths. Ninety-day postoperative complications included ileus (n = 7, 13.2%), superficial surgical site infection (n = 4, 7.5%), intra-abdominal abscess (n = 2, 3.8%) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) (n = 7, 13.2%). Locations of VTE included portomesenteric venous thrombus (n = 4), internal iliac vein (n = 2) and pulmonary embolism (n = 1). Nine (17%) patients were readmitted to hospital and five (9%) patients had a reoperation.

CONCLUSION

Mirroring the recently issued US Food and Drug Administration black box warning of an increased risk of VTE in medically treated ulcerative colitis patients taking tofacitinib, preoperative tofacitinib exposure may present an increased risk of postoperative VTE events. Consideration should be given for prolonged VTE prophylaxis on hospital discharge.

Defining the Economic Burden of Perioperative Venous Thromboembolism in Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the United States

BACKGROUND

Patients with IBD are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to define the economic burden associated with inpatient venous thromboembolism after surgery for IBD that presently remains undefined.

DESIGN

This study is a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis using the National Inpatient Sample from 2004 to 2014.

SETTING

Participating hospitals across the United States were sampled.

PATIENTS

The International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision codes were used to identify patients with a primary diagnosis of IBD.

INTERVENTIONS

Major abdominopelvic bowel surgery was performed.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome measured was the occurrence of inpatient venous thromboembolism. Univariate and multivariable patient- and hospital-level logistic regression models were used to compare patient characteristics, hospital characteristics, and outcomes between venous thromboembolism and non-venous thromboembolism cohorts. Total average direct costs were then compared between cohorts, and the resulting difference was extrapolated to the national population.

RESULTS

Of 26,080 patients included, inpatient venous thromboembolism was identified in 581 (2.2%). On multivariable analysis, diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, transfer status, length of preoperative hospitalization, and insurance status were independently associated with inpatient venous thromboembolism. Patients with venous thromboembolism were observed to be associated with an increased median length of stay (17.6 vs 6.7 days; p < 0.001) and higher inpatient mortality (5.0% vs 1.1%; OR 4.7, SE 3.2-7.0; p < 0.001). After adjusting for clinically relevant covariates, the additional cost associated with each inpatient venous thromboembolism was $31,551 (95% CI, $29,136-$33,965).

LIMITATIONS

Our study is limited by the administrative nature of the National Inpatient Sample database, which limits our ability to evaluate the impact of clinical covariates (eg, use of venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis, steroid use, and nutrition status).

CONCLUSION

Inpatient venous thromboembolism in abdominopelvic surgery for IBD is an infrequent, yet costly, morbid complication. Given the magnitude of patient morbidity and economic burden, venous thromboembolism prevention should be a national quality improvement and research priority. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B544.

DEFINICIN IMPACTO ECONMICO DE LA TROMBOEMBOLIA VENOSA PERIOPERATORIA EN LA ENFERMEDAD INFLAMATORIA INTESTINAL EN LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS

ANTECEDENTES:Pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) tienen un mayor riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV).OBJETIVO:Definir el impacto económico de TEV hospitalaria después de la cirugía por EII, que en la actualidad permanece indefinida.DISEÑO:Un análisis transversal retrospectivo utilizando la Muestra Nacional de Pacientes Internos (NIS) de 2004 a 2014.ENTORNO CLINICO:Hospitales participantes muestreados en los Estados Unidos.PACIENTES:Se utilizaron los códigos de la 9ª edición de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (ICD-9) para identificar a los pacientes con diagnóstico primario de EII.INTERVENCIONES:Cirugía mayor abdominopélvica intestinal.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE VALORACION:Incidencia de TEV en pacientes hospitalizados, utilizando modelos de regresión logística univariado y multivariable a nivel de pacientes y hospitales para comparar las características de los pacientes, las características del hospital y los resultados entre las cohortes de TEV y no TEV. Se compararon los costos directos promedio totales entre cohortes y la diferencia resultante extrapolando a la población nacional.RESULTADOS:De 26080 pacientes incluidos, se identificó TEV hospitalario en 581 (2,2%). En análisis multivariable, el diagnóstico de colitis ulcerosa, el estado de transferencia (entre centros hospitalarios), la duración de la hospitalización preoperatoria y el nivel de seguro medico se asociaron de forma independiente con la TEV hospitalaria. Se observó que los pacientes con TEV se asociaron con un aumento de la duración media de la estancia (17,6 versus a 6,7 días; p <0,001) y una mayor mortalidad hospitalaria (5,0% versus a 1,1%; OR 4,7, SE 3,2 -7,0; p <0,001). Después de ajustar las covariables clínicamente relevantes, el costo adicional asociado con cada TEV para pacientes hospitalizados fue de $ 31,551 USD (95% C.I. $ 29,136 - $ 33,965).LIMITACIONES:Estudio limitado por la naturaleza administrativa de la base de datos del NIS, que limita nuestra capacidad para evaluar el impacto de las covariables clínicas (por ejemplo, el uso de quimioprofilaxis de TEV, el uso de esteroides y el estado nutricional).CONCLUSIÓN:TEV hospitalaria en la cirugía abdominopélvica para la EII es una complicación mórbida infrecuente, pero costosa. Debido a la magnitud de la morbilidad el impacto económico, la prevención del TEV debería ser una prioridad de investigación y para mejoría de calidad a nivel nacional. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B544.

High incidence of postoperative silent venous thromboembolism in ulcerative colitis: a retrospective observational study

Background

The incidence of postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) is high in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. We aimed to analyze the incidence and predictive factors of postoperative VTE in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Methods

Patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent colon and rectum surgery during 2010–2018 were included. We retrospectively investigated the incidence of postoperative VTE.

Results

A total of 140 colorectal surgery cases were included. Postoperative VTE was detected in 24 (17.1 %). Portal–mesenteric venous thrombosis was the most frequent VTE (18 cases; 75 %); of these, 15 patients underwent total proctocolectomy (TPC) with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA). In univariate analysis, VTE occurred more frequently in patients with neoplasia than in those refractory to medications (27.2 % vs. 12.5 %; p < 0.031). TPC with IPAA was more often associated with VTE development (28 %) than total colectomy (10.5 %) or proctectomy (5.9 %). On logistic regression analysis, TPC with IPAA, total colectomy, long operation time (> 4 h), and high serum D-dimer level (> 5.3 µg/mL) on the day following surgery were identified as predictive risk factors.

Conclusions

Postoperative VTE occurred frequently and asymptomatically, especially after TPC with IPAA. Serum D-dimer level on the day after surgery may be a useful predictor of VTE.

Risk of Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism After Surgery for Colorectal Malignancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer has the second highest mortality of any malignancy, and venous thromboembolism is a major postoperative complication.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to determine the variation in incidence of venous thromboembolism after colorectal cancer resection.

DATA SOURCES

Following PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines (PROSPERO, ID: CRD42019148828), Medline and Embase databases were searched from database inception to August 2019 including 3 other registered medical databases.

STUDY SELECTION

Two blinded reviewers screened studies with a third reviewer adjudicating any discordance. Eligibility criteria: Patients post colorectal cancer resection aged ≥18 years. Exclusion criteria: Patients undergoing completely endoscopic surgery and those without cancer resection. Selected studies were randomized controlled trials and population-based database/registry cohorts.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Thirty- and 90-day incidence rates of venous thromboembolism per 1000 person-years following colorectal cancer surgery.

RESULTS

Of 6441 studies retrieved, 28 met inclusion criteria. Eighteen were available for meta-analysis reporting on 539,390 patients. Pooled 30- and 90-day incidence rates of venous thromboembolism following resection were 195 (95% CI, 148-256, I2 99.1%) and 91 (95% CI, 56-146, I2 99.2%) per 1000 person-years. When separated by United Nations Geoscheme Areas, differences in the incidence of postoperative venous thromboembolism were observed with 30- and 90-day pooled rates per 1000 person-years of 284 (95% CI, 238-339) and 121 (95% CI, 82-179) in the Americas and 71 (95% CI, 60-84) and 57 (95% CI, 47-69) in Europe.

LIMITATIONS

A high degree of heterogeneity was observed within meta-analyses attributable to large cohorts minimizing within-study variance.

CONCLUSION

The incidence of venous thromboembolism following colorectal cancer resection is high and remains so more than 1 month after surgery. There is clear disparity between the incidence of venous thromboembolism after colorectal cancer surgery by global region. More robust population studies are required to further investigate these geographical differences to determine valid regional incidence rates of venous thromboembolism following colorectal cancer resection.

Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Portal Venous System Thrombosis in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be at risk of developing portal venous system thrombosis (PVST) with worse outcomes. This study aims to explore the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of PVST among patients with IBD.

METHODS

PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. All the eligible studies were divided according to the history of colorectal surgery. Only the prevalence of PVST in patients with IBD was pooled if the history of colorectal surgery was unclear. The incidence of PVST in patients with IBD after colorectal surgery was pooled if the history of colorectal surgery was clear. Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of PVST were pooled by only a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were performed in patients undergoing imaging examinations. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were calculated.

RESULTS

A total of 36 studies with 143,659 patients with IBD were included. Among the studies where the history of colorectal surgery was unclear, the prevalence of PVST was 0.99, 1.45, and 0.40% in ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and unclassified IBD, respectively. Among the studies where all the patients underwent colorectal surgery, the incidence of PVST was 6.95, 2.55, and 3.95% in UC, CD, and unclassified IBD after colorectal surgery, respectively. Both the prevalence and incidence of PVST became higher in patients with IBD undergoing imaging examinations. Preoperative corticosteroids therapy (OR = 3.112, 95% CI: 1.017-9.525; p = 0.047) and urgent surgery (OR = 1.799, 95% CI: 1.079-2.998; p = 0.024) are significant risk factors of PVST in patients with IBD after colorectal surgery. The mortality of patients with IBD with PVST after colorectal surgery was 4.31% (34/789).

CONCLUSION

PVST is not rare, but potentially lethal in patients with IBD after colorectal surgery. More severe IBD, indicated by preoperative corticosteroids and urgent surgery, is associated with a higher risk of PVST after colorectal surgery. Therefore, screening for PVST by imaging examinations and antithrombotic prophylaxis in high-risk patients should be actively considered.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

Registered on PROSPERO, Identifier: CRD42020159579.

A postdischarge venous thromboembolism risk calculator for inflammatory bowel disease surgery

BACKGROUND

Guidelines recommend extended chemoprophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in high-risk patients having operations for inflammatory bowel disease. Quantifying patients' risk of venous thromboembolism, however, remains challenging. We sought (1) to identify factors associated with postdischarge venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing colorectal resection for inflammatory bowel disease and (2) to develop a postdischarge venous thromboembolism risk calculator to guide prescribing of extended chemoprophylaxis.

METHODS

Patients who underwent an operation for inflammatory bowel disease from 2012 to 2018 were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program for colectomy and proctectomy procedure targeted modules. Postdischarge venous thromboembolism included pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis diagnosed after discharge from the index hospitalization. Multivariable logistic regression estimated the association of patient/operative factors with postdischarge venous thromboembolism. A postdischarge venous thromboembolism risk calculator was subsequently constructed.

RESULTS

Of 18,990 patients, 199 (1.1%) developed a postdischarge venous thromboembolism within the first 30 postoperative days. Preoperative factors associated with postdischarge venous thromboembolism included body mass index (1.9% with body mass index ≥35 vs 0.8% with body mass index 18.5-24.9; odds ratio 2.34 [95% confidence interval 1.49-3.67]), steroid use (1.3% vs 0.7%; odds ratio 1.91 [95% confidence interval 1.37-2.66]), and ulcerative colitis (1.5% vs 0.8% with Crohn's disease; odds ratio 1.76 [95% confidence interval 1.32-2.34]). Minimally invasive surgery was associated with postdischarge venous thromboembolism (1.2% vs 0.9% with open; odds ratio 1.42 [95% confidence interval 1.05-1.92]), as was anastomotic leak (2.8% vs 1.0%; odds ratio 2.24 [95% confidence interval 1.31-3.83]) and ileus (2.1% vs 0.9%; odds ratio 2.60 [95% confidence interval 1.91-3.54]). The predicted probability of postdischarge venous thromboembolism ranged from 0.2% to 14.3% based on individual risk factors.

CONCLUSION

Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors are associated with postdischarge venous thromboembolism after an operation for inflammatory bowel disease. A postdischarge venous thromboembolism risk calculator was developed which can be used to tailor extended venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis by individual risk.

Perioperative management of ileocecal Crohn's disease in the current era

INTRODUCTION

The ileocecal region is most commonly involved in patients with Crohn's disease (CD).

AREAS COVERED

In the management of ileocecal CD, this review discusses the underlying clinical issues with perioperative management and surgical intervention.

EXPERT OPINION

Despite advances in medical treatments, surgery is required in a proportion of patients. Preoperative optimization including weaning of corticosteroids, initiation of enteral feeds, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and smoking cessation may lead to improved postoperative outcomes. Several surgical approaches regarding anastomotic technique and range of mesentery division are now attempted to reduce the incidence of postoperative recurrence. Disease recurrence is common after surgery for CD. Early endoscopic assessment and subsequent treatment adjustment are optimal strategies for the prevention of recurrence after ileocolonic resection.

Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Role of Pharmacological Therapy and Surgery

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Alongside the traditional acquired and genetic risk factors for VTE, patients with IBD have pathogenic and clinical peculiarities that are responsible for the increased number of thromboembolic events occurring during their life. A relevant role in modifying this risk in a pro or antithrombotic manner is played by pharmacological therapies and surgery. The availability of several biological agents and small-molecule drugs with different mechanisms of action allows us to also tailor the treatment based on the individual prothrombotic risk to reduce the occurrence of VTE. Available review articles did not provide sufficient and updated knowledge on this topic. Therefore, we assessed the role of each single treatment, including surgery, in modifying the risk of VTE in patients with IBD to provide physicians with recommendations to minimize VTE occurrence. We found that the use of steroids, particularly if prolonged, increased VTE risk, whereas the use of infliximab seemed to reduce such risk. The data relating to the hypothesized prothrombotic risk of tofacitinib were insufficient to draw definitive conclusions. Moreover, surgery has an increased prothrombotic risk. Therefore, implementing measures to prevent VTE, not only with pharmacological prophylaxis but also by reducing patient- and surgery-specific risk factors, is necessary. Our findings confirm the importance of the knowledge of the effect of each single drug or surgery on the overall VTE risk in patients with IBD, even if further data, particularly regarding newer drugs, are needed.

Population-Based Analysis of Adherence to Postdischarge Extended Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis After Colorectal Resection

BACKGROUND

Prevention of venous thromboembolism after colorectal surgery remains challenging. National guidelines endorse thromboembolism prophylaxis for 4 weeks after colorectal cancer resection. Expert consensus favors extended prophylaxis after IBD surgery. The actual frequency of prescription after resection remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess prescription of extended, postdischarge venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after resection in Michigan.

DESIGN

This is a retrospective review of elective colorectal resections within a statewide collaborative receiving postdischarge, extended-duration prophylaxis.

SETTING

This study was conducted between October 2015 and February 2018 at an academic center.

PATIENTS

A total of 5722 patients (2171 with colorectal cancer, 266 with IBD, and 3285 with other).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

We compared the prescription of extended, postdischarge prophylaxis over time, between hospitals and by indication.

RESULTS

Of 5722 patients, 373 (6.5%) received extended-duration prophylaxis after discharge. Use was similar between patients undergoing surgery for cancer (282/2171, 13.0%) or IBD (31/266, 11.7%, p = 0.54), but was significantly more common for both patients undergoing surgery for cancer or IBD in comparison with patients with other indications (60/3285, 1.8%, p < 0.001). Use increased significantly among patients with cancer (6.8%-16.8%, p < 0.001) and patients with IBD (0%-15.1%, p < 0.05) over the study period. For patients with other diagnoses, use was rare and did not vary significantly (1.5%-2.3%, p = 0.49). Academic centers and large hospitals (>300 beds) were significantly more likely to prescribe extended-duration prophylaxis for all conditions (both p < 0.001), with the majority of prophylaxis concentrated at only a few hospitals.

LIMITATIONS

This study was limited by the lack of assessment of actual adherence, small number of observed venous thromboembolism events, small sample of patients with IBD, and restriction to the state of Michigan.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of extended-duration venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after discharge is increasing, but remains uncommon in most hospitals. Efforts to improve adherence may require quality implementation initiatives or targeted payment incentives. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B193. ANÁLISIS POBLACIONAL DE LA ADHERENCIA A LA PROFILAXIS ANTI-TROMBÓTICA EXTENDIDA (TEV) EN PACIENTES DE ALTA LUEGO DE UNA RESECCIÓN COLORECTAL.: La prevención del tromboembolismo venoso después de cirugía colorrectal sigue siendo un desafío. Las guías nacionales han aprobado la profilaxia del tromboembolismo durante cuatro semanas luego de una resección de cáncer colorrectal. El consenso de expertos favorece la profilaxia extendida solamente después de la cirugía por enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. La frecuencia real de prescripción después de la resección colorrectal sigue siendo desconocida.Evaluar la prescripción de profilaxia prolongada de tromboembolismo venoso después del alta luego de una resección colorrectal en Michigan.Revisión retrospectiva de las resecciones colorrectales electivas seguidas de una profilaxia de larga duración con el apoyo de todo el estado (MI).Este estudio se realizó entre octubre de 2015 y febrero de 2018 en un solo centro académico.Un universo de 5722 pacientes operados (2171 por cáncer colorrectal, 266 por enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, 3285 por otros diagnósticos).Se comparó la prescripción de profilaxia prolongada después del alta según la duración, los hospitales y la indicación.De 5722 pacientes, 373 (6.5%) recibieron profilaxia de duración prolongada después del alta. El uso fue similar entre pacientes sometidos a cirugía por cáncer (282/2171, 13.0%) o enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (31/266, 11.7%, p = 0.54), pero fue significativamente más común para ambos en comparación con pacientes con otras indicaciones (60/3285, 1.8%, p < 0.001). El uso aumentó significativamente entre pacientes con cáncer (6.8% a 16.8% (p < 0.001)) y en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (0% a 15.1%, p < 0.05) durante el período de estudio. Para pacientes con otros diagnósticos, su utilización fue rara y no varió significativamente (1.5% a 2.3%, p = 0.49). Los centros académicos y los grandes hospitales (>300 camas) tenían mayor probabilidad de prescribir la profilaxia de duración extendida en todas las afecciones (ambas p < 0.001), pero la mayoría de las profilaxis se concentraron el algunos pocos grandes hospitales.Este estudio estuvo limitado por la falta de evaluación de actuales adherentes, por el pequeño número de eventos tromboembólicos venosos observados, por la pequeña muestra de pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y debido a ciertas restricciones en el estado de Michigan.El uso de profilaxia para el tromboembolismo venoso de duración prolongada después del alta está en aumento, pero su uso sigue siendo poco frecuente en la mayoría de los hospitales. Los esfuerzos para mejorar la adherencia al tratamiento pueden requerir iniciativas de mejoría en la calidad o incentivos específicos de reembolso. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B193. (Traducción-Dr. Xavier Delgadillo).

Surgical complications in colorectal cancer patients

BACKGROUND

Advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic sciences have allowed early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly reported cancers, particularly in elderly patients.

METHODS

Open and laparoscopic surgeries are used for the removal of the tumor, along with chemotherapy, depending on the stage of cancer. However, colorectal cancer surgery is associated with a great number of complications, that affect the efficacy of the surgery and overall health and survival of the patient.

RESULTS

Prevalence of these complications have shown discrepancies depending on the condition of the patient and disease and surgical skills of the surgeon. Preoperative evaluation, intraoperative care and postoperative measures can reduce the incidence of these complications.

CONCLUSION

This review highlights some frequently reported complications associated with colorectal cancer surgery, their risk factors and subsequent therapeutic measures to treat them.

Extended thromboprophylaxis following colorectal surgery in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive systematic clinical review

AIM

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) following major abdominal surgery. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and not fully understood. A combination of pathophysiology, patient and surgical risk factors increase the risk of postoperative VTE in these patients. Despite being at increased risk, IBD patients are not regularly prescribed extended pharmacological thromboprophylaxis following colorectal surgery. Currently, there is a paucity of evidence-based guidelines. Thus, the aim of this review is to evaluate the role of extended pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in IBD patients undergoing colorectal surgery.

METHOD

A search of Ovid Medline, EMBASE and PubMed databases was performed. A qualitative analysis was performed using 10 clinical questions developed by colorectal surgeons and a thrombosis haematologist. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was utilized to assess the quality of evidence.

RESULTS

A total of 1229 studies were identified, 38 of which met the final inclusion criteria (37 retrospective, one case-control). Rates of postoperative VTE ranged between 0.6% and 8.9%. Patient-specific risk factors for postoperative VTE included ulcerative colitis, increased age and obesity. Surgery-specific risk factors for postoperative VTE included open surgery, emergent surgery and ileostomy creation. Patients with IBD were more frequently at increased risk in the included studies for postoperative VTE than patients with colorectal cancer. The risk of bias assessment demonstrated low risk of bias in patient selection and comparability, with variable risk of bias in reported outcomes.

CONCLUSION

There is a lack of evidence regarding the use of extended pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in patients with IBD following colorectal surgery. As these patients are at heightened risk of postoperative VTE, future study and consideration of the use of extended pharmacological thromboprophylaxis is warranted.

Effect of thromboprophylaxis on the incidence of venous thromboembolism in surgical patients with colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

This study evaluates the role of thromboprophylaxis in venous thromboembolism (VTE) incidence in colorectal cancer (CRC) surgical patients.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

Literature search was conducted in electronic databases and studies (randomized controlled trials, or prospective/retrospective cohorts) were selected if they reported the incidence of VTE in CRC patients who underwent any type of open or laparoscopic surgery. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to obtain pooled incidence estimates; or odds ratios (OR) of incidence between prophylaxis and no-prophylaxis groups; or between VTE and non-VTE patients to identify risk factors.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

Twenty-four studies (804,003 patients) were included. Prophylaxis was performed mainly with low molecular weight heparins. Odds of VTE were significantly lower in prophylactic than in non-prophylactic patients (OR 0.42 [95% CI: 0.28, 0.63]; P<0.00001). Incidence of radiological and symptomatic VTE in patients with prophylaxis was 9.7% [95% CI: 8.6, 10.8] and 1.3% [95% CI: 0.7, 2.0] respectively. Odds of bleeding were higher in patients with prophylaxis (OR: 3.37 [95% CI: 1.05, 10.8]; P=0.04). Incidence of bleeding in patients with and without prophylaxis was 4.3% [95% CI: 3.2, 5.4] and 1.2% [95% CI: 0.02, 2.4] respectively. Operative time, anesthesia duration, and hospital stay were longer in patients with VTE. Obesity, disseminated cancer, chemotherapy, steroid use, emergency case status, advanced stage cancer, hypoalbuminemia, postoperative infection/sepsis, and history of VTE are identified as important risk factors for VTE incidence.

CONCLUSIONS

Thromboprophylaxis reduces the incidence of VTE in CRC surgical patients but may increase the chances of bleeding. Several risk factors can influence VTE incidence.

Portomesenteric Venous Thrombosis in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Medically Refractory Ulcerative Colitis

BACKGROUND

Portomesenteric venous thrombosis (PMVT) is an under-recognized complication of colorectal surgery. The aim of this study was to describe the rate and risk factors for PMVT in patients undergoing surgery for medically refractory ulcerative colitis (UC).

METHODS

A retrospective review of medically refractory UC patients who underwent surgery between January 2010 and December 2016 at a single tertiary care center was conducted. PMVT was defined as thrombus within the portal, splenic, superior, or inferior mesenteric vein on postoperative abdominal computed tomography scans. Factors associated with PMVT on univariable analysis were tested in multivariable analysis. Clinical relevance of risk factors was examined with receiver operating characteristic curves and Kaplan-Meier curves.

RESULTS

A total of 434 patients were identified. Postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis was administered to 428 (98.5%) inpatients for a mean duration of 7.7 ± 0.17 days. PMVT developed in 36 (8.3%) patients a mean interval of 55.3 ± 10.8 days after index surgery. The majority of PMVT occurred after subtotal colectomy, and the most common initial symptom was abdominal pain. Preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) was associated with PMVT (odds ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.02; P = 0.01), and the optimal predictive CRP threshold was 45 mg/L. The rate of PMVT development was greater for patients with CRP >45 mg/L (P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

PMVT can present as abdominal pain and occur multiple weeks after discharge. Further studies are needed to identify the appropriate postoperative outpatient thrombosis prophylaxis regimen for at-risk patients.

Should Surgical Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Be Given Extended Venous Thromboembolic Prophylaxis Postoperatively?

Venous thromboembolism is increased in inflammatory bowel disease surgical patients. Optimal management and prevention of portomeseteric venous thromboembolism is largely unknown, as are risk factors for development in the postoperative period.

Postoperative Considerations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often multidimensional, requiring both medical and surgical therapies at different times throughout the course of the disease. Both medical and surgical treatments may be used in the acute setting, during a flare, or in a more elective maintenance role. These treatments should be planned as complementary and synergistic. Gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons should collaborate to create a cohesive treatment plan, arranging the sequence and timing of various treatments. This article reviews the anticipated postoperative recovery after surgical treatment of IBD, possible postoperative complications, and considerations of timing surgery with medical therapy.

Cost-Benefit Limitations of Extended, Outpatient Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Following Surgery for Crohn's Disease

BACKGROUND

Patients with Crohn's disease are at increased risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism. Historically, extended outpatient prophylaxis has not met conventional measures of societal cost-benefit advantage. However, extended prophylaxis for patients with Crohn's disease may be more cost-effective because of the patients' high thrombotic risk and long life expectancy.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of extended prophylaxis in patients with Crohn's disease after abdominal surgery.

DESIGN

A decision tree model was used to assess the incremental cost-effectiveness and cost per case averted with extended-duration venous thromboembolism prophylaxis following abdominal surgery.

SETTING

The risk of a postdischarge thrombotic event, age at surgery, type of thrombotic event, prophylaxis risk reduction, bleeding complications, and mortality were estimated by using existing published sources.

PATIENTS

Studied were patients with Crohn's disease versus routine care.

INTERVENTION

We constructed a decision analysis to compare costs and outcomes in patients with Crohn's disease postoperatively with and without extended prophylaxis over a lifetime horizon.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Productivity costs ($) and benefits (quality-adjusted life-year) were used to reflect a societal perspective and were time discounted at 3%. Multivariable probabilistic sensitivity analysis accounted for uncertainty in probabilities, costs, and utility weights.

RESULTS

With the use of reference parameters, the individual expected societal total cost of care was $399.83 without and $1387.95 with prophylaxis. Preventing a single mortality with prophylaxis would cost $43.00 million (number needed to treat: 39,839 individuals). The incremental cost was $1.90 million per quality-adjusted life-year. Adjusting across a range of scenarios upheld these conclusions 88% of the time. With further sensitivity testing, subpopulations with postdischarge thrombosis rates greater than 4.9% favors postoperative extended-duration venous thromboembolism prophylaxis.

LIMITATIONS

Further investigation is needed to determine if specific high-risk individuals can be preemptively identified in the Crohn's surgical population for targeted prophylaxis.

CONCLUSION

Extended prophylaxis in patients with Crohn's disease postoperatively is not cost-effective when the cumulative incidence of posthospital thrombosis remains less than 4.9%. These findings are driven by the low absolute risk of thrombosis in this population and the considerable cost of universal treatment. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A998. LIMITACIONES DE COSTO-BENEFICIO DE LA PROFILAXIS AMBULATORIA PROLONGADA DEL TROMBOEMBOLISMO VENOSO DESPUÉS DE CIRUGÍA EN CASOS DE ENFERMEDAD DE CROHN:: Los pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn tienen un mayor riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso postoperatorio. Históricamente, la profilaxis ambulatoria prolongada no ha cumplido con las medidas convencionales de ventajas en costo-beneficio para la sociedad. Sin embargo, la profilaxis prolongada en los pacientes con Crohn puede ser más rentable debido al alto riesgo trombótico y a una larga esperanza de vida en estos pacientes.Evaluar la rentabilidad de la profilaxis prolongada en pacientes postoperados de un Crohn.Se utilizó un modelo de árbol de decisión para evaluar el incremento de rentabilidad y el costo por cada caso evitado con la profilaxis prolongada de tromboembolismo venoso después de cirugía abdominal.Se calcularon utilizando fuentes publicadas el riesgo de evento trombótico posterior al alta, la edad del paciente al momento de la cirugía, el tipo de evento trombótico, la reducción del riesgo de profilaxis, las complicaciones hemorrágicas y la mortalidad.Se estudiaron los pacientes de atención rutinaria versus aquellos portadores de Crohn.Construimos un arbol de análisis decisional para comparar costos y resultados de pacientes portadores de Crohn, con y sin profilaxis prolongada en el postoperatorio en un horizonte de por vida.Los costos de productividad ($) y los beneficios (año de vida ajustado por calidad) se utilizaron para reflejar la perspectiva social y se descontaron en el tiempo de un 3%. El análisis de sensibilidad probabilística multivariable dió cuenta de la incertidumbre en las probabilidades, costos y peso de utilidades.Usando parámetros de referencia, el costo total social esperado de la atención individual fue de $ 399.83 sin y $ 1,387.95 con profilaxis. La prevención del deceso de un paciente con profilaxis costaría $ 43.00 millones (valor requerido para tratar: 39,839 individuos). El costo incrementado fue de $ 1.90 millones por año de vida ajustado por la calidad. El ajuste a través de una gama de escenarios confirmó estas conclusiones el 88% del tiempo. Con pruebas de sensibilidad adicionales, las subpoblaciones con tasas de trombosis posteriores al alta fueron superiores al 4,9% y favorecían la profilaxis prolongada del tromboembolismo venoso en el postoperatorio.Se necesita más investigación para determinar si se puede identificar de manera preventiva los individuos específicos de alto riesgo en la población quirúrgica de Crohn en casos de profilaxis dirigida.La profilaxis prolongada en pacientes postoperados de un Crohn no es rentable cuando la incidencia acumulada de trombosis posthospitalaria sigue siendo inferior al 4,9%. Estos hallazgos son impulsados por el bajo riesgo absoluto de trombosis en esta población y el costo considerable del tratamiento universal. Vea el resumen del video en http://links.lww.com/DCR/A998.

Venous involvement in inflammatory disorders

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To review the association of venous thrombosis and inflammatory disorders.

RECENT FINDINGS

Various systemic inflammatory diseases of which Behçet's syndrome is the prototype are associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis. Recent data indicate that venous wall thickness is increased among Behçet's syndrome patients with no history of venous thrombosis and thrombosis in Behçet's syndrome could be a unique model of inflammation-induced thrombosis. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a two to three time-fold increased risk of developing thromboembolic complications compared with general population. The risk of venous thrombosis is increased after surgical interventions and is higher in ulcerative colitis compared with Crohn's disease. Despite similarities with Behçet's syndrome, anticoagulation is advised as the main treatment in IBD, while there is uncertainty about the duration of antithrombotic prophylaxis. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides and ankylosing spondylitis are also other inflammatory disorders associated with a thrombotic risk.

SUMMARY

Underlying mechanisms of venous thrombosis in inflammatory disorders are not clearly understood. How we might prevent thrombosis, should we screen asymptomatic patients, what should we use for the treatment (immunosuppression or anticoagulation or both) and what should be the duration of this treatment also need to be addressed. Finally, the link between inflammation and thrombosis should be more intensively studied.

Risk factors for post-discharge venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing colorectal resection: a NSQIP analysis

BACKGROUND

Extended thromboprophylaxis after abdominal and pelvic cancer surgery to prevent venous thromboembolic events (VTE) is recommended but adherence is sub-optimal. Identifying patients at highest risk for post-discharge events may allow for selective extended thromboprophylaxis. The aim of our study was to identify the different risk factors of venous thromboembolism for in-hospital and post-discharge events.

METHODS

The American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) 2012-2016 database was queried for all patients having colorectal resection. Primary outcome was postoperative VTE occurrence within 30 days. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to identify in-hospital and post-discharge predictors of VTE, adjusting for potential confounders.

RESULTS

Out of 260,258 patients, 5381 (2.1%) developed VTE. A total of 3442 (1.3%) were diagnosed during the initial hospital stay and 1929 (0.8%) post-discharge. Risk factors for in-hospital and post-discharge VTE were different as patients with an in-hospital event were more likely to be older, male, known for preoperative steroid use, have poor functional status, significant weight loss, preoperative sepsis, prolonged operative time, undergoing an emergency operation. In the post-discharge setting, steroid use, poor functional status, preoperative sepsis, and postoperative complications remained significant. Postoperative complications were the strongest predictor of in-hospital and post-discharge VTE. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease had a higher risk of VTE than patients with malignancy for both in-patient and post-discharge events.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients at high-risk for post-discharge events have different characteristics than those who develop VTE in-hospital. Identifying this specific subset of patients at highest risk for post-discharge VTE may allow for the selective use of prolonged thromboprophylaxis.

The Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland consensus guidelines in surgery for inflammatory bowel disease

AIM

There is a requirement of an expansive and up to date review of surgical management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can dovetail with the medical guidelines produced by the British Society of Gastroenterology.

METHODS

Surgeons who are members of the ACPGBI with a recognised interest in IBD were invited to contribute various sections of the guidelines. They were directed to produce a procedure based document using literature searches that were systematic, comprehensible, transparent and reproducible. Levels of evidence were graded. An editorial board was convened to ensure consistency of style, presentation and quality. Each author was asked to provide a set of recommendations which were evidence based and unambiguous. These recommendations were submitted to the whole guideline group and scored. They were then refined and submitted to a second vote. Only those that achieved >80% consensus at level 5 (strongly agree) or level 4 (agree) after 2 votes were included in the guidelines.

RESULTS

All aspects of surgical care for IBD have been included along with 157 recommendations for management.

CONCLUSION

These guidelines provide an up to date and evidence based summary of the current surgical knowledge in the management of IBD and will serve as a useful practical text for clinicians performing this type of surgery.